Discover the Latest Journals in Architecture and Architectonics
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing, and constructing a building or structure, while architectonics is the scientific study of architecture itself. Architectural works are often considered important cultural symbols and works of art, and we often identify past civilizations with their architectural heritage.
Architecture and Architectonics
Abstract
The oil and gas industry relies mainly on pipelines to transport crude and refined petroleum, so crude oil is mostly transported via pipelines. The work presented the study of light naphtha solution collected at the Al-Diwaniyah Refinery in southern Iraq, along with four different pipeline materials (Ductile Iron, Carbon Steel X60, Carbon Steel X80, A105), in which NALCO® EC1005A (neutralizing amine) was used to inhibit corrosion at three concentrations: 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05%, respectively. Analysis of acidity content and immersion method were used to test all samples. This study examined the effects of temperature 45 and 55 °C and light naphtha content. The corrosion resistance of A 105 for pipe samples is highest; ductile iron has the lowest value, and X80 steel and X60 steel is moderately valued.
Abstract
This article aims to achieve the hardening of geopolymer binder-based metakaolin under the same setting time and hardening temperature as traditional cement. It studied the hardening of the geopolymer binder-based metakaolin at two temperatures of 60 °C and room temperature using different liquid-to-solid ratios of 0.8, 0.95, and 1.1. The bulk density, compressive strength, sitting times, thermal conductivity, and microstructure were measured for geopolymer binders. Based on the specified range for cement characteristics, the geopolymer binder was solidified at room temperature, utilizing a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.8 to achieve optimal results stratified according to the cement's ideal characteristics. It had a bulk density of 1.264 g cm−3, compressive strength of 19.12 MPa, initial setting time of 288 min, final setting time of 358 min, and thermal conductivity of 0.49 W m−1 K.
Abstract
Cities worldwide are undergoing sustainable transformations driven by environmental, societal, and economic concerns. This includes improving living standards and addressing global challenges such as climate change and pollution. Urban planning strategies are being re-evaluated, emphasizing the expansion of green spaces. Pécs, Hungary, exemplify this trend through projects like the “Green Gate,” focusing on new pedestrian walkways and increased green areas. To optimize the project's impact, emphasis is placed on integrated water management and considering elements inspired by the “sponge city” concept for flood mitigation. The goal is to assess potential outcomes and feasibility in a real-world setting.
Abstract
Reactive powder concrete is widely recognized for its remarkable mechanical characteristics and resilience, rendering it an ideal option for structural uses that include heavy loads. However, the intricate interaction of numerous material and geometric aspects makes constructing reactive powder concrete beams extremely difficult. By using MATLAB to provide an optimized design framework for beams, this research tackles these issues. Particle swarm optimization and evolutionary algorithms are two of the advanced techniques used in the study to solve the optimization problem. It also includes constraints other one as structural requirements and material limitations. Results demonstrate that MATLAB-based optimization facilitates effective design, lowering costs and material consumption, with potential for more applications in the building sector.
Abstract
Many countries are moving towards investing in solar energy, and concentrated solar energy presents one of the most important of these sources, as it is currently attracting many efforts to enhance its exploitation. Parabolic trough collectors are an emerging technology. The decrease in solar energy, changes in atmospheric conditions, and the limitation of the basin area, all of these factors lead to decrease in a thermal energy gained by an endothermic tube, and thus lead to decrease in a thermal performance of a collector. The goal of the presented study is to improve heat transfer in the endothermic tube. Experimental study had been carried out in order to study friction factor and heat transfer for a parabolic trough receiver.
Abstract
Phase change material in conjunction with a passive latent heat thermal energy storage approach is a potentially effective way to solve the growing concerns about building energy usage. This research examines the thermal performance of building envelopes in Miskolc, Hungary. The factors impacting the thermal performance of phase change material integrated into the building envelope were assessed. The findings indicate that the enthalpy and melting temperature of the phase change material significantly impact the effectiveness of phase change material-based walls. It was determined the optimal location of the phase change material layer is possible. This determination is intricately related to the thermal properties of the phase change material and the prevailing environmental conditions.
Abstract
Twenty-eight piles were divided into four groups. Two groups were made of natural aggregate, while the other two were made of full replacement of recycled aggregate. In each group, the cement was replaced with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of silica fume. Two groups were stored for 270 days under normal water conditions, while the other two were stored underground water conditions. Tests results have shown that it’s possible to improve the strength and the structural behavior of piles under sulfate attack considerably by using 20% of silica fume, while 15% is sufficient when the piles are under normal conditions. However, high levels of silica fume 25–30% in recycled aggregate concretes piles and 20–30% in normal aggregate concretes piles gave a clear decrease in ultimate load capacity.
Abstract
The study examines Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloys, vital in aeronautics and automotive sectors. It aims to characterize their thermo-mechanical transformations induced by composition and heat treatments, focusing on how these impact mechanical properties, especially grain size refinement. Analysis covers transformation temperatures, micro-hardness, induced transformations, and mechanical tests. Results show thermoplastic martensitic transformations, with micro-hardness aiding in identifying characteristic points. The study's novelty lies in understanding how grain size refinement affects these transformations and the role of micro-hardness in precise characterization.
Abstract
This innovative research adopts a comprehensive approach to delve into temporary intervention. It aims to gain a deeper and more accurate understanding of architectural decisions related to long-term interventions. The study is based on several compelling case studies, revealing that temporary interventions achieve a more sustainable outcome and showcase remarkable flexibility and adaptability.
