Discover the Latest Journals in Architecture and Architectonics
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing, and constructing a building or structure, while architectonics is the scientific study of architecture itself. Architectural works are often considered important cultural symbols and works of art, and we often identify past civilizations with their architectural heritage.
Architecture and Architectonics
Abstract
The exhibition design of modern museums increasingly relies on the creation of space to display the unique intrinsic cultural quality and place spirit of the exhibition hall, and the exhibition space has become the focus of the design. The exhibition space has become the medium language for the dialogue between the display content and the audience, and the typical venue space presents the required information to the public. In the development process of the information age, display design complements other disciplines and provides a solid foundation for the research and development of space for pavilion design. Narrative design can help the public to seek emotional commonalities and spiritual touches when visiting museums, pursue the real experience of the scene space, and feel the atmosphere and situation created by the theme space.
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to supply updated air convective coefficients
Abstract
This paper investigates the role of “The Yellow Pavilion” intervention by Architecture for Humans in reclaiming Rexhep Luci Street as a public space and promoting urban interventions in Prishtina. The temporary structure was installed for a week to transform the street into a public space, and the paper presents the findings of its impact on the neighborhood and city. By examining the effectiveness of temporary interventions, the article highlights the benefits and limitations of tactical urbanism while also considering the potential for this kind of intervention to create social connections, promote community engagement, and revitalize urban areas. Ultimately, this research contributes to understanding the value of temporary public spaces in urban design and planning.
Abstract
Increasing the number of electrical vehicles determine an increasing of electrical vehicle chargers number too. The best situation is reach when the zero emission vehicles are charged with electrical energy produced by solar panels or another green energy. This paper presents a solar electric vehicle charger system with energy storage capabilities. The system should be considered as a combination of three systems: solar energy production system, energy storage system and electric vehicle charger system. One of the novelty of the system is that for energy storage is used a 2nd life Nissan Leaf electric vehicle battery. The paper gives information about, simulation and measurement of the annual solar energy production of the system, measurements results of the currents, voltages and powers of the system, and a distribution of the maximum daily energy production.
Abstract
Visegrád is one of the smallest towns in Hungary with 1800 inhabitants, which was given the status of town because of its historical importance. Archaeological excavations revealed the remains of the medieval town's former main square and the surrounding buildings. Based on the archeological research the new town center was designed by the A+ Architect Studio and won the Pro Architectura and ICOMOS awards in 2016. Years later the need arose to expand the Áprily Lajos Primary School, which is located next to the site, and to accommodate new classrooms, special training rooms, and music school practice rooms in a new, modern building. The new three-story school building on the street frontage was constructed on the former place of a century-old, dilapidated building and was also designed by A+ Architect Studio.
Abstract
The paper presents the basic principles of static calculations of plates with discrete filling–ribs; the method is based on the analytical solution of the problem of the stress state of a ribbed plate. The bottom line is to use special discontinuous functions at the stage of writing the initial assumptions of differential equations, as well as in the process of solving them due to the nature and physical meaning of the problem.
Abstract
This article is directed on increase of the premise ventilation efficiency by using linear diffusers. The aim of the work was to carry out theoretical research, experimental investigations and numerical modeling of the linear diffuser air dynamic characteristics, to obtain the graphs and analytical equations for determination of the linear diffuser necessary parameters and to encrease of efficiency air distribution in the room. Graphs of air velocity dependence on current coordinate and plates angle have been created and approximated by empirical equations. There was established that air velocity decreases intensively with increasing current coordinate and decreases with increasing of the plates angle.
Abstract
Multi-agent simulation has received a lot of attention in recent years as an emerging design method. To improve the accuracy of the simulation results, the authors provide an optimization scheme that combines multi-agent simulation and visibility graph analysis. Investigate how to improve forecasting accuracy through model optimization.
Abstract
Growth of the world population and the globalization of trade are the origins of the fourth industrial revolution, called “Industry 4.0”. What engineers call systems are becoming more and more complex as businesses strive to stay competitive and meet ever-changing demand. While automation and information digitization and transmission technologies are increasingly becoming major assets in modern industries, the changes they bring are having an impact on the management of occupational health and safety.
The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the progress achieved in the understanding of complex systems and to test some of the published theory by comparing it to a case study. The major scientific databases were searched to retrieve the literature on complexity, and a large company in the steel products business was queried to determine how its complexity as perceived by its managerial staff compares to the theory of complex systems.
Our main conclusion is that, based on the data gathered in the case study, the perception that the managerial staff has of the company corresponds closely to the current definition of complex systems as proposed by researchers. However, it remains to be determined whether this correspondence holds over the range of business sizes.
