Az elmúlt évtizedek alatt jelentős mennyiségű adat gyűlt össze, amely azt bizonyítja, hogy a cukorbetegség metabolikus és endokrin eltérései befolyásolják a csont mennyiségét és minőségét, amelynek jelentősen fokozott csonttörési kockázat a következménye. 1-es típusú diabetes mellitusban a csonttömeg csökken, az inzulin és az inzulinszerű növekedési faktor-I hiánya, az adipokinek diszregulációja, a proinflammatorikus citokinek felszaporodása miatt könnyen törik a csont. 2-es típusú diabetes mellitusban az inzulinrezisztencia és a több inzulin miatt nagyobb a csonttömeg, de ennek minősége rossz a glikált kollagéntermékek jelenléte és a csökkenő corticalis vastagság miatt. Mindezekhez a neuropathia, retinopathia, a hypoglykaemiák és néha a kezelés során alkalmazott gyógyszerek miatt az elesésre való fokozott hajlam társul. A D-vitamin-hiány, illetve -ellátottság jelentősen befolyásolja a diabetes kialakulását és a szénhidrát-anyagcserét. A megfelelő gyermekkori D-vitamin-pótlás 80%-kal csökkenti az 1-es típusú diabetes előfordulását. A tiazolidindionok, a glukagon-like peptide-1-agonisták, valamint a metformin csont- és cardiovascularis hatásai új pontokon kapcsolják össze a csont-, a szénhidrát- és zsíranyagcserét. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1161–1166.
Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis and therapy. NIH consensus development panel on osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis and therapy. JAMA, 2001, 285, 785–795.
Johnell, O., Kanis, J. A.: An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporosis Int., 2006, 17, 1726–1733.
Kanis J. A. , 'An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures ' (2006 ) 17 Osteoporosis Int. : 1726 -1733 .
Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A. és mtsai: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27, 1047–1053.
Green A. , 'Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 ' (2004 ) 27 Diabetes Care : 1047 -1053 .
Morrison, L. B., Bogan, I. K.: Bone development in diabetic children: a roentgen study. Am. J. Med. Sci., 1927, 174, 313–318.
Bogan I. K. , 'Bone development in diabetic children: a roentgen study ' (1927 ) 174 Am. J. Med. Sci. : 313 -318 .
Thrailkill, K. M., Liu, L., Wahl, E. C. és mtsai: Bone formation is impaired in a model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, 2005, 54, 2875–2881.
Wahl E. C. , 'Bone formation is impaired in a model of type 1 diabetes ' (2005 ) 54 Diabetes : 2875 -2881 .
Thrailkill, K. M., Lumpkin, C. K. Jr., Bunn, R. C. és mtsai: Is insulin an anabolic agent in bone? Dissecting the diabetic bone for clues. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2005, 289, E735–E745.
Bunn R. C. , 'Is insulin an anabolic agent in bone? Dissecting the diabetic bone for clues ' (2005 ) 289 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. : E735 -E745 .
Jehle, P. M., Jehle, D. R., Mohan, S. és mtsai: Serum levels of insulinlike growth factor system components and relationship to bone metabolism in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J. Endocrinol., 1998, 159, 297–306.
Mohan S. , 'Serum levels of insulinlike growth factor system components and relationship to bone metabolism in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients ' (1998 ) 159 J. Endocrinol. : 297 -306 .
Périmenis, P., Wémeau, J. L., Vantyghem, M. C.: Hypercalciuria. Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris), 2005, 66, 532–539.
Vantyghem M. C. , 'Hypercalciuria ' (2005 ) 66 Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris) : 532 -539 .
Holick, M. F., Chen, T.C.: Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2008, 87, 1080S–1086S.
Chen T.C. , 'Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences ' (2008 ) 87 Am. J. Clin. Nutr. : 1080S -1086S .
Pozzilli, P., Manfrini, S., Crinò, A. és mtsai: IMDIAB group. Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Horm. Metab. Res., 2005, 37, 680–683.
Crinò A. , 'IMDIAB group. Low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes ' (2005 ) 37 Horm. Metab. Res. : 680 -683 .
Littorin, B., Blom, P., Schölin, A. és mtsai: Lower levels of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D among young adults at diagnosis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects: results from the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS). Diabetologia, 2006, 49, 2847–2852.
Schölin A. , 'Lower levels of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D among young adults at diagnosis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects: results from the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS) ' (2006 ) 49 Diabetologia : 2847 -2852 .
Svoren, B. M., Volkening, L. K., Wood, J. R. és mtsai: Significant vitamin D deficiency in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J. Pediatr., 2009, 154, 132–134.
