Az elmúlt 20 év a rákgyógyászat kiemelkedő időszaka: felismertük, hogy az emberi papillomavírusok némelyike rákkeltő, és kifejlesztettünk ellenük védőoltást. Az emberi papillomavírus elleni védőoltás orvostörténeti esemény, a jövő egyik legjelentősebb fegyvere a rák elleni küzdelemben. Jelentősége felbecsülhetetlen, mert az emberi papillomavírus okozta fertőződés népbetegség, az általa keletkezett rákos megbetegedések meghaladják az egymilliót is évente világszerte (az összes rák >5%-a), és ezek 35–50%-a végzetes. A méhnyakrákok csaknem kivétel nélkül az emberi papillomavírus fertőzéseinek következményei, a végbélnyílás rákjainak ~95%-a, a szeméremtestrákok ~40%-a, a hüvelyrákok 60%-a, a hímvesszőrákok ~40%-a, valamint a száj- és garatüregi rákok 65%-a szintén; ezeknek 60–90%-át a 16-os vírus fertőzése okozza. Ha csak 50–60%-ban előzzük meg a védőoltással ezeket a daganatokat, az oltás jelentősége akkor is óriási, de ehhez jönnek még az emberi papillomavírus okozta rákelőző elváltozások, a függölyök, a megmaradó fertőződések és az úgynevezett kiújuló gégeszemölcsösség (recurrent respiratory papillomatosis). A védőoltással ezek túlnyomó többsége is kivédhető. Az emberi papillomavírus elleni oltásnak két fajtája terjedt el a világban: a két (Cervarix) és a négy (Gardasil) támadáspontú; mindegyik a 16-os és a 18-as fajtájú vírus 1-es késői fehérjéjét tartalmazza; az utóbbiban még a 6-os és a 11-es vírus 1-es késői fehérjéje is benne van. A védőoltással lassan egy évtizednyi tapasztalat gyűlik össze. Megállapítható, hogy a védőoltás biztonságos, mellékhatásai elhanyagolhatók, erős immunhatású, és megakadályozza az emberi papillomavírus fertőzéseinek és azok jó- és rosszindulatú következményeinek a nagy többségét. A leghatásosabb az emberi papillomavírussal még nem fertőződötteknél. Európában eddig 22 országban vezették be a népesség (9–12 éves lányok) beoltását állami támogatással. Az oltás hazai népegészségügyi felkarolása nem halasztható tovább, késleltetése egészségszervezési rövidlátás, pénzhiánnyal nem menthető. Az oltás valóban drága, de 10–15 év után a költségek sokszorosan megtérülnek. Az oltás bevezetése szakmai, népegészségügyi és nem gazdasági kérdés, az emberi szenvedésnek gátat vetni minden nemzet egészségpolitikájának alapvető kötelessége, akkor is, ha az eredmény 15–20 év távlatában válik nyilvánvalóvá. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 603–618.
Wentzensen, N., Rodriguez, A. C., Viscidi, R., et al.: A competitive serological assay shows naturally acquired immunity to human papillomavirus infections in the guanacaste natural history study. J. Infect. Dis., 2011, 204, 94–102.
Viscidi R. , 'A competitive serological assay shows naturally acquired immunity to human papillomavirus infections in the guanacaste natural history study ' (2011 ) 204 J. Infect. Dis. : 94 -102 .
Safaeian, M., Porras, C., Schiffman, M., et al.: Epidemiological study of anti-HPV16/18 seropositivity and subsequent risk of HPV16 and -18 infections. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2010, 102, 1653–1662.
Schiffman M. , 'Epidemiological study of anti-HPV16/18 seropositivity and subsequent risk of HPV16 and -18 infections ' (2010 ) 102 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. : 1653 -1662 .
Roteli-Martins, C. M., de Carvalho, N. S., Naud, P., et al.: Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and associated risk factors in young women in Brazil, Canada, and the United States: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 2011, 30, 173–184.
Naud P. , 'Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection and associated risk factors in young women in Brazil, Canada, and the United States: A Multicenter Cross-sectional Study ' (2011 ) 30 Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. : 173 -184 .