Abstract
Drones, specifically quadcopters, have increased in importance during the last years due to their wide range of applications, from civil applications to military employment. One of the most important issues in quadcopters is the efficient control system. While many researchers have dealt with building control systems for symmetric quadcopters, this work presents an efficient control system for asymmetric quadcopters using evolutionary computations. The problem is well-defined throughout the paper, and the methodology is explained in detail in the respective sections. A genetic algorithm is used to tune the weighting matrix of the control system after formulating the control system as an optimization problem. The genetic algorithm was fast and active to increase the performance of the proposed system.
Gondolatok az épületkutatásról
Thoughts on Building Archaeology
SUMMARY
The paper summarises the most important periods of building archaeology in Hungary from the theoretical basis and practical works of Schulek and Ferenc Dávid up to Sándor Tóth. The detailed analysis serves the understanding of the scientific research and its components, and the present relevancies of the former professional criteria essential in gaining an accurate set of fundaments for the intervention.
Tipizált térrendszerű és szerkezetű, aulás általános iskolák Magyarországon az államszocializmus idején
Aula Centered Primary Schools with Type Designed Layout and Structure in Hungary During the State Socialist Era
SUMMARY
After 1945, due to the destruction caused by the war, there was also a huge shortage of educational buildings in Hungary. Thanks to this, the mass construction of school buildings began, which was initially based on centrally prepared type plans. Schools with a simple floor plan and structure were built all over the country, whose uniform appearance, which often did not fit into the image of the settlement, provoked the resentment of the population and the profession. Starting in 1968, it was possible to deviate from the standard designs, and state planning companies were given the opportunity to develop prefabricated systems that could be used for the construction of schools. The Borsod County State Construction Company (BÁÉV) and the Northern Hungarian Planning Company (ÉSZAKTERV) have developed a type plan for schools with an aula system, which is more beneficial in terms of the formation of a community among students, instead of the traditional corridor-cell floor plan system that was used most of the time for schools, in a unique way. In this article, the system, its prototypes, applications and their current assessment will be evaluated.
A zsámbéki Öregtemplom építőanyagának vizsgálata: esettanulmány
Experimental Test on the Building Material of the Old Church in Zsámbék: A Case Study
The ruin-church in Zsámbék is one of the best-known monuments in the country. During its history, it was rebuilt and renovated many times before it was devastated. Since then, several plans have been created to determine the direction in which the utilization of the waste should be directed. These had a wide range of variations, from just preservation to complete reconstruction. This question always comes up from time to time, and this case study was created within the framework of a pre-planning survey. The study deals with the examination of the building materials of the ruin, mainly the original stone material and mortar, and their current state. A comprehensive survey of the church was also prepared, which maps where and what material the structure is made of.
Abstract
The manufacturing of cement liberates the green-house gasses into atmosphere. To overcome this problem so many alternative materials has been invented by researchers to minimize addition of cement. The incorporation of these alternative materials as cementitious material in concrete enhances the attributes of concrete. In this scenario metakaolin gained momentum as a substitution to cement in concrete. Most of the researchers studied the performance of concrete incorporating metakaolin as cementitious material in normal curing conditions. There is a need for analysing the impact of accelerated curing on properties of concrete by incorporating metakaolin as cementitious material. The current construction industry needs high early strength for removal of form work in early ages. The accelerated curing is a method which provides high early strength. In this study, different proportions of metakaolin are added as partial alternative to cement and cured in accelerated curing tank for 3.5 h. The strength parameters test, durability test, and micro-structural parameter tests are performed on these samples. Further, micro-structural analysis has been carried out using SEM, and EDX tests. Results depicted the incorporation of 15% of metakaolin as substitute to cement amplifies the overall performance of concrete in accelerated curing regime.
Abstract
A computational fluid dynamics numerical model addressed the problem of local scouring and deposition calculation for non-cohesive sediment and clear water conditions near single and double cylindrical piers. The numerical results of single cylindrical piers correlate very well with the physical model's results while are higher than the case of the double pier, especially when the large-eddy turbulence model, the van Rijn bed-load transport equation, and fine mesh size are considered. Additionally, the final numerical predictions are compared to experimental data after parameters effectiveness explores the range of results based on projected user inputs like the bed-load equation, mesh cell size, and turbulence model.
Abstract
The gear is the most efficient and reliable portion of the transmission system. In machine tools, gears are utilized to handle heavy loads. These gears are used indefinitely if the prerequisites are met. Gear tooth bending stress for numerous spur gears has been examined in this research. The influence of changing the pressure angles on the spur gear tooth root stress has been investigated. The purpose of this study is to look for a new way of finding the stresses generated in the roots of the gear teeth as well as the effect of changing pressure angles on these stresses. Solidworks 2021 uses parametric formulation to model gears, analyzed for deformation and maximum bending stress in ANSYS. The airy stress function is used to conduct the nominal root tooth stress. The enhancement percentages of modified cases are 5.92%, 1.70%, 10.70%, 17.22%, 10.86%, 24.32%, 20.91%, and 26.15% for the cases 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, respectively according to the stress function findings.
