Discover the Latest Journals in Architecture and Architectonics
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing, and constructing a building or structure, while architectonics is the scientific study of architecture itself. Architectural works are often considered important cultural symbols and works of art, and we often identify past civilizations with their architectural heritage.
Architecture and Architectonics
Abstract
An optimization approach for two-area power system with Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is the Atomic Orbital Search (AOS) approach. The proposed approach is applied to achieve full utilization of UPFC and keeps the parameters uncertain. The multivariable PI controller is utilized to control the system controller and eliminates the negative interaction of the controllers. The proposed approach combines the two subsystems by converting algebraic subsystem using differential approximation, which leads to a nonlinear system. The proposed approach provides efficient voltage regulation and quicker damping of inter-area mode oscillations. The proposed UPFC controller eliminates generator oscillation and fault condition, which guarantee the stability of the system as well as provides dynamic power flow control under the tie-line. At last, the proposed method is simulated on MATLAB platform and compared with existing methods. From this comparison, it is shown that the proposed approach provides less oscillation than the existing approach.
Abstract
A hybrid approach is proposed in this paper to achieve the load power requirement for grid connected hybrid photovoltaic wind system. The proposed approach is the combined execution of both the Modified Dragonfly Algorithm (MDA) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System (ANFIS), hence it is called MDA-ANFIS. ANFIS approach is improved by the MDA approach to minimize the error functions. The main aim of the proposed approach is satisfying the load power requirement and obtains the maximum energy from the hybrid wind solar system. Through the modelling of operating modes of generation units, the proposed approach determines the switching states of the inverter. The MDA approach is utilized to generate the dataset and the data set is processed by ANFIS, which creates the control signal. By using the proposed approach, it was possible to minimize the system parameter radiation, external disturbances as well as optimally fulfill the load demand. The proposed method is activated in MATLAB/Simulink platform, and its performance is compared with existing methods.
Abstract
Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC) is a moderately new form of concrete that has gotten a lot of interest in recent decades owing to its environmental advantages and features. However, further research into the effects of various proportions of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and lime on the characteristics of calcium-based AAC is still needed. This work aims to provide detailed information about the characteristics of AAC with various concentrations of fly ash, GGBS, and lime in order to produce the best combinations for engineering applications. The alkali activators in this investigation are sodium hydroxide and calcium silicate. All concrete mixes are examined for workability, strength, and durability for knowing the impact of fly ash, GGBS, and lime on AAC performance. The results specify that the increase in dosage of GGBBS diminishes the workability. The accumulation of only lime and GGBS shows optimum strength and durability results. In this study further regression analysis has been carried out for predicting the strength of the AAC. The regression equation was developed using the response surface approach for reliably predicting experimental outcomes with an acceptable margin of error.
Abstract
Photovoltaic energy is a well-known term nowadays, and with the continuous increase in PV demand, it has become necessary to consider the other sides that may affect the success of it, which is considered one of the real effects on the environment. The PV waste has started to create a large issue with the absence of administrative procedures in many countries. Despite the estimated life of photovoltaic panels being between 20 and 30 years, many units have already started to stop working. However, research indicates the total cost of new materials to manufacture a PV panel is around USD 90 per square meter, compared to USD 13.62 for the costs of recycling a PV module. The regulations disclosed that the problem of EoL for PV modules and their management is still not considered an issue in many countries. Therefore, SWOT analysis was used to evaluate the EoL management of waste PV modules in three regions in Washington, California, and the European Union's WEEE Directive. This study presents recommendations to strengthen regulations to manage the problems of the EoL waste, and open the way for countries and the private sector to realize the responsibility that may affect the environment.
Abstract
Our results introduce the preferences and attitudes of farmers and the internet-orientated population regarding renewable energy sources (RES) in Kosovo. The research included 243 internet-orientated participants and 30 farmers. The data was gathered through questionnaires (in both groups) and deep interviews (just in farmers). The results showed that the awareness of RES was high for especially solar, wind and hydro energy, the relationship among them was very strong. It was justified that firewood was typically used by respondents with low income, but not considered as renewable energy source, similarly to Hungary and the USA. A special feature of Kosovo is that electricity has very high importance for the man in the street, even for heating. Better education, higher income and environmental-consciousness definitely support better knowledge of RES, similarly to international tendencies. Males and employed participants had more knowledge about RES than females, or unemployed ones. Moreover, the results showed that the participants prefer environment rather than convenience, which is also typical of less wealthy countries. Our results might be useful as a typical less developed country case study for international comparison and helps to eliminate the unknown willingness in RES for the development of future agricultural strategies in Kosovo.