Wood J. R. , 'Significant vitamin D deficiency in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus ' (2009 ) 154 J. Pediatr. : 132 -134 .
Gimble, J. M., Zvonic, S., Floyd, Z. E. és mtsai: Playing with bone and fat. J. Cell. Biochem., 2006, 98, 251–266.
Floyd Z. E. , 'Playing with bone and fat ' (2006 ) 98 J. Cell. Biochem. : 251 -266 .
McCarthy, A. D., Uemura, T., Etcheverry, S. B. és mtsai: Advanced glycation endproducts interfere with integrin-mediated osteoblastic attachment to a type-I collagen matrix. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 2004, 36, 840–848.
Etcheverry S. B. , 'Advanced glycation endproducts interfere with integrin-mediated osteoblastic attachment to a type-I collagen matrix ' (2004 ) 36 Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. : 840 -848 .
Isaia, G. C., D’Amelio, P., Di Bella, S. és mtsai: Is leptin the link between fat and bone mass? J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2005, 28 (Suppl. 10), 61–65.
Bella S. , 'Is leptin the link between fat and bone mass? ' (2005 ) 28 J. Endocrinol. Invest. : 61 -65 .
Cirmanová, V., Bayer, M., Stárka, L. és mtsai: The effect of leptin on bone: an evolving concept of action. Physiol. Res., 2008, 57 (Suppl. 1), S143–S151.
Stárka L. , 'The effect of leptin on bone: an evolving concept of action ' (2008 ) 57 Physiol. Res. : S143 -S151 .
Alexandraki, K., Piperi, C., Kalofoutis, C. és mtsai: Inflammatory process in type 2 diabetes: The role of cytokines. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 2006, 1084, 89–117.
Kalofoutis C. , 'Inflammatory process in type 2 diabetes: The role of cytokines ' (2006 ) 1084 Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. : 89 -117 .
De Laet, C., Kanis, J. A., Odén, A. és mtsai: Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos. Int., 2005, 16, 1330–1338.
Odén A. , 'Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis ' (2005 ) 16 Osteoporos. Int. : 1330 -1338 .
Reid, I. R., Cornish, J., Baldock, P. A.: Nutrition-related peptides and bone homeostasis. J. Bone Miner. Res., 2006, 21, 495–500.
Baldock P. A. , 'Nutrition-related peptides and bone homeostasis ' (2006 ) 21 J. Bone Miner. Res. : 495 -500 .
Yamaguchi, T., Kanazawa, I., Yamamoto, M. és mtsai: Associations between components of the metabolic syndrome versus bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bone, 2009, 45, 174–179.
Yamamoto M. , 'Associations between components of the metabolic syndrome versus bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes ' (2009 ) 45 Bone : 174 -179 .
Crepaldi, G., Romanato, G., Tonin, P. és mtsai: Osteoporosis and body composition. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2007, 30 (Suppl. 6), 42–47.
Tonin P. , 'Osteoporosis and body composition ' (2007 ) 30 J. Endocrinol. Invest. : 42 -47 .
Dhindsa, S., Bhatia, V., Dhindsa, G. és mtsai: The effects of hypogonadism on body composition and bone mineral density in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30, 1860–1861.
Dhindsa G. , 'The effects of hypogonadism on body composition and bone mineral density in type 2 diabetic patients ' (2007 ) 30 Diabetes Care : 1860 -1861 .
Rejnmark, L.: Bone effects of glitazones and other anti-diabetic drugs. Curr. Drug Saf., 2008, 3, 194–198.
Rejnmark L. , 'Bone effects of glitazones and other anti-diabetic drugs ' (2008 ) 3 Curr. Drug Saf. : 194 -198 .
Vestergaard, P.: Bone metabolism in type 2 diabetes and role of thiazolidinediones. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes., 2009, 16, 125–131.
Vestergaard P. , 'Bone metabolism in type 2 diabetes and role of thiazolidinediones ' (2009 ) 16 Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. : 125 -131 .
Solomon, D. H., Cadarette, S. M., Choudhry, N. K. és mtsai: A cohort study of thiazolidinediones and fractures in older adults with diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2009, 94, 2792–2798.
Choudhry N. K. , 'A cohort study of thiazolidinediones and fractures in older adults with diabetes ' (2009 ) 94 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. : 2792 -2798 .
Schurman, L., McCarthy, A. D., Sedlinsky, C. és mtsai: Metformin reverts deleterious effects of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on osteoblastic cells. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2008, 116, 333–340.
Sedlinsky C. , 'Metformin reverts deleterious effects of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on osteoblastic cells ' (2008 ) 116 Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes : 333 -340 .
Monami, M., Cresci, B., Colombini, A. és mtsai: Bone fractures and hypoglycemic treatment in type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study. Diabetes Care, 2008, 31, 199–203.