Bősze, P.: Human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV vaccine): a historical event of medicine. [Az emberi papillomavírus elleni oltás (HPV-oltás): orvostörténeti esemény.] Nőgyógy. Onkol., 2009, 14, 152–162. [Hungarian]
Bősze P. , 'Human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV vaccine): a historical event of medicine. [Az emberi papillomavírus elleni oltás (HPV-oltás): orvostörténeti esemény.] ' (2009 ) 14 Nőgyógy. Onkol. : 152 -162 .
Stanly, M.: Potential mechanisms for HPV vaccine-induced long-term protection. Gynecol. Oncol., 2010, 118, S2–S7.
Stanly M. , 'Potential mechanisms for HPV vaccine-induced long-term protection ' (2010 ) 118 Gynecol. Oncol. : S2 -S7 .
Reisinger, K. S., Block, S. L., Lazcano-Ponce, E., et al.: Safety and persistent immunogenecity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine in preadolescents and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2007, 26, 201–209.
Lazcano-Ponce E. , 'Safety and persistent immunogenecity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine in preadolescents and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial ' (2007 ) 26 Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. : 201 -209 .
Block, S. L., Nolan, T., Sattler, C., et al.: Comparison of the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in male and female adolescents and young adult women. Pediatrics, 2006, 118, 2135–2145.
Sattler C. , 'Comparison of the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in male and female adolescents and young adult women ' (2006 ) 118 Pediatrics : 2135 -2145 .
Pedersen, C., Petaja, T., Strauss, G., et al.: Immunization of early adolescent females with human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine containing AS04 adjuvant. J. Adolesc. Health, 2007, 40, 564–571.
Strauss G. , 'Immunization of early adolescent females with human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccine containing AS04 adjuvant ' (2007 ) 40 J. Adolesc. Health : 564 -571 .
Krajden, M., Cook, D., Yu, A., et al.: Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) and HPV 18 antibody responses measured by pseudovirus neutralization and competitive Luminex assays in a two- versus three-dose HPV vaccine trial. Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 2011, 18, 418–423.
Yu A. , 'Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) and HPV 18 antibody responses measured by pseudovirus neutralization and competitive Luminex assays in a two- versus three-dose HPV vaccine trial ' (2011 ) 18 Clin. Vaccine Immunol. : 418 -423 .
Romanowski, B., Schwarz, T. F., Ferguson, L. M., et al.: Immunogenicity and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine administered as a 2-dose schedule compared to the licensed 3-dose schedule: Results from a randomized study. Hum. Vaccin., 2011, 7, 1374–1386.
Ferguson L. M. , 'Immunogenicity and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine administered as a 2-dose schedule compared to the licensed 3-dose schedule: Results from a randomized study ' (2011 ) 7 Hum. Vaccin. : 1374 -1386 .
Romanowski, B., de Borba, P. C., Naud, P. S., et al.: Sustained efficacy and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial up to 6.4 years. Lancet, 2009, 374, 1975–1985.
Naud P. S. , 'Sustained efficacy and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial up to 6.4 years ' (2009 ) 374 Lancet : 1975 -1985 .
Roteli-Martins, C. M., Naud, P., De Borba, P., et al.: Sustained immunogenicity and efficacy of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: up to 8.4 years of follow-up. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 2012, 8, 390–397.
Borba P. , 'Sustained immunogenicity and efficacy of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: up to 8.4 years of follow-up ' (2012 ) 8 Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. : 390 -397 .
Jura, A. E., Kjaer, S. K., Wheeler, C. N., et al.: HPV antibody levels and clinical efficacy following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine. Vaccine, 2008, 26, 6844–6851.
Wheeler C. N. , 'HPV antibody levels and clinical efficacy following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine ' (2008 ) 26 Vaccine : 6844 -6851 .
David, M. P., Van Herck, K., Hardt, K., et al.: Long-term persistance of anti-HPV-16 and -18 antibodies induced by vaccination with the AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine: modeling of sustained antibody responses. Gynecol. Oncol., 2009, 115 (Suppl. 3), S1–S6.
Hardt K. , 'Long-term persistance of anti-HPV-16 and -18 antibodies induced by vaccination with the AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine: modeling of sustained antibody responses ' (2009 ) 115 Gynecol. Oncol. : S1 -S6 .