Abstract
The thermo convective instability of the Darcy-Benard problem (DB) using Robin (third-kind) thermal conditions is investigated here. We consider a viscous Newtonian fluid saturating a porous layer in which the layer is sandwiched between two impermeable boundaries. The upper and the lower walls are modelled in the form of the Neumann (second-kind) and the Robin (third-kind) thermal conditions, respectively. The difference in the temperature distribution between both phases allows the lack of a local thermal equilibrium model to be present. As a consequence, the third kind of thermal condition brings about one extra dimensionless parameter of the Biot number to the usual one of the inter-heat transfer coefficient and the thermal conductivity ratio. The normal modes method adopted in a linear stability analysis gives rise to perturbed governing equations. The eigenvalue problem is handled numerically as a result of the perturbed governing equations leading to the marginal stability condition.
Kismarty-Lechner Jenő templomépítészete
A két világháború közötti katolikus templomépítészet útkeresései
Church Architecture of Jenő Kismarty-Lechner
The Attempts of Renewal of the Roman Catholic Church Architecture in the Interwar Period
The career of Jenő Kismarty-Lechner as designer of church buildings began in 1916 and, if one considers his reconstruction plans for existing churches, it lasted well into the 1950’s, following a rich and diverse trajectory often inseparable from his work in preservation and academic teaching. A substantial part of his work can be dated to the interwar period, and it truly represents the pluralism in styles which characterised the era. The breadth of his scope ranged from Upper-Hungarian Renaissance Revival, through Neoclassicism, to reinterpretations of national historical tendencies, and beyond, to modernist church architecture. His influence in the latter has been regarded as significant to this date. Most references of Kismarty-Lechner in published literature essentially put the emphasis on his rich diversity in styles and receive his oeuvre as a revival of Hungarian Art Nouveau and a stage in the search for a Hungarian national style, highlighting his inspiring efforts in incorporating Upper-Hungarian crenelated Renaissance Revival and traditional rural architecture into an individual architectural vocabulary. In addition, the plans and realised examples of his architectural output analysed in present research from the perspective of interwar church architecture indicate that Kismarty-Lechner played an important role in the inception of the modern Hungarian church design, as well. Based on a reconstruction of the available sources, this paper intends to provide a comprehensive introduction to the substantial church design heritage of Jenő Kismarty-Lechner in its evolutionary context, and a side-by-side analysis of his surviving plans preserved in various collections.
Abstract
Usage of single use plastics has been rapidly increasing in the recent past and it is challenging to dispose of these plastics safely, since they are non-biodegradable. Especially, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) which is widely used in the form of water bottles cannot be easily recycled or reused. On the other hand, construction projects require sustainable materials having good strength, accordingly various studies have been conducted to reuse plastic wastes in the concrete and positive results have been obtained. In this study, the crushed PET bottles are partially substituted with fine aggregates and water hyacinth is added as a bio plasticizer in concrete. The concrete specimens are cast by substituting PET aggregates with the fine aggregates at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10% and water hyacinth is added at 10 & 20% by weight of water. The specimens are tested and it is noted that with the addition of PET aggregates up to 4% the strength of the concrete increases and beyond 4%, strength of the concrete gradually decreases, and addition of water hyacinth enhances the strength of the concrete.
Abstract
In this paper, a novel hybrid technique is proposed for transient stability analysis on grid connected Wind-Diesel-PV hybrid system. The proposed hybrid methodology is combination of the dwarf mongoose optimization algorithm (DMO) and the recalling enhanced recurrent neural network (RERNN) named DMO-RERNN. The main purpose of this work is to consider various elements on hybrid system for the analysis of transient stability according to different conditions. The voltage profile of hybrid system is enhanced using the proposed unified power flow controller (UPFC), which also has higher performance improving transient performance compared to the conventional ANN, PI and fuzzy-sliding mode controller. Considering the proposed technique, DMO is used to find the optimal global solution for the fault predicted by the RERNN approach. The proposed system is executed on MATLAB work platform; its performance with existing systems is analyzed. The result proves that the proposed hybrid technique based UPFC controller provides better results compared with other existing technique. The efficiency of the PI is 82.136, ANN is 77, Fuzzy Sliding Mode is 65.097% and proposed technique is 97.99038%.
Abstract
The design of the envelope in high-rise office buildings is a task of great importance as it can impact the entire building's energy performance. The study presented in this paper is an extension of a previous work reporting on the optimization of the façade and the shading systems of an east-west facing high-rise office building. This study aims to investigate the façade geometry design factors for other potential orientations, e.g., south, south-east, and south-west directions. The IDA ICE 4.8 complex dynamic building energy simulation program was used to assess thermal and lighting simulations. The optimization results revealed the best-performing façade configurations, appropriate for each orientation examined in terms of thermal comfort, visual comfort, and energy consumption.