Colombini A. , 'Bone fractures and hypoglycemic treatment in type 2 diabetic patients: a case-control study ' (2008 ) 31 Diabetes Care : 199 -203 .
Nuche-Berenguer, B., Moreno, P., Esbrit, P. és mtsai: Effect of GLP-1 treatment on bone turnover in normal, type 2 diabetic, and insulin-resistant states. Calcif. Tissue Int., 2009, 84, 453–461.
Esbrit P. , 'Effect of GLP-1 treatment on bone turnover in normal, type 2 diabetic, and insulin-resistant states ' (2009 ) 84 Calcif. Tissue Int. : 453 -461 .
Kannus, P., Parkkari, J.: Prevention of hip fracture with hip protectors. Age Ageing, 2006, 35 (Suppl. 2), 51–54.
Parkkari J. , 'Prevention of hip fracture with hip protectors ' (2006 ) 35 Age Ageing : 51 -54 .
Isidro, M. L., Ruano, B.: Bone disease in diabetes. Curr. Diabetes Rev., 2010, 6, 144–155.
Ruano B. , 'Bone disease in diabetes ' (2010 ) 6 Curr. Diabetes Rev. : 144 -155 .
Keegan, T. H. M., Schwartz, A. V., Bauer, D. C. és mtsai: Effect of alendronate on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in type 2 diabetic women. The Fracture Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27, 1547–1553.
Bauer D. C. , 'Effect of alendronate on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in type 2 diabetic women. The Fracture Intervention Trial ' (2004 ) 27 Diabetes Care : 1547 -1553 .
Jude, E. B., Selby, P. L., Lilleystone, P. és mtsai: Biphosphonates in the treatment of Charcot neuropathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia, 2001, 44, 2032–2037.
Lilleystone P. , 'Biphosphonates in the treatment of Charcot neuropathy: a double-blind randomised controlled trial ' (2001 ) 44 Diabetologia : 2032 -2037 .
Barret-Connor, E., Ensrud, K. E., Harper, K. D. és mtsai: Post hoc analysis of data from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial on the effect of 3 years on raloxifene treatment of glycemic control and cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with and without type 2 diabetes. Clin. Ther., 2003, 25, 919–930.
Harper K. D. , 'Post hoc analysis of data from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial on the effect of 3 years on raloxifene treatment of glycemic control and cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with and without type 2 diabetes ' (2003 ) 25 Clin. Ther. : 919 -930 .
Bonds, D. E, Larson, J. C., Schwartz, A. V. és mtsai: Risk of fracture in women with type 2 diabetes: the Women´s Health Initiative Observational Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 91, 3404–3410.
Schwartz A. V. , 'Risk of fracture in women with type 2 diabetes: the Women´s Health Initiative Observational Study ' (2006 ) 91 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. : 3404 -3410 .
Janghorbani, M., Feskanich, D., Willett, W. C. és mtsa: Prospective study of diabetes and risk of hip fracture: the Nurses’ Health Study. Diabetes Care, 2006, 29, 1573–1578.
Willett W. C. , 'Prospective study of diabetes and risk of hip fracture: the Nurses’ Health Study ' (2006 ) 29 Diabetes Care : 1573 -1578 .
De Liefde, I. I., van der Klift, M., de Laet, C. E. és mtsai: Bone mineral density and fracture risk in type-2 diabetes mellitus: the Rotterdam Study. Osteoporos. Int., 2005, 16, 1713–1720.
Laet C. E. , 'Bone mineral density and fracture risk in type-2 diabetes mellitus: the Rotterdam Study ' (2005 ) 16 Osteoporos. Int. : 1713 -1720 .
Ivers, R. Q., Cumming, R. G., Mitchell, P. és mtsai: Diabetes and risk of fracture: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Diabetes Care, 2001, 24, 1198–1203.
Mitchell P. , 'Diabetes and risk of fracture: the Blue Mountains Eye Study ' (2001 ) 24 Diabetes Care : 1198 -1203 .
Strotmeyer, E. S., Cauley, J. A., Schwartz, A. V. és mtsai: Nontraumatic fracture risk with diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in older white and black adults. The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Arch. Intern. Med., 2005, 165, 1612–1617.
Schwartz A. V. , 'Nontraumatic fracture risk with diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in older white and black adults. The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study ' (2005 ) 165 Arch. Intern. Med. : 1612 -1617 .
Nicodemus, K. K., Folsom, A. R.: Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incident hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care, 2001, 24, 1192–1197.
Folsom A. R. , 'Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incident hip fractures in postmenopausal women ' (2001 ) 24 Diabetes Care : 1192 -1197 .