Abstract
The research is dedicated to determine one of the most important mechanical properties which is the Young's modulus. Its value is crucial for clearly explaining and understanding the results of any mechanical loading experiment. Three cylindrical samples of 15 mm height and 7.5 mm diameter were designed using SpaceClaim application in the ANSYS Software and then 3D printed using Direct Metal Laser Sintering via EOS M 290 3D printer. The specimens were then tested under compression in order to determine the value of the Young's modulus for titanium alloy of grade 23 (Ti, Al, V, O, N, C, H, Fe, Y). The finite element method was executed using ANSYS mechanical to run a comparison between laboratory results with nominal results of the Young's modulus. Young's modulus value is affected by the 3D printing accuracy and quality, the material's quality as well; however, the deviation is within 10%.
Abstract
The need to decrease energy use represents a challenge particularly in developing countries, including Kosovo, considering the unsustainable, insufficient, and inconsistent energy supply. This contribution presents a simplified yet comprehensive approach to evaluate the energy performance improvement potential of three selected multi-family residential buildings using building energy models generated from calibrated and simplified input parameters. To this end, alternative retrofit measures were tested via a simulation-based parametric study. The energy benefit of each retrofit alternative was estimated and analyzed. Results are expected to provide valuable information towards outlining design guidelines for energy-efficient residential buildings in Kosovo.
Abstract
The paper compares different metaheuristics for using heat exchangers as a benchmark to estimate the best design parameter values using optimization efficient algorithms. Many MATLAB algorithms are used in this study. Also, an engineering equation solver, which is commercial software, is used to solve the issue. The design calculates three variables, which are the length, and inner and outer pipe diameter of the heat exchanger. The results showed that the best algorithms are particle swarm optimization, and when using this algorithm, the optimal design of the double pipe heat exchanger is as follows: the pipe length is 5.6734·10−1 m, the pipe inner diameter is 8.0203·10−3 m, and the pipe outer diameter is 2.2439·10−2 m.
Abstract
Application of leaf extracts in alkyd extract primer (AEP) to inhibit corrosion of mild steel was compared with performance of alkyd conventional primer (ACP) containing zinc phosphate and zinc chromate as inhibitors. The investigations were carried out through Gasometric technique in 5 °C steps of temperature increase from 25 to 50 °C in 1.0 M HCl as corrodent. The AEP of 34.24 percent actives compared with ACP of 56.57 percent actives gave the same inhibition efficiencies of 76.5%. Extract primer of lower percent active compared with conventional primer were cost effective and more potent than conventional primer.
Abstract
The air temperature in school buildings significantly affects the ability of students and teachers to focus on the educational process. Students usually begin to feel an increase the temperature in room. The purpose of this study is to find the limit of the temperature rise in the classroom when people no longer feel the temperature rise in the room. For this reason, several experimental measurements of indoor air parameters were carried out: air temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. Measured temperature differences and individual subjective ratings of audiences determined the dependence using mathematical statistics, from which can be determined the critical level of increase in air temperature at which people no longer perceive the change in air temperature.
Abstract
The design of pollution-free energy recovery systems has become an important goal by researchers as renewable energy is an alternative to traditional energy that depends on fossil fuels. In this work, a multifunctional electromechanical speed bump was invented to be used on the streets to generate clean, sustainable energy by utilizing and investing the kinetic energy of vehicles passing on the roads. The current model was designed to perform three functions simultaneously.
To measure the performance of the innovative speed bump system, a (simplified) prototype was made that simulates the work of the multifunctional bump. The results showed that the proposed initial speed bump model is a promising technology that can be applied as a clean, renewable energy source that can be easily applied in crowded streets.
