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Párkapcsolat és a személyiség működésmintázatai: A boweni szelf-differenciáció nyomán
Relationship and personality functioning patterns: Following Bowen’s self–differentiation
Elméleti háttér: A párkapcsolati elégedettség a párok romantikus kapcsolataira vonatkozó átfogó és általános szubjektív értékelését foglalja magában. A különböző nézőpontokat képviselő vizsgálati eredmények mind ugyanabban szolgálnak megerősítésül: a párkapcsolati működés alkotóelemeinek egyediségét, változatosságát támasztják alá. Az elégedettség szempontjából ugyanakkor ritkán vizsgálnak olyan transzgenerációs folyamatok eredményeként kialakuló jellemzőket, mint amilyen a szülőkről való érzelmi leválás. A kapcsolatok szempontjából azonban ennek szerepe kulcsfontosságú, hiszen meghatározhatja azok minőségét, sikerességét és egyben stabilitását is. Módszerek: Jelen kutatás a magyar lakosság tizennyolc év feletti, önbevallása alapján elkötelezett párkapcsolatban élő személyeit (n = 533) vizsgálta meg. Magyar mintán elsőként került feltárásra, hogy olyan jellegzetes, együttesen ritkán vizsgált változók mentén, mint az érzelmi leválás (szelf-differenciáció), az önegyüttérzés, a hála és a párkapcsolati elégedettség, az egyének vajon milyen működésmintázati modellek felállítását teszik lehetővé. Méréseinket az Érzelmi Leválás Kérdőív, a Hála Kérdőív, az Önegyüttérzés Skála és a Kapcsolati Elégedettség Skála felhasználásával hajtottuk végre. A személyiségek elkülönítését és szisztematikus csoportosítását pedig hierarchikus klaszterelemzés eljárással végeztük el. Eredmények: Az elemzés következtében a „fiatal – magasan differenciálatlan”, „a fiatal – differenciált” és az „idős – differenciálatlan” párkapcsolati működésmódok leírására nyílt lehetőség. A legnagyobb mértékű differenciáltságot, önegyüttérzést és hálakészséget mutató „fiatal – differenciált” klaszter (Mdn = 37), szignifikánsan különbözött a fiatal – magasan differenciálatlan (Mdn = 36; U = 15648; Z = –3,118; p = 0,002; r = 0,16) és az idős – differenciálatlan (Mdn = 31; U = 5162; Z = –7,556; p < 0,001; r = 0,44) klasztertől is, így egyben a párkapcsolatával leginkább elégedett klaszternek minősült. Következtetések: A három profil összehasonlítása során megállapíthattuk, hogy a legmagasabb szintű elégedettséget a leválás, az önegyüttérzés, és a hálakészség együttes intenzitása biztosíthatja. Általános érvényűnek bizonyult továbbá az a vizsgálati tapasztalat, hogy a szelf differenciáltsági állapota és az önegyüttérzés a párkapcsolati kiegyensúlyozottság szempontjából egyformán meghatározó lehet.
A Szabadidős Testedzés Motivációja Skála (PALMS) adaptációs vizsgálata magyar mintán
Validation of the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) on Hungarian sample
Háttér és célkitűzések: Jelen tanulmány célja a Szabadidős Testedzés Motivációja Skála (Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale, PALMS) magyar változatának (PALMS–H) pszichometriai vizsgálata, a mérőeszköz reliabilitásának és validitásának ellenőrzése. Módszerek: 893 fő vett részt a vizsgálatban (nférfi = 428, átlagéletkor = 33,7 év; SD = 11,79 év). A PALMS–H mellett a Sportmotivációs Skála II-t (SMS-II) alkalmaztuk. Eredmények: A megerősítő faktoranalízis támogatta a PALMS–H nyolcdimenziós elméleti modelljét, megfelelő illeszkedési mutatókat kaptunk [χ 2(893) = 3427,77; p < 0,01; GFI = 0,95; TLI = 0,94; CFI = 0,94; RMSEA = 0,07]. Az alskálák belső konzisztenciája egy kivételével (Külső elvárások, Cronbach-α = 0,58) megfelelőnek bizonyult (Cronbach-α = 0,85–0,91). A skála invariánsnak mutatkozott a nemeket tekintve. A konstruktumvaliditás vizsgálata során szignifikáns, mérsékelt, illetve erős kapcsolatot mutatott az Elsajátítási cél és az Örömérzet az SMS-II-vel mért intrinzik motivációjával (r = 0,53–0,70), integrált (r = 0,41–0,47), identifikált (r = 0,32–0,60) és introjektált szabályozásával (r = 0,36–0,37). Gyenge, illetve közepes erősségű (r = 0,20–0,47) kapcsolatot találtunk a PALMS–H kérdőív többi alsklálája és az SMS-II öndeterminált viselkedésre utaló skálái között. Következtetés: A PALMS magyar nyelvű változata megfelelő, megbízható és érvényes mérőeszköznek bizonyult a testmozgás motivációs hátterének mérésére.