Projects curated by the author serve as practical research tools, providing a deeper and more accurate insight based on user experiences. The study concludes that the strategic use of temporary intervention is a proven and effective method in architectural design. It promotes community engagement and sustainable urban development and addresses the issue of abandoned permanent structures.
Abstract
Architecture has evolved to address challenges, giving rise to new concepts. Today, global warming is a critical challenge mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions from energy-intensive buildings. The construction industry, primarily focused on housing, is both a culprit and a potential solution. This exploration delves into sustainable housing development, recognizing its pivotal role in mitigating environmental impact. The objective is to devise a model encompassing environmental, social, and economic sustainability. The proposed solution involves creating a net-zero energy community, addressing the surging growth of urban areas, and escalating greenhouse gas emissions. Emphasizing sustainability as a lifestyle, this approach aims to mitigate the construction industry's impact on global warming.
Abstract
Saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a priority for the construction sector. Heating of buildings requires the burning of fossil fuels, which can be significantly reduced by insulating the building envelope. Nowadays, the thermal insulation of buildings is essential. There are several important, well-known data about most thermal insulation materials, but there is only negligible information about the change of their properties under installation conditions or if they are already exposed to additional stresses due to structural failures and damages. This study aimed to examine the changes in properties of three common thermal insulation materials when installed in a flat roof or facade and exposed to excess moisture due to the damage of waterproofing or façade and/or when exposed to direct strong sunlight.
Abstract
Welding dissimilar metals by resistance spot welding offers several advantages, including lighter weight and better mechanical properties for the shipping, aerospace, and automotive industries. The resistance spot welding parameters effects (welding current, squeeze time, welding time, and hold time) on the welding results of AISI 1005 and AISI 304L were investigated in the present research. The joints' tensile shear force, microhardness, and microstructure were examined. The Taguchi design of experiments approach was utilized to analyze the tensile shear force results statistically. A welding current of 7 kA, welding time of 1.4 s, squeeze time of 1.2 s, and hold time of 0.8 s resulted in an optimum tensile shear force of 6.194 kN. Additionally, the nugget zone demonstrated a higher hardness compared to the base metal and heat-affected zones.
Abstract
Line scan cameras have found wide applications across various industrial sectors, serving as a valuable tool for inspecting products on conveyor belts and ensuring the quality of bulk materials. At the University of Miskolc, a system using a line scan camera was deployed to measure the rotational speed of high-speed rotating parts. This measurement process has already proven its effectiveness. The success of the measurement heavily depends on the system's ability to identify suitable measurement points within the image. This paper demonstrates the process of selecting these measurement points, the line of interest, in a dynamic setting through the application of a statistical image analysis approach.
Abstract
With the corrosion resistance of glass fiber reinforced polymer bars, the durability of concrete structures can be improved. The tensile strength of a glass fiber reinforced polymer bar is primarily dependent on the tensile strength of the fibers and the total cross sectional area of the fibers, which are determined by the nominal diameter of the bar and the volume fraction of the fibers. Furthermore, the uneven distribution of fibers due to the manufacturing process may have a degrading effect. However, the shear lag effect also influences the strength of the bar, as it causes an uneven normal stress distribution among the individual fibers of the glass fiber reinforced polymer bars. Numerical modeling of a standard tensile test setup of a glass fiber reinforced polymer bar was performed to investigate the intensity of the shear lag effect at varying fiber volume fractions. Fibers and matrix were modeled separately assuming the matrix as an embedding continuum around the individual, non-contacting, evenly arranged, parallel fibers. The results were in good agreement with the manufacturer's data. The shear lag effect was shown to be more prominent at higher fiber volume fractions.
Abstract
Scour around bridge piers threatens bridge stability. This study uses the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System to improve depth estimates for various pier shapes. The Colorado State University and Froehlich equations were tested with a one-dimensional model calibrated for circular, square, rectangular, oblong, oval, and cylindrical piers. Sensitivity analysis identified coefficients K2, K3, flow velocity, and depth as key factors, with K2 being most significant. The Colorado State University equation overestimated scour depths, especially for square piers. The Froehlich method provided more accurate predictions, confirming the system's value in hydraulic modeling for bridge stability analysis.
Abstract
In emerging economies, social entrepreneurship is becoming more widely recognized as a means of optimizing societal value. Examining the impact of emotional intelligence on students' intentions to pursue social entrepreneurship is the primary goal of this research project. The university students in Bangladesh were the study's target population. An online survey with self-administered questions was created to gather data from 334 Bangladeshi students. This study is exploratory and quantitative in nature. For this study purpose non-probability random sampling and convenience methods were applied to collect the data. Reliability was considered to be measured with a Cronbach's alpha (α) value of 0.70 or above. The study found the reliability of the constructs like self-awareness (α = 0.868), self-management (α = 0.895), social awareness (α = 0.867), relationship management (α = 0.948), and social entrepreneurial intention (0.864). The model was evaluated and the hypotheses were confirmed using SPSS v26.0 at the 5% significance level. Furthermore, this study's findings show 0.678 percent, or 67.8%, of the variance in Social Entrepreneurial Intention, which is valuable for the body of knowledge in this field of study. These findings could help academics, community organizations, non-governmental organizations, government, and civil society develop successful policies and initiatives to support students' plans to grow their social entrepreneurship in Bangladesh.