Abstract
The pylon is an essential part of lower limb prosthetics. It is usually made of titanium, aluminum, and steel. However, it is expensive and difficult to be available in developing countries, especially for children who suffer from amputation. Moreover, they constantly need new pylon pieces during close periods due to the growth and increase in the child's length.
Purpose
This study aims to design an adjustable pylon that can change in length to suit the increase in the length of the healthy leg of the child without the need for a new pylon and reduce the economic cost.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, an adjustable pylon model was designed using the CAD software (Solid work) and work to manufacture the pylon from low-cost materials (carbon fiber filament) capable of bearing the amputee's weight, and manufacturing printed parts by using additive manufacturing technical (CREALITY CR20 3D printer).
Findings
The results showed that the pylon is successful in design and strength as it bears the patient's weight without any failure or buckling, and the proof that the maximum amount of stress generated is 27.8 MPa, which is far from the value of the yield stress.
Originality/value
The design of the adjustable pylon prototype offers good strength and ability to bear the patient weight, reducing the cost and time of manufacturing.
Abstract
Prying force formation at bolts is considered as an important problem in steel connection design. It affects the connection bearing capacity, ductility and serviceability negatively by increasing stresses induced inside connections. In the present work, behavior of steel connection under prying force is studied. A connection of steel beam-column has been modeled using software Revit program. Tension load is applied increasingly and the connection displacement has been measured until failure. Finite element simulation of steel angles under the effect of tension load and prying force has been studied. It is found that the connection has three phases of bearing behavior. Plastic hinge formation noticed increased with prying force presence.
Abstract
The common feature of streams in steep sloping watersheds is that there is a significant change from base-flow to flash-flood; sometimes two or three orders of magnitude. In Hungary, these streams are usually ungauged, with lack of available data, and models. The watershed features both urban and natural land use conditions, but the main area is quite homogenic.
This paper evaluates the impact of different model parameterizations, and rainfall duration on flash-flood events in the Morgó-creek watershed. The goal is to find the main parameters that can represent the uncertainty of a flash-flood sensitive area, and how the calibrated and determined parameters take effect on a model if these values are shifted on given intervals.
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of plastic is very widespread, especially in packaging materials. Most packaging materials are made from fossil-based polymers, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The unprecedented leakage of single-use plastic waste into the environment is a major problem, with negative impacts on both ecosystems and human health. In this study we examine the development of packaging waste and recycled packaging in the European Union over a period of more than 20 years, highlighting changes in the regulatory context; assess the achievements of Hungary so far and forecast the expected developing of packaging volumes and recycling rates; and consider recycling and waste reduction options, including alternative sustainable packaging options. Our forecast based on the evidence shows that Hungary (47.62%), Germany (61.46%), Malta (26.27%), Romania (58.64%) and Croatia (49.41%) are not expected to reach the target set (65% by 2025) in EU legislation. Out of the 27 countries surveyed, 6 (Belgium 88.2%, the Netherlands 87.81%, Luxembourg 76.96%, the Czech Republic 77.79%, Finland 78.75% and Denmark 83.7%) exceeded the expectations, so we show their waste management and waste recycling good practice, as they can serve as good examples for Hungary and other countries.
Abstract
In this paper, a comprehensive statistics-based review of islanding detection methods (IDMs) in microgrids (MGs) is presented. Islanding detection is the situation of isolating the MG from the main grid whether programmed as a result of load managing purposes or un-programmed due to the occurrence of faults. Islanding detection is a vital issue in MG's analyses due to the prevention of subsequent protection problems in the power system. In other words, when the MG's operation mode changes, the current passing through the protective devices changes subsequently and the protection system should be able to adapt the new settings to the protective devices. So, IDMs are vital for electrical engineers to overcome the abovementioned protection issue. This review paper surveys the existing literature in IDMs by concentration on total publications, type of publications (journal, conference paper, or book), five authors with the highest number of publications (including the affiliations), and five most published sources. Also, the five most cited publications and state-of-the-art IDMs are investigated in detail, utilizing some known and novel categorizations. This paper will be useful for the MG's researchers to know the most desirable IDMs, especially in recent years, and provides an insightful overview for future studies.
Abstract
The technical and economic effects of the two methods of retrofitting with buckling restrain bracing and using concrete shear wall were investigated. The results of this study showed that using reinforcement, the amount of target displacement in the models was significantly reduced and it was observed that the concrete shear wall had a greater impact on the structure in this regard. The reinforcement methods used in this research have a significant impact on improving the technical performance of structures, which has been more in the strengthening method with concrete shear wall. Also, the evaluations showed that despite the fact that the shear wall of reinforced concrete has a better effect on the performance of the structure from a technical point of view, but in terms of weight, it can be seen that using a buckling brace can be more economical.