Abstract
Multilevel inverters performance enhancement is a major topic, which has attracted the attention of most of the researchers, to evolve with newer topologies and modulation strategies. In this manuscript, two novel hybrid bidirectional multilevel inverter structures, which are suitable for bidirectional loads, are proposed. An enhancement in the voltage levels and reduction of the component count are achieved for these newly introduced structures. Modular expansion and series cascading are suggested systems for extension of the voltage levels. The prime requirement in most of the industrial drives is a controlled output. VSI fed induction motor drive satisfies this requirement. The Multicarrier PWM technique has been applied to the basic bidirectional seven level models and nine level model and its performance with induction motor as load has been analyzed for various modulation indices. The simulated results of the proposed structures are verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The characteristics such as stator current, rotor current speed and torque plots achieved as above model affirm that its performance is good. By then, the tracking time of the proposed work during reference speed change, load change and constant reference change is 0.185, 1.094 and 1.5 s. The tracking time of the VSI during reference speed change, load change and constant reference change is 0.5 s, 3.8 and 3.5 s. The tracking time of the MLI during reference speed change, load change and constant reference change is 0.2 s, 1.8 and 2 s.
Abstract
Owing to their elevated absorption coefficient, superior resistance to radiation and reduced effective electron mass, gallium antimonide (GaSb) semiconductors were documented to be suitable for photovoltaic systems applications. However, they were found to suffer from low efficiency. This work has been dedicated to enhance the design of GaSb based single-junction solar cells having window and back surface field made from AlGaAsSb material. The purpose is to maximize their electrical performance by considering doping and thickness of layers as design variables. A methodology of optimization was proposed. It is based on computer aided design through simulations performed under SILVACO-ATLAS software and a numerical procedure that was developed to achieve optimal design of this particular solar cell. The approach encompasses analysis of variance and derivation of response surface models to get explicit expression of the objective function corresponding to efficiency. The obtained results have shown an efficiency which is higher than all the previous known values established in literature.
Abstract
The demand for community involvement during the planning process is growing. Kosovo, to be in step with global development trends in the field of planning, has developed various projects in the name of public participation. The pilot project for the Brekoci informal settlement in Gjakova is an example of community-based planning. The purpose of this paper is to show the way of community involvement through unique methods explicitly designed for this community, as the tool “Express”, “Mark” and “Vote” and how the data obtained from these tools through spatial systems as Geographical Information System and DepthMapX, have generated the community's vision, which has resulted in the drafting of the urban regulatory plan. This plan represents a reflection of the local cultural context.
Abstract
Public space is the most important place for social life, but it is also part of the identity of the local community. This is particularly true in Komló, where the mining past is still a perceptible and integral part of local identity. Petőfi Square is the central square of Komló's Kökönyös district, an urban district center that preserves the memories of its past, but has not evolved with changing needs in the city for some time. The renewal of Petőfi Square and its surroundings was an environmental architecture task that built on local values, responded to the needs of local people and helped the development of community life, and had to cope with a number of parallel demands.
Abstract
The article is devoted to research of properties of the round convective air jet. The aim of this work is to establish universal graphical dependencies and empirical formulas for describing velocity and temperature fields over the entire range of development of round convective exhaust ventilation jet; development of an algorithm for solving the transcendent problem of determining the surface temperature of a heat source; introduction of velocity and temperature attenuation coefficients for round convective jet; visualization of its characteristics in the form of a 3D image; achieving reduction of metal consumption of the local exhaust ventilation system due to the overall optimization of the velocity and temperature fields of the round convective air jet.
Abstract
Development of control of a five degrees of freedom robot is discussed in this paper. Only two robots were made, and one of these is in the University of Miskolc. The robot was made in the 80s for educational purposes, the electronic components were obsolete and control software was missing, therefore it became necessary to perform hardware improvements, and develop a new control program. Inverse kinematics problem of the robot is solved by geometric approach to formulate the joint angles, which will form the basis of the control. A braking system containing electromagnets for the robot is constructed to balance it. A printed circuit board is designed to establish the control of the system, the central element is a Cypress PSoC 5LP platform. The development of the control program is performed in software PSoC Creator 4.4. The developed control system of the robot can receive instructions from a computer via a designed special purpose user program, which is written in Python programming language. Thanks to the improvements, the robot has become operational. Thus, the robot can serve educational purposes performing different manipulation tasks. By completing the developments, students can get to know the structure and programming of the robot, its inverse kinematics problem. This will require the development of practice-oriented tasks in the future.
Abstract
The article is devoted to solving of urgent problem: creation of staff work safety in the boiler room due to ensure of required conditions by natural ventilation. The aim of the work is to eliminate the main damage of the natural ventilation system of the boiler premise by using of compact air jet due to correction coefficients and updated results. Static and dynamic air pressure, difference of static pressure due to wind, aerodynamic coefficients and air balance for necessary nature ventilation of the boiler premise as well temperature correction coefficient are established. The update calculation dependencies for determining of the air static pressure and its volume flow rate in the boiler room have been obtained. Updated graph, monogram, and analytical equations for natural ventilation calculation of boiler room are presented.