Olsson, S. E., Villa, L. L., Costa, R. L., et al.: Induction of immune memory following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine. Vaccine, 2007, 25, 4931–4939.
Costa R. L. , 'Induction of immune memory following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine ' (2007 ) 25 Vaccine : 4931 -4939 .
Frazer, I. H.: Measuring serum antibody to human papillomavirus following infection or vaccination. Gynecol. Oncol., 2010, 118 (1 Suppl.), S8–S11.
Frazer I. H. , 'Measuring serum antibody to human papillomavirus following infection or vaccination ' (2010 ) 118 Gynecol. Oncol. : S8 -S11 .
Dessy, F. J., Giannini, S. L., Bougelet, C. A., et al.: Correlation between direct ELISA, single epitope-based inhibition ELISA and pseudovirion-based neutralization assay for measuring anti-HPV-16 and anti-HPV-18 antibody response after vaccination with the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 cervical cancer vaccine. Hum. Vaccin., 2008, 4, 425–434.
Bougelet C. A. , 'Correlation between direct ELISA, single epitope-based inhibition ELISA and pseudovirion-based neutralization assay for measuring anti-HPV-16 and anti-HPV-18 antibody response after vaccination with the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 cervical cancer vaccine ' (2008 ) 4 Hum. Vaccin. : 425 -434 .
Smith, J. F., Kowalski, R., Esser, M. T., et al.: Evolution of type-specific immunoassays to evaluate the functional immune response to Gardasil: a vaccine for human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 6 and 11. Hum. Vaccin., 2008, 4, 134–142.
Esser M. T. , 'Evolution of type-specific immunoassays to evaluate the functional immune response to Gardasil: a vaccine for human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 6 and 11 ' (2008 ) 4 Hum. Vaccin. : 134 -142 .
Einstein, M. H., Baron, M., Levin, M. L., et al.: Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of Cervarix™ and Gardasil® human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical cancer vaccines in healthy women aged 18–45 years. Hum. Vaccin., 2009, 5, 705–719.
Levin M. L. , 'Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of Cervarix™ and Gardasil® human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical cancer vaccines in healthy women aged 18–45 years ' (2009 ) 5 Hum. Vaccin. : 705 -719 .
Kemp, T. J., Hildesheim, A., Safaeian, M., et al.: HPV16/18 L1 VLP vaccine induces cross-neutralizing antibodies that may mediate crossprotection. Vaccine, 2011, 29, 2011–2014.
Safaeian M. , 'HPV16/18 L1 VLP vaccine induces cross-neutralizing antibodies that may mediate crossprotection ' (2011 ) 29 Vaccine : 2011 -2014 .
Einstein, M. H., Baron, M., Levin, M. J., et al.: Comparative immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 vaccine and HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine: follow-up from months 12–24 in a Phase III randomized study of healthy women aged 18–45 years. Hum. Vaccin., 2011, 7, 1343–1358.
Levin M. J. , 'Comparative immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 vaccine and HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine: follow-up from months 12–24 in a Phase III randomized study of healthy women aged 18–45 years ' (2011 ) 7 Hum. Vaccin. : 1343 -1358 .
Harper, D. M.: Impact on vaccination with Cervarix™ on subsequent HPV-16/18 infection and cervical disease in women 15–25 years of age. Gynecol. Oncol., 2008, 110 (3 Suppl. 1), S11–S17.
Harper D. M. , 'Impact on vaccination with Cervarix™ on subsequent HPV-16/18 infection and cervical disease in women 15–25 years of age ' (2008 ) 110 Gynecol. Oncol. : S11 -S17 .
Paavonen, J., Naud, P., Salmeron, J., et al.: Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet, 2009, 374, 301–314.
Salmeron J. , 'Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women ' (2009 ) 374 Lancet : 301 -314 .
Szarewski, A., Poppe, W. A., Skinner, S. R., et al.: Efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women aged 15–25 years with and without serological evidence of previous exposure to HPV-16/18. Int. J. Cancer, 2012, 131, 106–116.