Abstract
The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molarity in Self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) is essential for activating the precursor and aggregate to develop strength, workability, and microstructure. In this study, SCGC mixes prepared with 50% fly ash (FA) and 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to investigate fresh and hardened properties with NaOH molarities (M) ranges from 8 to 16, the ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH kept constant at 2.5 and ratio of alkaline solution to the binder at 0.45 with 2% SP for the polymerization process. SCGC workability studies indicate the NaOH concentration increased, the slump flow decreased, and 14 M was the optimum molarity. The compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength results showed 39.4 MPa, 4.72 MPa, and 5.91 MPa at 28 days. The C–S–H gel enhanced the strength qualities studied from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscope showed microstructural densification of the entire system, which improved with the NaOH concentration, and the strength increased with the degree of polymerization and polycondensation. Hence, based on workability, the optimized NaOH concentration is 14 M with binder contents of FA (50%) and GGBS (50%). This study helps to improve the microstructure and strength properties with potential cost implications of SCGC.
Abstract
This paper explores innovative and contemporary approaches to preserving and repurposing Mongolian temples, with a focus on maintaining their cultural and historical significance while adapting to modern needs. It examines the unique architectural and cultural aspects of these temples, the challenges they face, and presents design and preservation strategies that can ensure their continued relevance.
Abstract
This study examines the impact of various external shading devices on key lighting metrics, such as spatial daylight autonomy, annual sunlight exposure, and mean illuminance in classrooms. By comparing the performance of different shading options, the study offers insights into optimizing natural lighting, enhancing visual comfort, and improving sustainability in educational buildings in warm, humid climates. The findings provide valuable guidance for architects, designers, and school facility managers aiming to improve energy efficiency and occupant comfort in educational environments.
Abstract
This study examines the connection between repository structure, productivity, and management practices in software development collaboration. Analyzing open-source projects, it finds higher collaboration in Multi repository teams than in Mono repository teams, implying a nuanced interaction with team size. Effective management and well-structured architectures correlate positively with productivity, emphasizing strategic management's importance for optimizing collaboration and efficiency in software projects.
Abstract
Geothermal energy is increasingly promising for residential use due to rising energy costs and environmental awareness. This work experimentally examines the impact of pipe distribution on the heat pump's performance at varying temperatures for both the incoming water and the ground. The pipes are buried in the soil, distributing them on layers of varying depths up to a depth of 2 m, separated by insulating layers. The quantities of heat gained in the evaporator and released in the condenser are calculated to determine the coefficient of performance of the heat pump. It was found that at the same temperature, the total heat loss in the soil is larger in the case of water entering from the bent pipe towards the great depth compared to water entering from the direct pipe, but the heat gain is larger in the case of water entering from the direct one.
Karácsony Rita „A műegyetemi építészoktatás 1945-56 között - Az építészeti fordulatok személyes történetei” című PhD-értekezésének vitája
Simon Mariann és Haba Péter opponensi véleményével
Rita Karácsony: „Teaching Architecture at the Budapest University of Technology between 1945 and 1956 - Personal Stories of Architectural Turns”
Public Discussion of the PhD Thesis (Opponent’s Opinions by Mariann Simon and Péter Haba)
A nyilvános vita 2024. szeptember 19-én zajlott le a Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetemen a Csonka Pál Doktori Iskola szervezésében. A Bíráló Bizottság elnöke Ferkai András, tagjai Ordasi Zsuzsanna és Wettstein Domonkos, titkára Székely Márton, az értekezés opponensei Simon Mariann és Haba Péter voltak. Témavezető Vukoszávlyev Zorán, BME, Építészettörténeti és Műemléki Tanszék. Az alábbiakban az értekezés téziseit, Simon Mariann és Haba Péter opponensi véleményét, valamint a véleményekre adott választ közöljük.
Examining the Impact of Social Factors on Spatial Desirability of Urban Neighbourhoods
A Case Study of Yazd City, Iran
Társadalmi tényezők hatása a városnegyedek területi vonzerejére
Esettanulmány Yazd városáról / Irán
The increasing importance of neighbourhoods in urban planning, combined with an enhanced focus on the social aspects of designing desirable communities and societies, has emanated the necessity of developing a clear understanding of spatially desirable neighbourhoods. When considering various dimensions of social vitality and existing urban planning norms for residential neighbourhoods, it appears essential to consider and integrate both social and spatial aspects to formulate a desirable community. This article examines the impact of social factors on spatial desirability and vitality of residential neighbourhoods in the context of Iran. The historic city of Yazd has been selected as the case study. Following thorough evaluation of existing neighbourhoods in the city, three study areas have been selected for detailed study; Zortosht neighbourhood, Shahrak University residential complex and Baqiyatullah Azam residential complex. Based on the nature of this study, a qualitative method has been adopted to conduct this research. Extracting from the literature review, three factors of safety and security, sense of attachment to place and social interaction are among the most important socio-cultural factors that can affect the social vitality of a neighbourhood. After the content analysis of the interviews (through semi-structured questionnaires) from the stakeholders and residents of the study areas, observation and documentation of physical and spatial structure of the neighbourhoods and analysing data by interrelating social, as well as spatial aspects, the study concluded that social and spatial aspects are interconnected and both are impacting each other to result in social vitality and spatial desirability of a neighbourhood. Moreover, it was observed that spatial layout of neighbourhoods can increase the potential for social vitality and liveliness. Finally, research recommends design policies for socially integrated and spatially desirable neighbourhoods in the context of Iran, which may be applicable in other similar contexts too.