Abstract
Background
Psychedelic use and its impact on well-being is garnering a lot of research attention, however, little has been done to understand the potential associations between multiple characteristics of the psychedelic experience and psychological flexibility (PF), which encompasses a conscious awareness of thoughts and behavior, allowing individuals to adapt to new experiences and perceive multiple explanations or solutions for life events.
Aims
The current study examines the psychedelic correlates of PF. It was hypothesized that intention, comfort and safety during the experience, decentering, mystical experiences, ego-dissolution, and insight would be significantly associated with greater reports of PF.
Methods
Data used for the regression analysis were from 114 participants who had used one of the classic psychedelics (LSD, Psilocybin, Mescaline, DMT, Ayahuasca, 5MeO-DMT) and were recruited from postings on Twitter (now X) and within psychedelic-based groups on Facebook and Reddit to fill out an online survey. Standard assessments used include the Experiences Questionnaire, Mystical Experience Questionnaire, Ego-Dissolution Inventory, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Psychological Insight Questionnaire, and Religious Salience Scale.
Results
After controlling for sociodemographics (age, income, religious salience, number of psychedelic experiences), self-perceived meaningful intention and decentering remained significantly associated with greater psychological flexibility.
Conclusions
These results expand upon existing literature on psychedelic use and its impact on well-being by exploring specific characteristics of the psychedelic experience. Understanding the importance of intention and decentering can provide a pathway by which psychedelic users, guides, and researchers can further understand the psychedelic experience and its effects.
Abstract
Background and aims
Cognitive control and reward-related abnormalities are centrally implicated in addiction. However, findings from longitudinal studies addressing neurocognitive predictors of addictive behaviors are mixed. Further, little work has been conducted predicting non-substance-related addictive behaviors. Our study aimed to assess predictors of substance and non-substance addictive behaviors in a community sample, systematically evaluating each neurocognitive function's independent influence on addictive behavior.
Methods
Australians (N = 294; 51.7% female; M[SD] age = 24.8[4.7] years) completed online neurocognitive tasks and surveys at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Self-report scales assessed problematic alcohol use, addictive eating (AE), problematic pornography use (PPU), and problematic internet use (PUI) at 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Linear regressions with bootstrapping assessed neurocognitive predictors for each addictive behavior across a 6-month period.
Results
Neurocognition at baseline did not predict AE or PUI severity at 6-month follow-up. Less delay discounting at baseline predicted higher PPU at 6-month follow-up (β = −0.16, p = 0.005). Poorer performance monitoring at baseline predicted higher AE at 3-month follow-up (β = −0.16, p = 0.004), and more reward-related attentional capture at 3-months predicted higher AE at 6-month follow-up (β = 0.14, p = 0.033). Less reward-related attentional capture (β = −0.14, p = 0.003) and less risk-taking under ambiguity (β = −0.11, p = 0.029) at baseline predicted higher PUI at 3-month follow-up. All findings were of small effect size. None of the neurocognitive variables predicted problematic alcohol use.
Discussion and conclusions
We were unable to identify a core set of specific neurocognitive functions that reliably predict multiple addictive behavior types. However, our findings indicate both cognitive control and reward-related functions predict non-substance addictive behaviors in different ways. Findings suggest that there may be partially distinct neurocognitive mechanisms contributing to addiction depending on the specific addictive behavior.
Abstract
Background and aims
Neurobiological models of addiction posit that addiction manifests through an amplified salience towards addiction-associated stimuli and a diminished responsiveness to non-addiction-related incentives. However, existing research on reward processing in individuals with problematic pornography use (PPU) has primarily been limited to sexual cue reactivity.
Methods
In this event-related potential (ERP) study, we employed a risky decision-making task involving 30 individuals with PPU and 33 healthy controls (HCs) to examine the effects of PPU on non-pornographic (money) reward valuation.