Skinner S. R. , 'Efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women aged 15–25 years with and without serological evidence of previous exposure to HPV-16/18 ' (2012 ) 131 Int. J. Cancer : 106 -116 .
Joura, E. A., Kjaer, S. K., Wheeler, C. M., et al.: HPV antibody levels and clinical efficacy following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine. Vaccine, 2008, 26, 6844–6851.
Wheeler C. M. , 'HPV antibody levels and clinical efficacy following administration of a prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine ' (2008 ) 26 Vaccine : 6844 -6851 .
Kjaer, S. K., Sigurdsson, K., Iversen, O. E., et al.: A pooled analysis of continued prophylactic efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (Types 6/11/16/18) vaccine against high-grade cervical and external genital lesions. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.), 2009, 2, 868–878.
Iversen O. E. , 'A pooled analysis of continued prophylactic efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (Types 6/11/16/18) vaccine against high-grade cervical and external genital lesions ' (2009 ) 2 Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila.) : 868 -878 .
Olsson, S. E., Kjaer, S. K., Sigurdsson, K., et al.: Evaluation of quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine efficacy against cervical and anogenital disease in subjects with serological evidence of prior vaccine type HPV infection. Hum. Vaccin., 2009, 5, 696–704.
Sigurdsson K. , 'Evaluation of quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine efficacy against cervical and anogenital disease in subjects with serological evidence of prior vaccine type HPV infection ' (2009 ) 5 Hum. Vaccin. : 696 -704 .
Brown, D. R., Kjaer, S. K., Sigurdsson, K., et al.: The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV; types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to oncogenic nonvaccine HPV types in generally HPV-naive women aged 16–26 years. J. Infect. Dis., 2009, 199, 926–935.
Sigurdsson K. , 'The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV; types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to oncogenic nonvaccine HPV types in generally HPV-naive women aged 16–26 years ' (2009 ) 199 J. Infect. Dis. : 926 -935 .
FUTURE II Study Group: Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 356, 1915–1927.
'Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions ' (2007 ) 356 N. Engl. J. Med. : 1915 -1927 .
Herrero, R., Wacholder, S., Rodriguez, A. C., et al.: Prevention of persistent human papillomavirus infection by an HPV16/18 vaccine: a community-based randomized clinical trial in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Cancer Discov., 2011, 1, 408–419.
Rodriguez A. C. , 'Prevention of persistent human papillomavirus infection by an HPV16/18 vaccine: a community-based randomized clinical trial in Guanacaste, Costa Rica ' (2011 ) 1 Cancer Discov. : 408 -419 .
Kreimer, A. R., Rodriguez, A. C., Hildesheim, A., et al.: Proof-of-principle evaluation of the efficacy of fewer than three doses of a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2011, 103, 1444–1451.
Hildesheim A. , 'Proof-of-principle evaluation of the efficacy of fewer than three doses of a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine ' (2011 ) 103 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. : 1444 -1451 .
Wheeler, C. M., Castellsagué, X., Garland, S. M., et al.: Cross-protective efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol., 2012, 13, 100–110.
Garland S. M. , 'Cross-protective efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA trial ' (2012 ) 13 Lancet Oncol. : 100 -110 .
Kreimer, A. R., González, P., Katki, H. A., et al.: Efficacy of a bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine against anal HPV 16/18 infection among young women: a nested analysis within the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial. Lancet Oncol., 2011, 12, 862–870.
Katki H. A. , 'Efficacy of a bivalent HPV 16/18 vaccine against anal HPV 16/18 infection among young women: a nested analysis within the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial ' (2011 ) 12 Lancet Oncol. : 862 -870 .
Hildesheim, A., Herrero, R., Wacholder, S., et al.: Effect of human papillomavirus 16/18 L1 viruslike particle vaccine among young women with preexisting infection. JAMA, 2007, 298, 743–753.
Wacholder S. , 'Effect of human papillomavirus 16/18 L1 viruslike particle vaccine among young women with preexisting infection ' (2007 ) 298 JAMA : 743 -753 .
Muñoz, N., Manalastas, R. Jr., Pitisuttithum, P., et al.: Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24–45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet, 2009, 373, 1949–1957.
