A bakteriális infekciók a májcirrhosis jól ismert szövődményei, jelentősen emelik a mortalitást. A májelégtelenség súlyossága és a gastrointestinalis vérzés fontos hajlamosító tényezők. A leggyakoribb fertőzések a spontán bakteriális peritonitis, a húgyúti és légúti fertőzések, valamint a sepsis. A kórokozók között azonos arányban fordulnak elő Gram-negatív és -pozitív baktériumok. Gastrointestinalis vérzés esetén (varix vagy nem varix eredetű) az ascites meglététől vagy hiányától függetlenül rövidtávú profilaktikus antibiotikus kezelés (per os norfloxacin vagy ciprofloxacin) javasolt (primer prevenció) . A kórházi kezelés ideje alatt gastrointestinalis vérzés hiányában is megfontolandó a norfloxacin adása alacsony ascites proteintartalom esetén. A spontán bakteriális peritonitis empirikus kezelésében iv. III. generációs cephalosporin adása javasolt, mely a tenyésztési lelet alapján célzott antibiotikus kezelésre váltható. A kezelés időtartama 5–8 nap. Jó alternatíva lehet az amoxicillin/klavulánsav kombináció, valamint korábban spontán bakteriális peritonitis profilaxisban nem részesülő betegek esetén valamely kinolonszármazék is. Az iv. megkezdett antibiotikus kezelés megfelelő klinikai javulás mellett 2 nap múlva per os kezelésre váltható. Veseelégtelenség társulása esetén kiegészítő albuminkezelés szükséges. Hosszú távú antibiotikum-profilaxis a spontán bakteriális peritonitis epizód lezajlását követően a gyakori kiújulás veszélye miatt minden betegnél indokolt (szekunder prevenció) . A „szelektív intestinalis dekontaminációra” leginkább a per os adott, elsősorban rosszul felszívódó fluorokinolonszármazék, a norfloxacin javasolt. A per os adott ciprofloxacin vagy méginkább a levofloxacin, ez utóbbi Gram-pozitívak ellen is hatékony, megfelelő alternatíva lehet. Trimetoprim/sulfamethoxazole adása csak abban az esetben jön szóba, ha a beteg nem kaphat kinolonszármazékot. A kezelést az ascites eltűnéséig; az ascites perzisztálása esetén a beteg élete végéig vagy a májtranszplantációig kell folytatni. A rezisztens törzsek kialakulásának veszélye miatt hosszútávú profilaxis spontán bakteriális peritonitisen még át nem esett asciteses cirrhosisos betegekben nem javasolt, akkor sem, ha az ascites terápia refrakter, vagy pedig fehérjetartalma alacsony.
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