Geology, Architecture and Archaeological Overview of Four Ancient Rock-Cut Tombs in the Theban Necropolis at el-Khokha (Egypt)
Egyiptomban található négy sziklába vágott sír geológiai, építészeti és régészeti áttekintése (Thébai nekropolisz, el-Khokha)
Egyptian Dynasties, noble families and privileged people used the Theban Mountain for funerary purposes. The study site is located on the west bank of the River Nile in Upper Egypt, near Luxor. The use of this necropolis was long-lasting. Four tombs were studied, representing the late Old Kingdom, the First Intermediate Period and the 18th and 19th Dynasties of the New Kingdom. The tombs were reused as dwellings till the end of the past century, reflected in the alteration of the original structures. The paper describes the complex excavation history of the Theban necropolis. It provides an overview of the geological conditions of the region with a special focus on Tarawan Chalk, which is the host formation of the tombs, and briefly describes the overlaying Esna Shale and Thebes Limestone formations. The most important rock properties and their field appearance are also considered. Besides geological conditions, the current study includes the archaeological and architectural description of the four studied tombs, TT 184, TT 185, TT 412 and TT 413 (TT=Theban Tomb). It explains these tombs’ complex geometries and architectural elements with ground plans and cross-sections. The current conditions of the interiors and exteriors of the tombs, as well as the preservation of wall paintings, are richly illustrated. An overview of possible preservation measures and protection of these tombs is also given, aiming to provide data for further archaeological works and restoration projects.
Abstract
Corrosion of steel tubes represents a major challenge for various industries, leading to significant economic and environmental impacts, such as material losses, operational interruptions and safety risks. This study focuses on the metallurgical, chemical and mechanical characterization of corroded steel tubes operating in mining installations using metallographic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS studies, chemical analysis and micro-hardness measurements. The results reveal the existence of a considerable extent of corrosion, of which, the main corrosion products are magnetite – 72% and goethite – 18.1 associated with corrosion. The corroded tubes measured 0.128% carbon, against 0.23% in new tubes, indicating a loss in weight and mechanical strength properties. The observed tensile strength for the new tubes was 481 MPa while the same for the corroded tubes was to a large extent lower. Furthermore, metallographic examination indicates that indeed the structure is ferrite pearlite as to the composition. This study indicates that 304 L or 316 L stainless steels may be utilized which have better corrosion-protecting coatings thus prolonging service life and reducing maintenance activities.
Abstract
This study conducts an in-depth numerical analysis of debonding behavior in composite structures, with a particular focus on the critical role of thermal effects. Utilizing a frictional contact cohesive zone model, the research characterizes the debonding process while sequentially integrating thermal analysis to assess the impact of thermal loading. A thermomechanical coupled model is developed and implemented using the finite element software ABAQUS. The model's accuracy is validated through the Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) test, ensuring reliable results. The methodology involves a detailed finite element analysis, where thermal loads are applied to composite specimens, followed by mechanical loading to simulate debonding. The frictional contact cohesive zone model accurately captures the interface behavior under varying thermal conditions. Quantitative results indicate that thermal loading significantly affects the debonding process, with a noticeable increase in debonding initiation and propagation rates, highlighting the critical influence of thermal effects on structural integrity.
Ihletett alkotószellem
Nagy Elemér hagyatékban őrzött tervei az elméleti munkásság tükrében
Inspired Creativity
Designs from the Personal Archive of Elemér Nagy in the Perspective of his Theoretical Oeuvre
Nagy Elemér (1928–1985) tervezőként és teoretikusként egyaránt kiemelkedő életművet teremtett. Épülettervekben és elméleti munkákban gazdag életművének jelentős hányada jól megismerhető. Épületeit magas minőségben publikálta a Magyar Építőművészetben. Történeti, elméleti munkásságának eredményeit cikkekben és könyvekben is közreadta. Ezeken felül előadásokat, kiállításokat szervezett. Korai halála utáni visszaemlékezésekben életrajza több helyen is felidézésre került, munkáiból kiállítás készült. Ugyanakkor még egy ilyen jól dokumentált pálya képét is árnyalja és gazdagítja a Gyenesdiáson őrzött és mind ez ideig feltáratlan szakmai hagyatékának felkutatása. Különösen érdekes a tervezői és elméletírói pálya összefüggéseinek vizsgálata. Kutatásom célja annak felderítése, hogy Nagy Elemér elméleti érdeklődése mennyiben befolyásolta hagyatékban őrzött terveit.
Nagy Elemér a Budapesti Műszaki Egyetemen végzett, majd itt helyezkedett el mint oktató, emellett vállalkozott kisebb tervezési feladatokra, pályázatokra. Pályájának döntő fordulata az 1960-as évek fordulójához köthető: ekkor került a Magyar Építőművészet című folyóirathoz és a Középülettervező Vállalathoz, ahol később vezető beosztásban dolgozott egészen haláláig. A gyenesdiási családi nyaralóban őrzött hagyatéka is követi e változást, a hatvanas évektől kezdve ritkul a leletanyag, mivel innentől jellemzően a tervezővállalathoz kötődnek tervezési munkái. A hagyaték sajátossága így éppen az, hogy Nagy Elemér önálló szellemi munkáját dokumentálja, tervanyaga különösen alkalmas arra, hogy saját tervezői elképzeléseit megismerhessük belőle és összevessük azt az ihlető forrásként felhasználható elmélettel.