Pitisuttithum P. , 'Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24–45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial ' (2009 ) 373 Lancet : 1949 -1957 .
Schiller, J. T., Castellsagué, X., Garland, S. M.: A review of clinical trials of human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines. Vaccine, 2012, 30, F123–F138.
Garland S. M. , 'A review of clinical trials of human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines ' (2012 ) 30 Vaccine : F123 -F138 .
Garland, S. M., Hernandez-Avila, M., Wheeler, C. M., et al.: Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N. Engl. J. Med., 2007, 356, 1928–1943.
Wheeler C. M. , 'Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases ' (2007 ) 356 N. Engl. J. Med. : 1928 -1943 .
Giuliano, A. R., Palefsky, J. M., Goldstone, S., et al.: Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, 364, 401–411.
Goldstone S. , 'Efficacy of quadrivalent HPV vaccine against HPV infection and disease in males ' (2011 ) 364 N. Engl. J. Med. : 401 -411 .
Palefsky, J. M., Giuliano, A. R., Goldstone, S., et al.: HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, 365, 1576–1585.
Goldstone S. , 'HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia ' (2011 ) 365 N. Engl. J. Med. : 1576 -1585 .
Levin, M. J., Moscicki, A. B., Song, L. Y., et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine in HIV-infected children 7 to 12 years old. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2010, 55, 197–204.
Song L. Y. , 'Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine in HIV-infected children 7 to 12 years old ' (2010 ) 55 J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. : 197 -204 .
Wilkin, T., Lee, J. Y., Lensing, S. Y., et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. J. Infect. Dis., 2010, 202, 1246–1253.
Lensing S. Y. , 'Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men ' (2010 ) 202 J. Infect. Dis. : 1246 -1253 .
Lu, B., Kumar, A., Castellsagué, X., et al.: Efficacy and safety of prophylactic vaccines against cervical HPV infection and diseases among women: a systematic review & meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 2011, 11, 13.
Castellsagué X. , 'Efficacy and safety of prophylactic vaccines against cervical HPV infection and diseases among women: a systematic review & meta-analysis ' (2011 ) 11 BMC Infect. Dis. : 13 -.
Wacholder, S., Chen, B. E., Wilcox, A., et al.: Risk of miscarriage with bivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18: pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 2010, 340, c712.
Wilcox A. , 'Risk of miscarriage with bivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18: pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials ' (2010 ) 340 BMJ : c712 -.
Souayah, N., Michas-Martin, P. A., Nasar, A., et al.: Guillain–Barre syndrome after Gardasil vaccination: data from Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 2006–2009. Vaccine, 2011, 29, 886–889.
Nasar A. , 'Guillain–Barre syndrome after Gardasil vaccination: data from Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 2006–2009 ' (2011 ) 29 Vaccine : 886 -889 .
Baandrup, L., Munk, C., Andersen, K. K., et al.: HPV16 is associated with younger age in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and 3. Gynecol. Oncol., 2012, 124, 281–285.
Andersen K. K. , 'HPV16 is associated with younger age in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and 3 ' (2012 ) 124 Gynecol. Oncol. : 281 -285 .
Parkin, D. M.: The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int. J. Cancer, 2006, 118, 3030–3044.
Parkin D. M. , 'The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002 ' (2006 ) 118 Int. J. Cancer : 3030 -3044 .
Parkin, D. M., Bray, F.: The burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine, 2006, 24 (Suppl. 3), S11–S25.
Bray F. , 'The burden of HPV-related cancers ' (2006 ) 24 Vaccine : S11 -S25 .
De Vuyst, H., Clifford, G. M., Nascimento, M. C., et al.: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer, 2009, 124, 1626–1636.
Nascimento M. C. , 'Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis ' (2009 ) 124 Int. J. Cancer : 1626 -1636 .
Chaturvedi, A. K.: Beyond cervical cancer: burden of other HPV-related cancers among men and women. J. Adolesc. Health, 2010, 46 (Suppl. 4), S20–S26.
Chaturvedi A. K. , 'Beyond cervical cancer: burden of other HPV-related cancers among men and women ' (2010 ) 46 J. Adolesc. Health : S20 -S26 .
IARC–WHO: World Cancer Report 2003. International Agency for Research on Cancer – World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland, 2003.
