A bal pitvar nem egy passzív szívüreg, mivel a szívciklusnak megfelelően dinamikus mozgást végez és feszülésének megfelelően pitvari natriureticus peptideket is elválaszt. Bizonyos invazív beavatkozások során a bal pitvar mérete lényegesen változhat, így annak pontos mérése és funkciójának jellemzése esszenciális fontosságú. A jelen összefoglaló közlemény célja a bal pitvari méretek és funkcionális paraméterek mérésére jelenleg alkalmazott echokardiográfiás módszerek bemutatása. Orv. Hetil., 2014. 155(41), 1624–1631.
Seward, J. B., Hebl, V.B.: Left atrial anatomy and physiology: echo/Doppler assessment. Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 2014, 29(5), 403–407.
Blume, G. G., Mcleod C. J., Barnes M. E., et al.: Left atrial function: physiology, assessment, and clinical implications. Eur. J. Echocardiogr., 2011, 12(6), 421–430.
Hoit, B. D.: Left atrial size and function: role in prognosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2014, 63(6), 493–505.
Leung, D. Y., Boyd, A., Ng, A. A., et al.: Echocardiographic evaluation of left atrial size and function: Current understanding, pathophysiologic correlates, and prognostic implications. Am. Heart J., 2008, 156(6), 1056–1064.
Vieira, M. J., Teixeira, R., Golçalves, L., et al.: Left atrial mechanics: echocardiographic assessment and clinical implications. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2014, 27(5), 463–478.
Badano, L. P., Nour, A., Muraru, D.: Left atrium as a dynamic three-dimensional entity: Implications for echocardiographic assessment. Rev. Esp. Cardiol., 2013, 66(1), 1–4.
Todaro, M. C., Choudhuri, I., Belohlavek, M., et al.: New echocardiographic techniques for evaluation of left atrial mechanics. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 2012, 13(12), 973–984.
Cameli, M., Lisi, M., Righini F. M., et al.: Novel echocardiographic techniques to assess left atrial size, anatomy and function. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound., 2012, 10, 4.
Potter, L. R., Yoder, A. R., Flora, D. R., et al.: Natriuretic peptides: their structures, receptors, physiologic functions and therapeutic applications. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 2009, 191, 341–366.
Boudoulas, K. D., Paraskevaidis, I. A., Boudoulas, H., et al.: The left atrium: from the research laboratory to the clinic. Cardiology, 2014, 129(1), 1–17.
Lang, R. M., Bierig, M., Devereux, R. B., et al.: Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2005, 18(12), 1440–1463.
Pritchett, A. M., Jacobsen, S. J., Mahoney, D. W., et al.: Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2003, 41(6), 1036–1043.
Vasan, R. S., Larson, M. G., Levy, D., et al.: Doppler transmitral flow indexes and risk of atrial fibrillation (the Framingham Heart Study). Am. J. Cardiol., 2003, 91(9), 1079–1083.
Mattioli, A. V., Tarabini Castellani, E., Vivoli, D., et al.: Restoration of atrial function after atrial fibrillation of different etiological origins. Cardiology, 1996, 87(3), 205–211.
Appleton, C. P., Galloway, J. M., Gonzalez, M. S., et al.: Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in adult patients with cardiac disease: Additional value of analyzing left atrial size, left atrial ejection fraction and the difference in duration of pulmonary venous and mitral flow velocity at atrial contraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1993, 22(7), 1972–1982.
Manning, W. J., Silverman, D. I., Katz, S. E., et al.: Atrial ejection force: a noninvasive assessment of atrial systolic function. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1993, 22(1), 221–225.
Boudoulas, K. D., Sparks, E. A., Rittgers, S. E., et al.: Factors determining left atrial kinetic energy in patients with chronic mitral valve disease. Herz, 2003, 28(5), 437–444.
Chinali, M., de Simone, G., Roman, M. J., et al.: Left atrial systolic force and cardiovascular outcome: The Strong Heart Study. Am. J. Hypertens, 2005, 18(12 Pt. 1), 1570–1576.
Sohn, D. W., Chai, I. H., Lee, D. J., et al.: Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1997, 30(2), 474–480.
Nagueh, S. F., Middleton, K. J., Kopelen, H. A., et al.: Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1997, 30(6), 1527–1533.
Yu, C. M., Sanderson, J. E., Marwick, T. H., et al.: Tissue Doppler imaging: a new prognosticator for cardiovascular diseases. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2007, 49(19), 1903–1914.
Gorcsan, J. 3rd., Tanaka, H.: Echocardiographic assessment of myocardial strain. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2011, 58(14), 1401–1413.
Heimdal, A., Støylen, A., Torp, H., et al.: Real-time strain rate imaging of the left ventricle by ultrasound. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 1998, 11(11), 1013–1019.
Urheim, S., Edvardsen, T., Torp, H., et al.: Myocardial strain by Doppler echocardiography. Validation of a new method to quantify regional myocardial function. Circulation, 2000, 102(10), 1158–1164.