Jelen kutatás alapját e jól megőrzött hagyaték épülettervekre vonatkozó része, valamint az annak otthont adó nyaralóépület képezi. A hallgatói rajzanyag műszaki részei, így az ábrázoló geometriai, építészettörténeti, épületszerkezettani tervlapok oktatásmódszertani és -történeti szempontból ugyan érdekesek lehetnek, ahogyan a Dánia építészete című könyvhöz, illetve egyéb írásművekhez összegyűjtött források is egy elméleti-filológiai vizsgálat számára, ezek azonban nem képezik jelen kutatás tárgyát.
Optimal Layout of Modular Systems by Geometric Perturbations
Moduláris rendszerek optimális kiosztása geometriai perturbációk segítségével
In this study, we investigate the potential of integrating geometric perturbations into the design process to optimise modular systems such as floor coverings, façade claddings, and masonry walls. By allowing small geometry adjustments of the initial design, we achieve significant reductions in material waste or labour requirements, leading to cost-saving and environmental benefits without compromising the design concept. We compared our approach to traditional methods, where the layout of the modular system is determined after the geometry of the design is finalised. To illustrate our method, we present case studies for two- and three-dimensional modular designs.
Abstract
Fused filament manufacturing (FFF), also known as 3D printing, is one of the most commonly used additive manufacturing techniques for creating high-quality materials. This process demonstrates the intricacies and challenges involved in choosing appropriate manufacturing parameters to achieve the desired outcomes. Among these critical parameters is the nozzle temperature, which can be adjusted to enhance the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) parts. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the printing temperature on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of 3D printed polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) parts during impact testing. To do this, a series of simple and repeated impact tests were carried out on printed PPS samples in the nozzle temperature range (320–350 °C). CHARPY tests were carried out on the samples manufactured with different sequences for the optimal orientation of the filaments. Furthermore, the impact energy absorption capacity and the induced damage as a function of nozzle temperature were evaluated. CHARPY test results showed that samples with stacking sequence (0/0) had the best impact resistance and specific absorbed energy (SEA). This sequence, printed horizontally, was used to test different print temperatures in single and repeated impact tests. Furthermore, the results indicated that samples printed with a nozzle temperature of 340 °C exhibited higher CHARPY impact resistance and specific absorbed energy (SEA), with a percentage difference of 45.57%, 41.95% and 44.21% compared to samples printed with nozzle temperatures of 320 °C, 330 °C and 350 °C respectively. For repeated impact tests, the results also show that samples printed with a nozzle temperature of 340 °C have a higher initial energy absorption rate and a greater number of impacts before complete failure of the sample. This result proves also that the changing of nozzle temperature does not have a significant effect on the induced damage after CHARPY and repeated impact.
Abstract
The investigation of the effect of petrography and diagenetic features on the geomechanical properties of the sandstone and their relationship to rock failure are of vital importance for different construction projects. The present study involves analyzing multi-vertical lithofacies profiles around the region of Wadi Halfa, North Sudan. The sandstone is dominantly composed of monocrystalline quartz grains (60%) accompanied by some polycrystalline quartz, feldspars, lithic fragments, micas, and heavy minerals. Iron oxides are the main type of cementing materials (14%), with some (2%) of carbonates and clay minerals. The average porosity of all studied samples is 12%. The compressive strength ranges widely, influenced by weathering, grain size, cementing materials, and bedding planes. The uniaxial compressive strength is more influenced by wetting when the load is parallel to bedding planes. Sandstone anisotropy is suggested by a U-shaped curve, with lower values at 45° and higher values at 90° and 0°. The geomechanical behavior of rocks masses in Wadi Halfa was evaluated through a combination of field and laboratory analyses which revealed a variable Rock Mass Rating (RMR) ranging from 58 to 92 and a Geological Strength Index (GSI) ranging from 33 to 61.
A Régi Zeneakadémia építésének és helyreállításának története
The History of the Construction and Renovation of the Old Academy of Music
Jelen tanulmány összefoglalja és értékeli a Régi Zeneakadémiával foglalkozó szakirodalmi kutatás korábbi eredményeit; elsődleges források alapján rekonstruálja az épület 19. századi építéstörténetét, különös tekintettel a belső terek kialakítására és átalakítására (1881, 1883); foglalkozik a 20. századi történetével, tárgyalva a külső és belső átalakításokat, funkcióváltást és helyreállításának főbb szakaszait és eredményeit az 1903-tól 1986-ig tartó időszakban.