'', in World Cancer Report 2003 , (2003 ) -.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Human papillomavirus-associated cancers – United States, 2004–2008. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep., 2012, 61, 258–261.
'Human papillomavirus-associated cancers – United States, 2004–2008 ' (2012 ) 61 MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. : 258 -261 .
Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, 2012.
Daling, J. R., Weiss, N. S., Klopfenstein, L. L., et al.: Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer. JAMA, 1982, 247, 1988–1990.
Klopfenstein L. L. , 'Correlates of homosexual behavior and the incidence of anal cancer ' (1982 ) 247 JAMA : 1988 -1990 .
Van der Loeff, M. F., Nyitray, A. G., Giuliano, A. R.: HPV vaccination to prevent HIV infection: Time for randomized controlled trials. Sex. Transm. Dis., 2011, 38, 640–643.
Giuliano A. R. , 'HPV vaccination to prevent HIV infection: Time for randomized controlled trials ' (2011 ) 38 Sex. Transm. Dis. : 640 -643 .
Hernandez, B. Y., Barnholtz-Sloan, J., German, R. R., et al.: Burden of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in the United States, 1998–2003. Cancer, 2008, 113 (Suppl. 10), 2883–2891.
German R. R. , 'Burden of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis in the United States, 1998–2003 ' (2008 ) 113 Cancer : 2883 -2891 .
Aubin, F., Prétet, J. L., Jacquard, A. C., et al.: Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in external acuminata condylomata: a Large French National Study (EDiTH IV). Clin. Infect. Dis., 2008, 47, 610–615.
Jacquard A. C. , 'Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in external acuminata condylomata: a Large French National Study (EDiTH IV) ' (2008 ) 47 Clin. Infect. Dis. : 610 -615 .
Dunne, E. F., Nielson, C. M., Stone, K. M., et al.: Prevalence of HPV infection among men: A systematic review of the literature. J. Infect. Dis., 2006, 194, 1044–1057.
Stone K. M. , 'Prevalence of HPV infection among men: A systematic review of the literature ' (2006 ) 194 J. Infect. Dis. : 1044 -1057 .
Giuliano, A. R., Lazcano-Ponce, E., Villa, L. L., et al.: The human papillomavirus infection in men study: Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution among men residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2008, 17, 2036–2043.
Villa L. L. , 'The human papillomavirus infection in men study: Human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution among men residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States ' (2008 ) 17 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. : 2036 -2043 .
Giuliano, A. R., Lu, B., Nielson, C. M., et al.: Age-specific prevalence, incidence, and duration of human papillomavirus infections in a cohort of 290 US men. J. Infect. Dis., 2008, 198, 827–835.
Nielson C. M. , 'Age-specific prevalence, incidence, and duration of human papillomavirus infections in a cohort of 290 US men ' (2008 ) 198 J. Infect. Dis. : 827 -835 .
WHO U. Preparing for the introduction of HPV vaccines, Policy and programme guidence for countries. http://www.who.int/en/
Bősze, P.: HPV vaccine. [A HPV-védőoltás.] Nőgyógy. Onkol., 2011, 16, 123–132. [Hungarian]
Bősze P. , 'HPV vaccine. [A HPV-védőoltás.] ' (2011 ) 16 Nőgyógy. Onkol. : 123 -132 .
Markowitz, L. E., Tsu, V., Deeks, S. L., et al.: Human papillomavirus vaccine introduction – The first five years. Vaccine, 2012, 30 (Suppl. 5), F139–F148.
Deeks S. L. , 'Human papillomavirus vaccine introduction – The first five years ' (2012 ) 30 Vaccine : F139 -F148 .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): FDA licensure of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for use in females and updated HPV vaccination recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep., 2010, 59, 626–629.
'FDA licensure of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for use in females and updated HPV vaccination recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) ' (2010 ) 59 MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. : 626 -629 .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Recommendations on the use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in males – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep., 2011, 60, 1705–1708.
'Recommendations on the use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in males – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011 ' (2011 ) 60 MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. : 1705 -1708 .