Abstract
This study revealed the system of a lower limb exoskeleton created for knee rehabilitation. The exoskeleton has been extensively used in rehabilitation robotic device research, but its practical applicability is limited due to its high nonlinearity and uncertain behavior. As a result, the control technique is critical in increasing the efficacy of rehabilitation devices. For the rehabilitation and help of a patient with a lower-limb condition, a sliding mode control (SMC) with proportional derivative (PD) control approach are used as parallel loops. Active disturbances rejection control (ADRC) is used by these controllers to cancel any external influences. To overcome the degradation of disturbance rejection and robustness caused by a failure to fully adjust for the entire disturbance, a (SMC) loop was introduced to the control regulation. By assessing performance indices related to the estimated inaccuracy, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested controller. Simulink is used for simulation and analysis.
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing demand on environmentally friendly materials, so the environmentally conscious architecture and the use of environmentally friendly materials have also become preferred. It is becoming increasingly important to turn from artificial materials to products made from renewable raw materials. The straw quilt, which is considered to be a new, innovative product on the Hungarian construction market, can provide an alternative for this need. The aim of this research was to investigate the material properties and possible uses of straw quilt thermal insulation. Laboratory tests were performed before the product was placed on the market. The results have shown that it has several advantageous properties that can make it competitive in the market of thermal insulation materials.
A Cross-Vault System’s Relative Periodisation Based on Geometric Analysis
The Vaulting System of the Apse of the Inner City Parish Church of Budapest
Egy keresztboltozat-rendszer relatív periodizációja
A Budapest-Belvárosi Nagyboldogasszony Főplébánia-templom szentélyboltozat-rendszere
The cross-vault system of the Inner City Parish Church of Budapest was the subject of numerous scientific works so far. In our present article, we aimed to supplement the information known about the vaults by providing exact geometric data gathered via laser scanning. Based on this data, we attempted to filter out common characteristics of the individual vaults, regarding the geometry of their ribs, their webs and the positions of their keystones. As a result, we proved that the cross vaults composing the system cannot be hallmarked as the remains of a given building period, and even within a given cross vault, more building periods can appear. Combining the results of the different geometric analyses, we concluded six distinct scenarios concerning the relative periodisation of the elements composing the cross-vault system, complemented by the evaluation of these. Thus, in the present article, we give an example of how to use point cloud-based building survey techniques to approach the questions of a given building’s relative periodisations.
A historizmus léptékváltó építkezései a budai polgárvárosban
Large Scale Residential Building Investments in Buda Castle District Between the Compromise and the First World War
It is not common to lay the blame on designers and architects of old historical periods. In the Medieval era many Romanesque apses were demolished to build new Gothic sanctuaries. Baroque castle designs had not had a sensitive attitude to previous periods. Historicism also deserves an analysis of its architectural products in its own frame of reference, in a more objective way than it is usual nowadays. There was an enormous economic development in Hungary after the compromise. It was followed by a huge real estate development in the Buda Castle district. The castle was finished based on the plans of Alajos Hauszmann, many monumental office palaces were built for state institutions, the restauration of Matthias Church and its picturesque frame, the Fisherman’s Bastion, was completed by Frigyes Schulek. Meanwhile, residential building investments took place in the so-called citizen’s district. Some of them have been forgotten by now. After the ravage in World War II, we already known that there are a lot of valuable historical architectural details in the houses. The reconstruction in the second part of the 20th century created a brand-new city character, where the previously hidden historical parts became visible, but the larger scale buildings of Historicism did not suit the new ideas. The article presents examples of this forgotten sort of buildings together with the tendencies which accompanied the period between the compromise and World War I.
Abstract
Appliances used in everyday life, like smart phones, notebooks; do-it-yourself machineries usually operate with battery instead of power supply. It means comfort to users however; they expose them to different dangers. In the last few years, several fire cases happened in connection with these appliances while charging and usage, which have driven the attention to the dangers of battery technology. Regarding the actuality of the topic, combustion products developing during the burning process of batteries with 1:1 ratio burning experiments were investigated, experiences and results from that are represented in this paper. The aim of the research is to call the attention to the flammability properties of lithium-ion and other batteries, the possible dangers and in case of fire to support the involved personnel.