Az Andrássy úton a korabeli műcsarnokkal és a mintarajztanoda épületével egy csoportozatot képező Régi Zeneakadémia terveit Lang Adolf készítette, az építést Wechselmann Ignác építési vállalkozó hajtotta végre. 1879-ben adták át az épületet, amely 1907-ig a hazai zenei oktatás kiemelt helyszíne, Liszt Ferenc, Erkel Ferenc és Stróbl Alajos élete egy rövidebb szakaszának színtere volt. A Régi Zeneakadémia, ellentétben a tömböt alkotó két másikkal, kevésbé kutatott és publikált. Építéstörténetében vannak azonban olyan epizódok (meg nem valósult tervek, események), amelyek az építészeti értékein túl, még történelmi értékekkel is felruházzák. Az épület másfél évszázados története során több külső és belső átalakításon is átesett. A külső átalakítások eredményét ma is látjuk. Az 1980-as évek elején, az 1986-os átadásig, az addig különböző funkcióknak eleget tévő épület belső átalakításának és eredeti funkciójának visszaállítása volt a cél. Mivel nem állnak rendelkezésre eredeti tervek, ezért a főfalak szolgáltak információkkal, az eredeti állapot nehezen rekonstruálható. Az 1980-as évek visszaállító, nagyrekonstrukciós munkálatai mellett még két ismert múlt századi átalakítása volt az épületnek, 1907–1909-ben és 1957-ben. 1903-ban vette meg a Régi Zeneakadémiát Wodianer Arthur, aki az 1907. és 1909. évben kért engedélyt átalakításra. 1957-ben, már a Tannimpex külkereskedelmi vállalat tulajdonában álló épület hangversenytermét kettéosztották (új acélgerendákon nyugvó osztófödém került az első és második emelet közé), a nagyobb termeket kisebb helyiségekre osztották, ekkor épülhetett a lift, a lépcsőház eredeti nyílászárói rovására üvegtégla falat alakítottak ki. Az 1957-es átalakítás eredményéről az 1970-es években készült (Tannimpex tulajdonában) levő felmérési rajzok tanúskodnak. Az 1983-as felújítás során elbontották a másodlagosan épített válaszfalakat, a hangversenyteremben lévő osztófödémet, a nagyterem (mai Kutatókönyvtár) díszítőfestését, a hangversenyteremben a mennyezetet és az eredeti boltozatokat rekonstruálták (az azokat takaró másodlagos szerkezeteket, festést megszüntették), a homlokzati nyílászárókat felújították (a munkák összefoglalása a teljesség igénye nélkül). 1986-tól az épület újra oktatási intézményként működik, a mai napig.
Mikolás Tibor és a kelet-magyarországi modernizmus
Tibor Mikolás and Modernism in Eastern Hungary
Mikolás Tibor (1924–2024) Debrecen és Kelet-Magyarország egyik meghatározó építésze volt. 2024-ben a kétszeres Ybl-díjas és Széchenyi-díjas alkotóművész születésének 100 éves évfordulóját ünnepeljük. A Debreceni Egyetem Műszaki Kar Építészmérnöki Tanszékén célul tűztük ki az igen gazdag életmű feldolgozását. A mesterszakos hallgatókkal együtt sorra vettük szakmai fejlődésének stációit, a háború utáni klasszikus modern építészetet oktató iskola és mesteriskola, a szocialista realizmus, az 1960-as évek szabadabb építészeti gondolkodása és az 1970-es évektől előretörő előregyártási kényszer keretei között született jellemző épületek, tervpályázatok és koncepciótervek bemutatásával. Az építészeti projektek feldolgozásánál azt a hallgatók által szerethetőbb módszert választottuk, mely szerint az épületeket mai vizualizációs programokkal reprodukáltuk, ezáltal azok érthetősége is változott. Párhuzamot vonva a tervek születésének dátumával tisztázódtak azok az építészetét meghatározó alapgondolatok, amelyek mentén az épületek születtek. 1963-ig például létezett egy rá jellemző színvilággal kevert homlokzati rajzosság, utána inkább a funkcióból eredő letisztultsággal találkoztunk. A tanulmány célja bemutatni az életutat, a terveken keresztül bizonyítani, hogy bár voltak a közel 50 éves tervezői pályafutásnak evolúciós lépései, de összességében ars poeticáját a klasszikus modernizmus és a funkcionalizmus határozta meg.
Abstract
This research investigates the complex interplay between stress impact, concrete shrinkage, and its implications on crack development. Utilizing theoretical and computational methods, the study analyzes the detrimental effects of structural cracks caused by stress variations. A distinctive behavior of long-term shrinkage concerning stress levels was observed. It was found that, positive stress enhances the mean Young's modulus, while negative stress reduces modulus under negative stress conditions, heightened susceptibility to crack propagation under negative stress and improved resistance under positive stress. Temperature's uniform impact on long-term shrinkage is demonstrated, highlighting differences among various cement classes.
Abstract
To highlight the systemic interdependencies in office building design, this paper dives into the complexities of converting old structures into modern workspaces. The study addresses the challenges of adaptive reuse by concentrating on case studies and design issues and provides insights into how to maintain historical integrity while satisfying the demands of contemporary workplace needs. The research concludes with a real-world example that shows how design concepts derived from the analysis may be successfully used.
Abstract
The paper focuses on describing the developed low-cost mobile mapping system for the purpose of automated mapping using simultaneous localization and mapping techniques. The paper also focuses on testing the light detection and ranging that form that system. The mobile mapping system consists of a combination of multiple sensors, including a trio of 2D and 3D light detection and ranging a stereo camera, an inertial measurement unit, and rotary encoders.
The components make up three subsystems, which are detailed described. A section of the paper is dedicated to the light detection and ranging tests performed in the accuracy of measured distance and measured geometry. In the final section of the paper, planned tests for the remaining components of the mobile mapping system are described.
Abstract
In this paper, a multiphase method based on the Level Set Method is employed to study the sloshing phenomenon of two-layer liquid inside a two-dimensional rectangular container subjected to horizontal excitation. Validation of the multiphase approach is conducted through a comparative analysis with existing studies. Results show a fair agreement between the numerical model and available numerical and experimental data. Initially, a series of simulations were used to compare the sloshing behaviour of a two-layer fluid with that of a single-layer fluid. Even under identical external excitation, layered fluids demonstrate different sloshing patterns compared to single-layer liquids. Furthermore, the influence of the periodic excitation frequency on the sloshing dynamics was examined. Analysis was also conducted to explore the effect of internal baffles on the oscillatory behaviour of layered liquid sloshing. The findings reveal that the baffles significantly mitigate the sloshing of the layered fluid.