Reports of health concerns following HPV vaccination. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/hpv/gardasil.html
Gardasil (human papillomavirus vaccine). Available at: http://www.tga.gov.au/safety/alerts-medicine-gardasil-070624.htm
World Health Organization: Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, report of meeting held 17–18 June 2009. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/Jun_2009/en/index.html
Vaccine in pregnancy surveillance at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/VaccineInPregnancySurveillance
Dana, A., Buchanan, K. M., Goss, M. A., et al.: Pregnancy outcomes from the pregnancy registry of a human papillomavirus type 6/11/16/18 vaccine. Obstet. Gynecol., 2009, 114, 1170–1178.
Goss M. A. , 'Pregnancy outcomes from the pregnancy registry of a human papillomavirus type 6/11/16/18 vaccine ' (2009 ) 114 Obstet. Gynecol. : 1170 -1178 .
Fairley, C. K., Hocking, J. S., Gurrin, L. C., et al.: Rapid decline in presentations of genital warts after the implementation of a national quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination programme for young women. Sex. Transm. Infect., 2009, 85, 499–502.
Gurrin L. C. , 'Rapid decline in presentations of genital warts after the implementation of a national quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination programme for young women ' (2009 ) 85 Sex. Transm. Infect. : 499 -502 .
Brotherton, J. M., Fridman, M., May, C. L., et al.: Early effect of the HPV vaccination programme on cervical abnormalities in Victoria, Australia: an ecological study. Lancet, 2011, 377, 2085–2092.
May C. L. , 'Early effect of the HPV vaccination programme on cervical abnormalities in Victoria, Australia: an ecological study ' (2011 ) 377 Lancet : 2085 -2092 .
Donovan, B.: A national program with a national impact: quadrivalent HPV vaccination and genital warts in Australia, 2004–2010. In: ISSTDR. Monduzzi Editore, Quebec City, Canada, 2011.
Donovan B. , '', in ISSTDR , (2011 ) -.
Powell, S. E., Hariri, S., Steinau, M., et al.: Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on HPV 16/18-related prevalence in precancerous cervical lesions. Vaccine, 2012, 31, 109–113.
Steinau M. , 'Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on HPV 16/18-related prevalence in precancerous cervical lesions ' (2012 ) 31 Vaccine : 109 -113 .
Wong, C. A., Saraiya, M., Hariri, S., et al.: Approaches to monitoring biological outcomes for HPV vaccination: challenges of early adopter countries. Vaccine, 2011, 29, 878–885.
Hariri S. , 'Approaches to monitoring biological outcomes for HPV vaccination: challenges of early adopter countries ' (2011 ) 29 Vaccine : 878 -885 .
Ogilvie, G., Anderson, M., Marra, F., et al.: A population-based evaluation of a publicly funded, school-based HPV vaccine program in British Columbia, Canada: parental factors associated with HPV vaccine receipt. PLoS Med., 2010, 7, e1000270.
Marra F. , 'A population-based evaluation of a publicly funded, school-based HPV vaccine program in British Columbia, Canada: parental factors associated with HPV vaccine receipt ' (2010 ) 7 PLoS Med. : e1000270 -.
Dorell, C. G., Yankey, D., Santibanez, T. A., et al.: Human papillomavirus vaccination series initiation and completion, 2008–2009. Pediatrics, 2011, 128, 830–839.
Santibanez T. A. , 'Human papillomavirus vaccination series initiation and completion, 2008–2009 ' (2011 ) 128 Pediatrics : 830 -839 .
Gottlieb, S. L., Brewer, N. T., Sternberg, M. R., et al.: Human papillomavirus vaccine initiation in an area with elevated rates of cervical cancer. J. Adolesc. Health, 2009, 45, 430–437.
Sternberg M. R. , 'Human papillomavirus vaccine initiation in an area with elevated rates of cervical cancer ' (2009 ) 45 J. Adolesc. Health : 430 -437 .
Allen, J. D., Othus, M. K. D., Shelton, R. C., et al.: Parental decision making about the HPV vaccine. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2010, 19, 2187–2198.
Shelton R. C. , 'Parental decision making about the HPV vaccine ' (2010 ) 19 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. : 2187 -2198 .