Abstract
Most error-resilient media processing applications use multipliers as their basic building blocks. These are power-consumption and computationally intensive modules. In the existing works, several types of the multipliers were used to improve the hardware capacity, but those methods did not provide sufficient results. Therefore, in this manuscript, a Baugh-Wooley Multiplier design using Multiple Control Toffoli (MCT) and Multiple Control Fredrick gate (MCF) Reversible Logic gate (BWM-MCT-MCF) will be analyzed. Initially, Reversible Full Adder (RFA) is designed using Multiple Control Toffoli and Multiple Control Fredrick gate Reversible Logic gates. Then the proposed Reversible Full Adder is used in Baugh-Wooley Multiplier. By this, it reduces the hardware complexity with higher speed, lower area, lower power consumption. The proposed BWM-MCT-MCF multiplier is implemented in MATLAB, its performance shows lower Garbage output 22.78%, 24.88%, 20.95% compared with the existing designs, like BWM-FG-FRG, BWM-RL-TG, BWM-TG-FG respectively. Then the designed BWM-MCT-MCF is implemented using Xilinx ISE tool with the Virtex 5 device. From this, the performance of the proposed FPGA-BWM-MCT-MCF method shows lower delay 23.77%, 16.86% compared with the existing designs, like FPGA-BWM-RL-TG, FPGA-BWM-TG-FG respectively.
Abstract
Nanotechnology applications have occupied a wide range in engineering applications and achieved distinctive performance due to their potential as a working fluid instead of conventional liquids due to their outstanding performance. Sustaining stable performance nanofluids for a longer time retaining their properties without clustering and nanoparticles aggregation in the base fluid represents a significant challenge that can influence nanofluid properties and thermal behaviour. This review highlights some important factors that influence the stability of nanofluids, such as the size, concentration ratio of nanoparticles, and the type of base fluid, in addition discussing the methods used to improve the stability of nanofluids, such as the effect of cluster formation of nanoparticles in the base fluid due to Brownian motion and the role of the surfactants in preventing or reducing the agglomeration of nanoparticles, zeta potential and pH in estimating nanofluids stability. The factors mentioned affect the thermophysical properties of nanoparticles in preparing nanofluids and enhance their performance. This review provides information which helps improve the wide range usability of nanofluids for preparing stable nanofluids with good thermophysical properties.
Environment Protection – Monument Preservation
Környezetvédelem – műemlékvédelem
The preservation of existing buildings is desirable not only for the purpose of saving architectural values, but equally important is that it is an environmentally friendly–environmentally conscious activity as well, since by renovating existing houses less waste is generated, the environmental impact from transport decreases, the material and energy invested in the structures already built do not get lost and no additional energy is needed for demolition.
Fű – Fa – Agyag – Őrség
Az építészeti anyaghasználat és a táji adottságok kölcsönhatása az Őrség területén
Grass – Wood – Clay – Őrség
The Interaction Between the Use of Architectural Materials and Landscape Features in the Area of Őrség
Traditional vernacular architecture in a given area depends not only on the social conditions, needs and technological development of a given period, but also on the recognition and exploitation of the local environmental and natural conditions and potential. The small villages of the Őrség (Guard’s Country) – that locates on the western border of Hungary – developed in close contact with the landscape. The people living here shaped their landscape by building on and adapting to local resources, so their buildings were designed using and respecting local conditions. As a result, two building materials in particular became common and characteristic of the area, wood and burnt clay brick, the use of which entailed different architectural forms and structures. The aim of the present research is to explore the landscape context of historical, traditional materials and forms through the analysis of the specific material use in the Őrség, which also influences the building typology. In addition to the exploration of written sources, the research was carried out by examining historical maps and web-based cartographic services focusing on the Őrség and its three coherent settlements (Őriszentpéter, Ispánk, Nagyrákos), combining landscape architectural and architectural approaches.
Abstract
The topic of this study has been the examination and comparison of the competitive balance of the Spanish and the English first leagues of soccer, called La Liga Santander and Barclays Premier League. The basis for the research project has been provided by a database of sixteen hundred elements, containing the data of the two leagues starting from the 2014/2015 season up to the 2017/2018 season. When choosing the time period for the study, we intended to avoid having to deal with the impact of Covid-19, which is why we picked exactly these competition seasons. We have primarily used statistical indicators. In the case of sports-related data, our inquiries have included the following: comparing and averaging the winning percentages per season, furthermore, the winning percentages of championship seasons, the distribution of goals scored and conceded and, finally, the calculation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Although there is one aspect of investigation according to which the competition balance of La Liga is closer to the optimal, the dispersion of winning percentages and the indicator of the goals conceded as well as the HHI index show that the Premier League is the more balanced competition of the two.
