Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Az extrapulmonalis tuberculosis incidenciája növekvő tendenciát mutat annak ellenére, hogy az elmúlt években világszerte csökkent a tuberculosisos esetek száma. Célkitűzés: Az extrapulmonalis tuberculosisra hajlamosító tényezők felmérése és a bakteriológiai és szövettani diagnosztizálási arányok meghatározása az egyes formák esetén. Módszer: A regionális ellátási területünkhöz tartozó területről három év alatt (2018. januártól 2020. decemberig) hozzánk került 63, extrapulmonalis tuberculosisos eset retrospektív elemzését végeztük. A bakteriológiai vizsgálat alapját a különböző minták Ziehl–Neelsen-festése és Löwenstein–Jensen-táptalajon történő tenyésztése képezte. Egyes esetekben GeneXpert- és szövettani vizsgálatra is sor került. Eredmények: Az esetek többségében a minták vidéki környezetből, középkorú egyénektől származtak. A legfőbb kockázati tényezőkként a rossz életkörülményeket, a munkanélküliséget, a dohányzást és a krónikus alkoholizmust említhetjük. 18 esetben a kórismézés bakteriológiai, 17 esetben pedig szövettani vizsgálattal történt. A bakteriológiai vagy szövettani vizsgálatokkal nem igazolt eseteknél a kórismézéshez valószínűségi kritériumokra támaszkodtunk, azaz epidemiológiai, klinikai és képalkotási módszerekre. Az extrapulmonalis tuberculosisos formáinak megoszlása a következő: 25 mellhártya-, 13 csont-ízületi, 11 nyirokcsomó-, 7 agyhártya-, 4 vese-, 2 bőr- és 1 gyomor-bél rendszeri tuberculosis. A tuberculosisos mellhártyagyulladás bakteriológiai megerősítése 3 esetben történt meg. A csont-ízületi tuberculosist 6 esetben bakterológiailag, 4-ben pedig szövettanilag igazoltuk. A tuberculosisos agyhártyagyulladást 5 esetben bakteriológiai vizsgálattal kórisméztük. A nyirokcsomó-, illetve bőrtuberculosist szövettani vizsgálattal igazoltuk. A tuberculosis elleni kezelést a betegek jól tolerálták, de a compliance a kezelés során alacsony volt (92%). Megbeszélés: A bakteriológiai és szövettani megerősítéssel járó nehézségek miatt az extrapulmonalis tuberculosis továbbra is diagnosztikai kihívást jelent. Következtetés: Az esetek korai felismerése és szoros megfigyelése csökkentheti a szövődményeket, és hozzájárulhat a compliance növeléséhez. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(19): 750–757.
Summary. Introduction: The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is still high despite of the decrease in global tuberculosis cases during the last years. Objective: Evaluation of predisposing factors and determination of bacteriological and histopathological confirmation rates for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Method: We performed a retrospective study of 63 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed in regional supply area between January 2018 and December 2020. The bacteriological examination included Ziehl–Neelsen staining and Löwenstein–Jensen culture from various pathological specimens. In some cases, we also performed GeneXpert and histopathological examination. Results: Cases were predominantly from rural areas and in middle-aged people. The major risk factors were precarious living conditions, unemployment, smoking and alcohol abuse. In 18 cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by bacteriological and in 17 by histopathological examination. In cases without bacteriological or histopathological confirmation, we corroborated the probability criteria as epidemiological, clinical, and imaging findings. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis manifested as pleural (25), osteoarticular (13), nodal (11), meningeal (7), renal (4), cutaneous (2) and gastrointestinal (1) tuberculosis. Bacteriological confirmation of tuberculous pleurisy was made in 3 cases. Osteoarticular tuberculosis had bacteriological confirmation in 6 cases and histopathological in 4. Tuberculosis meningitis was diagnosed in 5 cases by bacteriological examination. Lymph node and cutaneous tuberculosis were confirmed by histopathological examination. Antituberculotic treatment was well tolerated by patients, but the compliance was low (92%). Discussion: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is a diagnostic challenge due to the difficulty of bacteriological and histopathological confirmation. Conclusion: Increasing early confirmation and careful monitoring of cases can reduce complications and increase treatment compliance. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(19): 750–757.
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