Abstract
In recent years, the number of road traffic crashes showed a decreasing trend in Hungary, but this cannot be stated about crashes at road-railway level crossings. The Hungarian Railways has repeatedly called attention to the dangers of rail transport. The main goal of this paper is to develop a new safety inspection method for road-railway level crossings based on the existing road safety inspection method. Based on the experiences of road safety inspections completed at ten locations suggestions were given for the adaptation of the method to railway crossings. The most important findings of the safety inspections are also presented in the paper.
Abstract
Based on air quality index data for the period 2018–2022, Hungary ranks as the 80th most polluted country in the world. Given the air pollution data measured in Hungary and the health impact of air pollution, it is of utmost importance to measure air quality in Hungary focusing on PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants. One possible solution for high-density measurement is to utilize low-cost sensors at the population level. The calibration procedure has to be carried out in a way that does not incur extra costs and maintenance at the physical level. A potential solution is the development of an algorithm to perform the calibration with remote access. This publication presents a fragment of this development, where we attempted to implement the procedure using a neural network and performed a comparative analysis with official data.
Abstract
Lightweight steel framing is one of the modern construction technology systems. This system is mostly used for low to mid-rise buildings. The lightweight steel framing system has many advantages, including lightness, ease of installation, high execution speed, and being more cost-efficient. Since the manufacturers of cold formed steel frames use bricks in an unprincipled way to cover these structures and because of less laboratory research in this regard, in the present research to principled use of this structure, the effect of the middle stud was evaluated on seismic behavior of brick shear wall in cold formed steel frame with brick face. For this purpose, four cold formed steel frames were made in two different configurations (without middle stud and with middle stud) using cement sand mortar, wire mesh, and brick shear walls. Based on the results, the middle stud would cause weakness in the permissible deformation of the brick walls, and in shear walls without middle stud, deformations occur along with the acquisition of resistance to larger deformations. Accordingly, the presence of the middle stud increases the average shear strength by 30%, and this increase in resistance causes a decrease in the behavior factor and ductility of the walls, which practically indicates the seismic behavior of the frames with the middle stud.
Abstract
Iraqi buildings consume high-level electrical energy for air conditioning purposes to provide the standard human comfort condition. This paper adopted an experimental study by using Styrofoam adhesive or white cement as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement to manufacture building blocks with dimensions of 200 × 200 × 200 mm containing an internal core with dimensions of 90 × 130 × 130 mm, which were filled by using corrugated scratch-up or closed air gap. The samples were divided into two sets: the first had an aluminium foil layer applied to the external surface of the samples (reflective surface), while the second was without any layer (ordinary surface). The samples were tested under the climatic conditions of Baghdad city during the summer months (May to September) of 2021. These blocks were also evaluated by different structural tests. It can be seen from the test results that the use of Styrofoam adhesive with a reflective surface with panels of corrugated scratch-up increased the thermal insulation of the wall. It leads to reduce thermal leakage and the electrical energy consumed to provide comfortable thermal conditions by 52.7%, in addition to decreasing the mass density by 14.1% while compressive strength decreased by 21%.
Abstract
The research was conducted for three types of houses, including a panel house built before 1991, a brick house built in 2006, and a brick house built in 2022. It was established that the temperature difference, which is decisive when assessing the sanitary and hygienic condition of the premises, does not exceed the normative values for buildings built after 2006. In the building since 1991, the sanitary and hygienic indicators of the heated room deteriorate when the outside air temperature drops below −3 °C. At the same time, the fulfillment of the first condition of comfort in the room occurs at indoor air temperatures higher than the standard value, therefore, under the calculated conditions, residents feel discomfort when staying in such a room.
Abstract
In this study, a numerical simulation technique is employed to predicate the temperature distribution and velocity profile data of cold and hot nanofluids within a T-mixer was studied. The mixing of nanofluid flow with Al2O3 nanoparticles of 50 nm flows at Φ = 0.4 vol.% in a T-shaped mixer. The present numerical problem has been solved using the COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.4. Six angle of inclination was studied (θ = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90°) of the gate and evaluated its effects on the temperatures and velocity contour in the T-junction. The study's findings indicated that the presence of a gate in a stationary, non-rotating flow regime has a noteworthy impact on the stationary vortex flow. Also, the mixing occurs more quickly at angles of 45 or 60°. Mixing at a 30° or 90° angle took longer.
Abstract
This paper introduces a quantum-inspired ultra-lightweight encryption algorithm tailored for Internet of things devices with limited resources. The proposed algorithm excels in processing speed, memory usage, and energy efficiency, significantly outperforming existing lightweight cryptographic algorithms. With a processing speed of 12.4 ms, memory usage of 3.2 kilobytes, and energy consumption of 0.7 milli-Joules per kilobyte, the proposed algorithm stands out for its robust security and potential to enhance the security of Internet of things devices across various applications. This paper explores the methodology behind the proposed algorithm, comparing its performance metrics with conventional S-box generation approaches, and demonstrates its superiority in both theoretical and practical aspects.
Abstract
As urbanization advances and societal shifts unfold, the integration of rural development and activity spaces has become a focal point in academic discourse. This study aims to explore the synergistic effects of the creative market model on rural activity spaces, dissecting its role in shaping these spaces, enhancing community engagement, and generating socio-economic benefits. Empirical findings highlight the affirmative role of the creative market model in this fusion. The research on community participation and spatial design reveals how creative markets enhance residents' sense of involvement and explores the influence of activity space design on community interaction. This study, by thoroughly examining the integration of the creative market model and rural activity spaces, offers theoretical and empirical support for advancing rural development.