Abstract
An optimization approach for two-area power system with Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is the Atomic Orbital Search (AOS) approach. The proposed approach is applied to achieve full utilization of UPFC and keeps the parameters uncertain. The multivariable PI controller is utilized to control the system controller and eliminates the negative interaction of the controllers. The proposed approach combines the two subsystems by converting algebraic subsystem using differential approximation, which leads to a nonlinear system. The proposed approach provides efficient voltage regulation and quicker damping of inter-area mode oscillations. The proposed UPFC controller eliminates generator oscillation and fault condition, which guarantee the stability of the system as well as provides dynamic power flow control under the tie-line. At last, the proposed method is simulated on MATLAB platform and compared with existing methods. From this comparison, it is shown that the proposed approach provides less oscillation than the existing approach.
Abstract
A hybrid approach is proposed in this paper to achieve the load power requirement for grid connected hybrid photovoltaic wind system. The proposed approach is the combined execution of both the Modified Dragonfly Algorithm (MDA) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS), hence it is called MDA-ANFIS. ANFIS approach is improved by the MDA approach to minimize the error functions. The main aim of the proposed approach is satisfying the load power requirement and obtains the maximum energy from the hybrid wind solar system. Through the modelling of operating modes of generation units, the proposed approach determines the switching states of the inverter. The MDA approach is utilized to generate the dataset and the data set is processed by ANFIS, which creates the control signal. By using the proposed approach, it was possible to minimize the system parameter radiation, external disturbances as well as optimally fulfill the load demand. The proposed method is activated in MATLAB/Simulink platform, and its performance is compared with existing methods.
Abstract
Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC) is a moderately new form of concrete that has gotten a lot of interest in recent decades owing to its environmental advantages and features. However, further research into the effects of various proportions of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and lime on the characteristics of calcium-based AAC is still needed. This work aims to provide detailed information about the characteristics of AAC with various concentrations of fly ash, GGBS, and lime in order to produce the best combinations for engineering applications. The alkali activators in this investigation are sodium hydroxide and calcium silicate. All concrete mixes are examined for workability, strength, and durability for knowing the impact of fly ash, GGBS, and lime on AAC performance. The results specify that the increase in dosage of GGBBS diminishes the workability. The accumulation of only lime and GGBS shows optimum strength and durability results. In this study further regression analysis has been carried out for predicting the strength of the AAC. The regression equation was developed using the response surface approach for reliably predicting experimental outcomes with an acceptable margin of error.
Abstract
Photovoltaic energy is a well-known term nowadays, and with the continuous increase in PV demand, it has become necessary to consider the other sides that may affect the success of it, which is considered one of the real effects on the environment. The PV waste has started to create a large issue with the absence of administrative procedures in many countries. Despite the estimated life of photovoltaic panels being between 20 and 30 years, many units have already started to stop working. However, research indicates the total cost of new materials to manufacture a PV panel is around USD 90 per square meter, compared to USD 13.62 for the costs of recycling a PV module. The regulations disclosed that the problem of EoL for PV modules and their management is still not considered an issue in many countries. Therefore, SWOT analysis was used to evaluate the EoL management of waste PV modules in three regions in Washington, California, and the European Union's WEEE Directive. This study presents recommendations to strengthen regulations to manage the problems of the EoL waste, and open the way for countries and the private sector to realize the responsibility that may affect the environment.
Abstract
Our results introduce the preferences and attitudes of farmers and the internet-orientated population regarding renewable energy sources (RES) in Kosovo. The research included 243 internet-orientated participants and 30 farmers. The data was gathered through questionnaires (in both groups) and deep interviews (just in farmers). The results showed that the awareness of RES was high for especially solar, wind and hydro energy, the relationship among them was very strong. It was justified that firewood was typically used by respondents with low income, but not considered as renewable energy source, similarly to Hungary and the USA. A special feature of Kosovo is that electricity has very high importance for the man in the street, even for heating. Better education, higher income and environmental-consciousness definitely support better knowledge of RES, similarly to international tendencies. Males and employed participants had more knowledge about RES than females, or unemployed ones. Moreover, the results showed that the participants prefer environment rather than convenience, which is also typical of less wealthy countries. Our results might be useful as a typical less developed country case study for international comparison and helps to eliminate the unknown willingness in RES for the development of future agricultural strategies in Kosovo.
Abstract
The research is dedicated to determine one of the most important mechanical properties which is the Young's modulus. Its value is crucial for clearly explaining and understanding the results of any mechanical loading experiment. Three cylindrical samples of 15 mm height and 7.5 mm diameter were designed using SpaceClaim application in the ANSYS Software and then 3D printed using Direct Metal Laser Sintering via EOS M 290 3D printer. The specimens were then tested under compression in order to determine the value of the Young's modulus for titanium alloy of grade 23 (Ti, Al, V, O, N, C, H, Fe, Y). The finite element method was executed using ANSYS mechanical to run a comparison between laboratory results with nominal results of the Young's modulus. Young's modulus value is affected by the 3D printing accuracy and quality, the material's quality as well; however, the deviation is within 10%.