Vianna-Pinton, R., Moreno, C. A., Baxter, C. M., et al.: Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography of the left atrium: feasibility and regional contraction and relaxation differences in normal subjects. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2009, 22(3), 299–305.
Nagaya, M., Kawasaki, M., Tanaka, R., et al.: Quantitative validation of left atrial structure and function by two-dimensional and three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: A comparative study with three-dimensional computed tomography. J. Cardiol., 2013, 62(3), 188–194.
Saraiva, R. M., Demirkol, S., Buakhamsri, A., et al.: Left atrial strain measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking represents a new tool to evaluate left atrial function. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2010, 23(2), 172–180.
Franke, A., Kühl, H. P. Second-generation real-time 3D echocardiography: a revolutionary new technology. Medica Mundi, 2003, 47, 34–40.
Nemes, A., Geleijnse, M. L., Soliman, O. I., et al.: Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography – can there be one more dimension? [Real-time 3 dimenziós echokardiográfia – lehet egy dimenzióval több?] Orv. Hetil. 2007, 148(52), 2451–2460. [Hungarian]
Soliman, O. I., Krenning, B. J., Geleijnse, M. L., et al.: Quantification of left ventricular volumes and function in patients with cardiomyopathies by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: A head-to-head comparison between two different semiautomated endocardial border detection algorhythms. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2007, 20(9), 1042–1049.
Soliman, O. I., Krenning, B. J., Geleijnse, M. L., et al.: A comparison between QLAB and TomTec full volume reconstruction for real time three-dimensional echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular volumes. Echocardiography, 2007, 24(9), 967–974.
Anwar, A. M., Geleijnse, M. L., Soliman, O. I., et al.: Left atrial Frank-Starling law assessed by real-time, three-dimensional echocardiographic left atrial volume changes. Heart, 2007, 93(11), 1393–1397.
Anwar, A. M., Soliman, O. I., Geleijnse, M. L., et al.: Assessment of left atrial volume and function by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Int. J. Cardiol. 2008, 123(2), 155–161.
Anwar, A. M., Soliman, O. I., Geleijnse, M. L., et al.: Assessment of left atrial ejection force in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2007, 20(6), 744–748.
Nemes, A., Anwar, A. M., Caliskan, K., et al.: Evaluation of left atrial systolic function in noncompaction cardiomyopathy by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2008, 24(3), 237–242.
Nemes, A., Kalapos, A., Domsik, P., et al.: Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography – a further step in non-invasive three-dimensional cardiac imaging [Háromdimenziós speckle-tracking echokardiográfia – egy újabb lépés a noninvazív háromdimenziós kardiális képalkotásban]. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153(40), 1570–1577. [Hungarian]
Nesser, H. J., Mor-Avi, V., Gorissen, W., et al.: Quantification of left ventricular volumes using three-dimensional echocardiographic speckle tracking: comparison with MRI. Eur. Heart J., 2009, 30(13), 1565–1573.
Kleijn, S. A., Aly, M. F., Terwee, C. B., et al.: Comparison between direct volumetric and speckle tracking methodologies for left ventricular and left atrial chamber quantification by three-dimensional echocardiography. Am. J. Cardiol., 2011, 108(7), 1038–1044.
Nemes, A., Domsik, P., Kalapos, A., et al.: Comparison of three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and two-dimensional echocardiography for evaluation of left atrial size and function in healthy volunteers. (Results from the MAGYAR-Healthy Study). Echocardiography, 2014, 31(7), 865–871.
Domsik, P., Kalapos, A., Lengyel, C., et al.: Relationship between mitral annular and left atrial function as assessed by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in healthy volunteers Results from the MAGYAR-Healthy Study [A mitralis anulus és a bal pitvar funkciója közötti összefüggések vizsgálata háromdimenziós speckle-tracking echokardiográfia segítségével egészséges önkéntesekben. Eredmények a MAGYAR-Healthy Tanulmányból.] Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(38), 1517–1523. [Hungarian]
Mochizuki, A., Yuda, S., Oi, Y., et al.: Assessment of left atrial deformation and synchrony by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: Comparative studies in healthy subjects and patients with atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 2013, 26(2), 165–174.
Chadaide, S., Domsik, P., Kalapos, A., et al.: Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography-derived left atrial strain parameters are reduced in patients with atrial fibrillation (results from the MAGYAR-Path Study). Echocardiography, 2013, 30(9), 1078–1083.
Nemes, A., Kalapos, A., Chadaide, S., et al.: Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography allows detailed evaluation of left atrial function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Insights from the MAGYAR-Path Study. Echocardiography. (In press.)
Nemes, A., Hausinger, P., Kalapos, A., et al.: Alternative ways to assess left atrial function in noncompaction cardiomyopathy by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: (a case from the MAGYAR-Path study). Int. J. Cardiol., 2012, 158(1), 105–107.