Abstract
Automation in the construction has seen progress in using modern techniques, which has opened new perspectives for the verification of construction structures using point clouds. This paper discusses wall structure geometry verification, using point cloud data with geometry information extracted from building information modeling models as reference data. The research is focusing on automating the verification of wall structures using a software solution developed in Python. It involves processing and extracting geometric data from models in industry foundation classes' format, comparing the data and visualization of deviation. Results, conclusion, and future workplans are given for achieving better understanding.
Abstract
Nowadays, predicting the value of electrical usage has made it easier for electricity consumers to reduce their residential bills. This is done by introducing a new prediction method based on the design and foundation of artificial neural network (P-EANN) technology, which is a branch of intelligent machine learning (ML) technology. The P-EANN method is based on actual data of actual power quantities that can be measured by electricity meters for the electrical model and is compared with training data that is predicted and set to the electrical usage for comparison with the reading needed to reduce residential bills. From the root mean square error (RMSE), we can find the accuracy of the residential bills ($) in the P-EANN method, which is equal to 35.69%, and the accuracy of the residential bills ($) in the standard method, which is equal to 0.00%. then the results of the MATLAB simulation for the P-EANN method enhance and reduce the residential bills from 0.5 to 4.5 dollars per day. Thus, the problem of excessive electrical usage is solved, and consumers know how to consume energy well in any place.
Abstract
Reduction of design errors, minimisation of rework and the improvement of the design productivity are key factors in building engineering systems (including structural and architectural solutions, ventilation systems, sewerage systems, water supply and heating systems, power supply systems, and communication networks). These goals can be achieved with a complex approach that prioritises the design of different building engineering systems in the model during the design phase, in order to provide a consistent design for different building engineering systems. The paper presents a novel approach for the application of plugins in building service systems with the elimination of collision in the focus. Collision reduction actions in this methodology are categorised into three levels: the code level, which pertains to plugin developers; the algorithm level, which relates to BIM coordinators; and the user level, which concerns engineers performing the check. This new systematic approach to collision resolution prioritises maintaining the consistency of collision detection across different systems and storing all information about each collision. Collision checking is based on several key factors, such as complying with the sequence of checking systems, excluding irrelevant collisions, and setting tolerances when joining system elements. The aim of our approach is to automate and expedite not only the identification of the intersections but also the subsequent work with it throughout the entire project life cycle. The results are demonstrated by a case study conducted in the frame of a real project.
Abstract
The Energy Management System (EMS) is critical for electric vehicle (EV) in order to optimize energy consumption, improve efficiency, and enhance vehicle performance. The EMS provides the optimization of energy distribution among various vehicle components, reduces energy losses and maximizes the vehicle's efficacy. The EMS reduces battery stress to prevent excessive charging and discharging cycles; thereby, decreases the necessity for premature battery replacement which, in turn, contributes to the battery's life time. The goal of this research is to develop robust control technique to maximize the use of energy storage systems, renewable energy sources and the bidirectional power flow associated with EVs. The proposed robust control approach is based on combination of flatness theory with artificial neural network. The controller is responsible for maintaining the voltage DC bus stabilized and enhancing the quality of the power fed to the EV side. The performance of controlled EMS is verified via computer simulation within MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. As compared to classical proportional-integral (PI) control, the computer results show the proposed controller (FEMS-ANN) gives higher power quality of EV, lower overshot level in the DC voltage, faster response to abnormal conditions, and less steady state error.
Abstract
The rise of e-commerce necessitates sustainable practices for a greener future. While the e-commerce boom offers immense economic opportunities, minimizing its environmental impact and upholding ethical business conduct are essential. Current research on e-commerce heavily focuses on information technology (IT) for understanding and improving consumer acceptance. However, a critical gap exists in exploring IT's potential contributions to sustainability, crime prevention, and environmental safety. This study bridges this gap by exploring the role of IT integration in managerial practices to enhance environmental protection, crime prevention, and foster sustainability within Bangladesh's booming e-commerce sector. Focusing on e-commerce managers' perspectives, the research examines effective leadership strategies for IT implementation. Additionally, it utilizes the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to analyze the relationships between user perception and its impact on e-commerce performance. Using a structured questionnaire, we collected the data from 418 e-commerce managers. The research design incorporates a robust framework, hypothesis formulation, and methodological rigor grounded in TAM principles. The findings reveal a significant positive contribution of IT to environmental protection, crime prevention, and overall sustainability within the e-commerce sector. Managers' perceptions highlight that effective IT utilization ensures environmental safety, safeguards data against criminal activity, and promotes organizational sustainability. Furthermore, this research provides a roadmap for e-commerce businesses to accelerate their sustainability efforts. It also equips academics with valuable insights to advance knowledge on building a secure and sustainable future in the digital age.
Abstract
As cities continue to grow and diversify, urban planners, and architects face the challenge of creating housing solutions that can flexibly respond to many demands and changes over time. This rapid change in the urban landscape necessitates adaptable housing design typologies to meet the evolving needs of urban residents. Several residential building, typologies have emerged with the intent of solving the problems arising from overpopulation. This paper aims to shed light on the importance of adaptability in urban housing design and its potential to enhance urban living environments. It reviews adaptability through various urban housing typologies, exploring the concept, its significance, and strategies that can be employed to achieve adaptable dense housing solutions.