Abstract
The need to decrease energy use represents a challenge particularly in developing countries, including Kosovo, considering the unsustainable, insufficient, and inconsistent energy supply. This contribution presents a simplified yet comprehensive approach to evaluate the energy performance improvement potential of three selected multi-family residential buildings using building energy models generated from calibrated and simplified input parameters. To this end, alternative retrofit measures were tested via a simulation-based parametric study. The energy benefit of each retrofit alternative was estimated and analyzed. Results are expected to provide valuable information towards outlining design guidelines for energy-efficient residential buildings in Kosovo.
Abstract
The paper compares different metaheuristics for using heat exchangers as a benchmark to estimate the best design parameter values using optimization efficient algorithms. Many MATLAB algorithms are used in this study. Also, an engineering equation solver, which is commercial software, is used to solve the issue. The design calculates three variables, which are the length, and inner and outer pipe diameter of the heat exchanger. The results showed that the best algorithms are particle swarm optimization, and when using this algorithm, the optimal design of the double pipe heat exchanger is as follows: the pipe length is 5.6734·10−1 m, the pipe inner diameter is 8.0203·10−3 m, and the pipe outer diameter is 2.2439·10−2 m.
Abstract
Application of leaf extracts in alkyd extract primer (AEP) to inhibit corrosion of mild steel was compared with performance of alkyd conventional primer (ACP) containing zinc phosphate and zinc chromate as inhibitors. The investigations were carried out through Gasometric technique in 5 °C steps of temperature increase from 25 to 50 °C in 1.0 M HCl as corrodent. The AEP of 34.24 percent actives compared with ACP of 56.57 percent actives gave the same inhibition efficiencies of 76.5%. Extract primer of lower percent active compared with conventional primer were cost effective and more potent than conventional primer.
Abstract
The air temperature in school buildings significantly affects the ability of students and teachers to focus on the educational process. Students usually begin to feel an increase the temperature in room. The purpose of this study is to find the limit of the temperature rise in the classroom when people no longer feel the temperature rise in the room. For this reason, several experimental measurements of indoor air parameters were carried out: air temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. Measured temperature differences and individual subjective ratings of audiences determined the dependence using mathematical statistics, from which can be determined the critical level of increase in air temperature at which people no longer perceive the change in air temperature.
Abstract
The design of pollution-free energy recovery systems has become an important goal by researchers as renewable energy is an alternative to traditional energy that depends on fossil fuels. In this work, a multifunctional electromechanical speed bump was invented to be used on the streets to generate clean, sustainable energy by utilizing and investing the kinetic energy of vehicles passing on the roads. The current model was designed to perform three functions simultaneously.
To measure the performance of the innovative speed bump system, a (simplified) prototype was made that simulates the work of the multifunctional bump. The results showed that the proposed initial speed bump model is a promising technology that can be applied as a clean, renewable energy source that can be easily applied in crowded streets.
Abstract
Multilevel inverters performance enhancement is a major topic, which has attracted the attention of most of the researchers, to evolve with newer topologies and modulation strategies. In this manuscript, two novel hybrid bidirectional multilevel inverter structures, which are suitable for bidirectional loads, are proposed. An enhancement in the voltage levels and reduction of the component count are achieved for these newly introduced structures. Modular expansion and series cascading are suggested systems for extension of the voltage levels. The prime requirement in most of the industrial drives is a controlled output. VSI fed induction motor drive satisfies this requirement. The Multicarrier PWM technique has been applied to the basic bidirectional seven level models and nine level model and its performance with induction motor as load has been analyzed for various modulation indices. The simulated results of the proposed structures are verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The characteristics such as stator current, rotor current speed and torque plots achieved as above model affirm that its performance is good. By then, the tracking time of the proposed work during reference speed change, load change and constant reference change is 0.185, 1.094 and 1.5 s. The tracking time of the VSI during reference speed change, load change and constant reference change is 0.5 s, 3.8 and 3.5 s. The tracking time of the MLI during reference speed change, load change and constant reference change is 0.2 s, 1.8 and 2 s.
Abstract
Owing to their elevated absorption coefficient, superior resistance to radiation and reduced effective electron mass, gallium antimonide (GaSb) semiconductors were documented to be suitable for photovoltaic systems applications. However, they were found to suffer from low efficiency. This work has been dedicated to enhance the design of GaSb based single-junction solar cells having window and back surface field made from AlGaAsSb material. The purpose is to maximize their electrical performance by considering doping and thickness of layers as design variables. A methodology of optimization was proposed. It is based on computer aided design through simulations performed under SILVACO-ATLAS software and a numerical procedure that was developed to achieve optimal design of this particular solar cell. The approach encompasses analysis of variance and derivation of response surface models to get explicit expression of the objective function corresponding to efficiency. The obtained results have shown an efficiency which is higher than all the previous known values established in literature.
