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# On lower and upper bounds for probabilities of unions and the Borel-Cantelli lemma

Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica
Author: Andrei Frolov

We obtain new lower and upper bounds for probabilities of unions of events. These bounds are sharp. They are stronger than earlier ones. General bounds may be applied in arbitrary measurable spaces. We have improved the method that has been introduced in previous papers. We derive new generalizations of the first and second parts of the Borel-Cantelli lemma.

Open access

# Polynomial rings over NLI rings need not be NLI

Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica
Author: Weixing Chen

It is proved that there exists an NI ring R over which the polynomial ring R[x] is not an NLI ring. This answers an open question of Qu and Wei (Stud. Sci. Math. Hung., 51(2), 2014) in the negative. Moreover a sufficient condition of R[x] to be an NLI ring is included for an NLI ring R.

Open access

# Some remarks on almost star countable spaces

Studia Scientiarum Mathematicarum Hungarica
Author: Yan-Kui Song

A space X is almost star countable (weakly star countable) if for each open cover U of X there exists a countable subset F of X such that \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage{bbm} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $\bigcup {_{x \in F}\overline {St\left( {x,U} \right)} } = X$ \end{document} (respectively, \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage{bbm} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $\overline {\bigcup {_{x \in F}} St\left( {x,U} \right)} = X$ \end{document}. In this paper, we investigate the relationships among star countable spaces, almost star countable spaces and weakly star countable spaces, and also study topological properties of almost star countable spaces.

Open access

# Properties of journal impact in relation to bibliometric research group performance indicators

Scientometrics
Author: Anthony F. J. van Raan

## Abstract

In this paper we present a compilation of journal impact properties in relation to other bibliometric indicators as found in our earlier studies together with new results. We argue that journal impact, even calculated in a sufficiently advanced way, becomes important in evaluation practices based on bibliometric analysis only at an aggregate level. In the relation between average journal impact and actual citation impact of groups, the influence of research performance is substantial. Top-performance as well as lower performance groups publish in more or less the same range of journal impact values, but top-performance groups are, on average, more successful in the entire range of journal impact. We find that for the high field citation-density groups a larger size implies a lower average journal impact. For groups in the low field citation-density regions however a larger size implies a considerably higher average journal impact. Finally, we found that top-performance groups have relatively less self-citations than the lower performance groups and this fraction is decreasing with journal impact.

Open access

# Discussing some basic critique on Journal Impact Factors: revision of earlier comments

Scientometrics
Author: Thed van Leeuwen

## Abstract

In this study the issue of the validity of the argument against the applied length of citation windows in Journal Impact Factors calculations is critically re-analyzed. While previous studies argued against the relatively short citation window of 1–2 years, this study shows that the relative short term citation impact measured in the window underlying the Journal Impact Factor is a good predictor of the citation impact of the journals in the next years to come. Possible exceptions to this observation relate to journals with relatively low numbers of publications, and the citation impact related to publications in the year of publication. The study focuses on five Journal Subject Categories from the science and social sciences, on normal articles published in these journals, in the 2 years 2000 and 2004.

Open access

# Alternatives to the journal impact factor: I3 and the top-10% (or top-25%?) of the most-highly cited papers

Scientometrics
Author: Loet Leydesdorff

## Abstract

Journal impact factors (IFs) can be considered historically as the first attempt to normalize citation distributions by using averages over 2 years. However, it has been recognized that citation distributions vary among fields of science and that one needs to normalize for this. Furthermore, the mean—or any central-tendency statistics—is not a good representation of the citation distribution because these distributions are skewed. Important steps have been taken to solve these two problems during the last few years. First, one can normalize at the article level using the citing audience as the reference set. Second, one can use non-parametric statistics for testing the significance of differences among ratings. A proportion of most-highly cited papers (the top-10% or top-quartile) on the basis of fractional counting of the citations may provide an alternative to the current IF. This indicator is intuitively simple, allows for statistical testing, and accords with the state of the art.

Open access

# On the age-independent publication index

Scientometrics
Author: Keshra Sangwal

## Abstract

It is shown that the age-independent index based on h-type index per decade, called hereafter an α index instead of the a index, suggested by Kosmulski (Journal of Informetrics 3, 341–347, ) and Abt (Scientometrics ) is related to the square-root of the ratio of citation acceleration a to the Hirsch constant A.

Open access

# Author disambiguation using multi-aspect similarity indicators

Scientometrics
Authors: Thomas Gurney, Edwin Horlings, and Peter van den Besselaar

## Abstract

Key to accurate bibliometric analyses is the ability to correctly link individuals to their corpus of work, with an optimal balance between precision and recall. We have developed an algorithm that does this disambiguation task with a very high recall and precision. The method addresses the issues of discarded records due to null data fields and their resultant effect on recall, precision and F-measure results. We have implemented a dynamic approach to similarity calculations based on all available data fields. We have also included differences in author contribution and age difference between publications, both of which have meaningful effects on overall similarity measurements, resulting in significantly higher recall and precision of returned records. The results are presented from a test dataset of heterogeneous catalysis publications. Results demonstrate significantly high average F-measure scores and substantial improvements on previous and stand-alone techniques.

Open access

# Shapley values for assessing research production and impact of schools and scholars

Scientometrics
Author: Richard S. J. Tol

## Abstract

Performance measures of individual scholars tend to ignore the context. I introduce contextualised metrics: cardinal and ordinal pseudo-Shapley values that measure a scholar's contribution to (perhaps power over) her own school and her market value to other schools should she change job. I illustrate the proposed measures with business scholars and business schools in Ireland. Although conceptually superior, the power indicators imply a ranking of scholars within a school that is identical to the corresponding conventional performance measures. The market value indicators imply an identical ranking within schools and a very similar ranking between schools. The ordinal indices further contextualise performance measures and thus deviate further from the corresponding conventional indicators. As the ordinal measures are discontinuous by construction, a natural classification of scholars emerges. Averaged over schools, the market values offer little extra information over the corresponding production and impact measures. The ordinal power measure indicates the robustness or fragility of an institution's place in the rank order. It is only weakly correlated with the concentration of publications and citations.

Open access

Scientometrics