Insinga, R. P., Dasbach, E. J., Elbasha, E. H.: Assessing the annual economic burden of preventing and treating anogenital human papillomavirus-related disease in the US: analytic framework and review of the literature. PharmacoEcon., 2005, 23, 1107–1122.
Elbasha E. H. , 'Assessing the annual economic burden of preventing and treating anogenital human papillomavirus-related disease in the US: analytic framework and review of the literature ' (2005 ) 23 PharmacoEcon. : 1107 -1122 .
Torvinen, S., Nieminen, P., Lehtinen, M., et al.: Cost effectiveness of prophylactic HPV 16/18 vaccination in Finland. Results from a modelling exercise. J. Med. Econ., 2010, 13, 284–294.
Lehtinen M. , 'Cost effectiveness of prophylactic HPV 16/18 vaccination in Finland. Results from a modelling exercise ' (2010 ) 13 J. Med. Econ. : 284 -294 .
Kreimer, A. R., Rodriguez, A. C., Hildesheim, A., et al.: Proof-of-principle evaluation of the efficacy of fewer than three doses of a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2011, 103, 1444–1451.
Hildesheim A. , 'Proof-of-principle evaluation of the efficacy of fewer than three doses of a bivalent HPV16/18 vaccine ' (2011 ) 103 J. Natl. Cancer Inst. : 1444 -1451 .
Zimmerman, R. K., Nowalk, M. P., Lin, C. J., et al.: Randomized trial of an alternate human papillomavirus vaccine administration schedule in college-aged women. J. Women Health, 2010, 19, 1441–1447.
Lin C. J. , 'Randomized trial of an alternate human papillomavirus vaccine administration schedule in college-aged women ' (2010 ) 19 J. Women Health : 1441 -1447 .
Wheeler, C. M., Bautista, O. M., Tomassini, J. E., et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of co-administered quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) and hepatitis B (HBV) vaccines. Vaccine, 2008, 26, 686–696.
Tomassini J. E. , 'Safety and immunogenicity of co-administered quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) and hepatitis B (HBV) vaccines ' (2008 ) 26 Vaccine : 686 -696 .
Vesikari, T., Van Damme, P., Lindblad, N., et al.: An open-label, randomized, multicenter study of the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6/11/16/18) vaccine given concomitantly with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliomyelitis vaccine in healthy adolescents 11 to 17 years of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 2010, 29, 314–318.
Lindblad N. , 'An open-label, randomized, multicenter study of the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6/11/16/18) vaccine given concomitantly with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and poliomyelitis vaccine in healthy adolescents 11 to 17 years of age ' (2010 ) 29 Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. : 314 -318 .
Reisinger, K. S., Block, S. L., Collins-Ogle, M., et al.: Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of Gardasil given concomitantly with Menactra and Adacel. Pediatrics, 2010, 125, 1142–1151.
Collins-Ogle M. , 'Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of Gardasil given concomitantly with Menactra and Adacel ' (2010 ) 125 Pediatrics : 1142 -1151 .
Garcia-Sicilia, J., Schwarz, T. F., Carmona, A., et al.: Immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine coadministered with combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus vaccine to girls and young women. J. Adolesc. Health, 2010, 46, 142–151.
Carmona A. , 'Immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine coadministered with combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus vaccine to girls and young women ' (2010 ) 46 J. Adolesc. Health : 142 -151 .
Levy-Bruhl, D., Bousquet, V., King, L. A., et al.: The current state of introduction of HPV vaccination into national immunisation schedules in Europe: results of the VENICE 2008 survey. Eur. J. Cancer, 2009, 45, 2709–2713.
King L. A. , 'The current state of introduction of HPV vaccination into national immunisation schedules in Europe: results of the VENICE 2008 survey ' (2009 ) 45 Eur. J. Cancer : 2709 -2713 .
Vokó, Z., Nagyjánosi, L., Kaló, Z.: Cost-effectiveness of adding vaccination with the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine to cervical cancer screening in Hungary. BMC Public Health, 2012, 12, 924–930. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/924
Kaló Z. , 'Cost-effectiveness of adding vaccination with the AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine to cervical cancer screening in Hungary ' (2012 ) 12 BMC Public Health : 924 -930 .