Results
Compared to HCs, individuals with PPU exhibited compromised sensitivity to monetary rewards. Specifically, while the HC group demonstrated a differential response in late positive potential (LPP) amplitude to various expected value (EV) levels, this pattern was absent in the PPU group. This impairment was associated with poorer adaptive decision-making, as evidenced by PPU participants' inability to adjust risk choices based on changes in EV, leading to a propensity for riskier decisions in disadvantageous situations.
Discussion and conclusions
The findings of impaired monetary evaluation in individuals with PPU may potentially explain why they continually pursue pornographic rewards while showing insensitivity to other rewards in daily life. Consequently, treatment development strategies may prioritize improving sensitivity to non-pornographic rewards within this population.
Abstract
Background
Although family history of psychiatric disorders has often been considered potentially useful in understanding clinical presentations in patients, it is less clear what a positive gambling family history means for people with gambling disorder. We sought to understand the clinical impact of having a first-degree relative with gambling disorder in a sample of adults with gambling disorder.
Methods
Data from 455 participants (aged 18–65 years) who had participated in previous pharmacological and psychotherapeutic clinical trials for gambling disorder were pooled in a secondary analysis. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between those who did versus did not have one or more first-degree relative(s) with gambling disorder. Additionally, we examined whether a family history of gambling disorder was associated with treatment outcome.
Results
223 (49.0%) participants had at least one first-degree family member(s) with gambling disorder. In terms of clinical variables, family history of gambling disorder was significantly associated with being female, having an earlier age of gambling onset, longer duration of untreated gambling illness, a greater likelihood of developing legal problems secondary to gambling, and higher rates of alcohol use disorder in family members. Family history of gambling disorder was also associated with a greater gambling symptom improvement from pharmacotherapy.
Conclusions
These results indicate that gamblers with a first-degree family member with a gambling disorder may have a unique clinical presentation and better response to treatment interventions.
Abstract
Background and aims
Previous evidence has indicated that problematic social media use (PSMU) is characterized by an attentional bias to social media icons (such as Facebook icons), but not to social webpages (such as Facebook webpages). They suggest that there may be other factors influencing attentional bias like fear of missing out (FoMO). But it remains unclear how FoMO moderates attentional bias in PSMU. This study aims to investigate whether PSMU show attentional bias for stimuli associated with social media, and how FoMO moderates on attentional bias among PSMU through experimental methods.
Methods
Based on the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, this study explored mechanisms of attentional bias to social media icons (such as WeChat) related to PSMU and further examined the role of FoMO in this relationship. Specifically, attentional bias patterns to social media icons of 62 participants (31 PSMU and 31 control group) were explored during a dot-probe paradigm combined with eye-tracking in Experiment 1, and attentional bias patterns to social media icons of another 61 individuals with PSMU with different FoMO levels was explored during a dot-probe paradigm combined with eye-tracking in Experiment 2.
Results
Results revealed that individuals with PSMU had an attentional bias toward social media icons, demonstrated by attentional maintenance, and such bias such bias was moderated by FoMO negatively, demonstrated by attentional vigilance and maintenance in PSMU/high FoMO.
Conclusion
These results suggest that attentional bias is a common mechanism associated with PSMU, and FoMO is a key factor on the development of PSMU.
Abstract
Background
Gaming Disorder was included as an addictive disorder in the latest version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), published in 2022. The present study aimed to develop a screening tool for Gaming Disorder, the Gaming Disorder Identification Test (GADIT), based on the four ICD-11 diagnostic criteria: impaired control, increasing priority, continued gaming despite harm, and functional impairment.
Method
We reviewed 297 questionnaire items from 48 existing gaming addiction scales and selected 68 items based on content validity. Two datasets were collected: 1) an online panel (N = 803) from Australia, United States, United Kingdom and Canada, split into a development set (N = 589) and a validation dataset (N = 214); and 2) a university sample (N = 408) from Australia. Item response theory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to select eight items to form the GADIT. Validity was established by regressing the GADIT against known correlates of Gaming Disorder.
Results
Confirmatory factor analyses of the GADIT showed good model fit (RMSEA=<0.001–0.108; CFI = 0.98–1.00), and internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alphas = 0.77–0.92). GADIT scores were strongly associated with the Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10), and significantly associated with gaming intensity, eye fatigue, hand pain, wrist pain, back or neck pain, and excessive in-game purchases, in both the validation and the university sample datasets.
Conclusion
The GADIT has strong psychometric properties in two independent samples from four English-speaking countries collected through different channels, and shown validity against existing scales and variables that are associated with Gaming Disorder. A cut-off of 5 is tentatively recommended for screening for Gaming Disorder.