Abstract
All the available information and uncertainties should be taken into account in a model to give correct answer to a stated problem and evaluate the performance of a structure. This study deals with the impact of parameter estimation uncertainty in extreme wind speeds on the assessed reliability index using frequentist approach. The peak-over-threshold approach with an automated threshold selection method is applied and bootstrapping is used to determine the 95% confidence interval of the estimated reliability index. Based on the results practical recommendations, i.e., a framework of this procedure are derived on how to handle peak-over-threshold in extreme wind speed models for the application of the proposed performance-based wind engineering design.
Abstract
In mechatronic-related applications, estimating orientation from a magnetic, angular rate, and gravity (MARG) sensor array is a significant topic. Representing attitude orientation is a well-known topic in the aerospace industry, where it plays a critical role in airplanes and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), but it has also gained relevance in other sectors. However, most of the sensors utilized are quite expensive, heavy, and large, making them unsuitable for modest applications. This paper examines the performance of several sensors in low-cost hardware and high-acceleration environments. A theorical method was adopted to estimate Euler angles by using accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer, and a robust and easy to implement method calibration was proposed to calibrate the MARG sensor without any external equipment. An experimental verification of the proposed calibration method was completed. The experimental results are then interpreted to provide an insight to advantages and disadvantages for using each sensor separately.
Abstract
This study evaluated the possibility of producing innovative glass-ceramic foams from zeolite-poor rock (Tokaj, Hungary) using alkali-activation and reactive sintering techniques. The composition and morphology of the samples were studied using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, and computed tomography techniques. The influence of various sintering temperatures on glass-ceramic foams was examined. It has been observed that zeolite-poor rock has a self-foaming capability. The heat treatment temperature affects the pore size and distribution as well as the technical characteristics of the obtained samples. The resulting glass-ceramic foams possess moderate thermal conductivity ranging from 0.11 to 0.17 W mK−1 and good compressive strength (1.5–4.4 MPa). The produced samples might be utilized for thermal insulation, which would have both economic and environmental advantages.
Abstract
In this paper, advanced DC-Link (DCL) based reversing voltage type Multilevel Inverter (MLI) topologies by compensating the difficulties in the conventional MLIs are reviewed. These topologies consist of less switching components and driver circuits when compared with conventional MLIs predominantly in higher levels. Consequently, installation area, total cost and hardware difficulties are reduced by increasing the voltage levels. The unipolar based Pulse Width Modulation Schemes (PWMS) will improve DCL inverters performance. This paper presents unipolar Multi-Reference (MR) based sine and space vector PWMS with single triangular carrier wave for generating required levels in output voltage. Comparison between UMR sine and space vector PWMS for DCL inverter topologies is presented in terms of Fundamental Output Voltage (FOV) and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). The research tries to establish the survey analysis for single-phase 7-level DCL based reversing voltage type MLI topologies with UMR based sine and space vector PWMs. Finally, to confirm the feasibility of proposed DCL-MLIs in terms of FOV and THD the simulation results are incorporated. Further, the prototype model is developed for single-phase 7-level DCL inverter with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based UMR sine and space vector PWMS to authenticate simulation results. The efficiency of the proposed cascaded MLI achieves the value of 99.003%.
Abstract
Public green spaces are very important in the urban structure, both on environmental and social level. Renovation may be necessary, but the process must involve complexity.
The objective of this research is to define the main criteria of a successful renovation process, using two case studies - the Lucius-Burckhardt-Platz in Kassel, Germany, and the ‘Parku i lodrave’ in the city of Peja, Kosovo, where the recent intervention had rather negative effects. The paper considered aspects as community activity, key functions, visual elements, accessibility, safety, well-being and maintenance.
The transformation of these spontaneously developed, liveable spaces into renewed but abandoned parks was explained by the lack of correlation between the analysis of function, public needs, and the dominance of aesthetics.
Abstract
Carbon-dioxide-based trans-critical power cycle is a novel technology for waste heat recovery. This technology can handle the high-temperature exhaust gas and can be built in a compact size, which is an important feature for the auxiliary equipment for an internal combustion engine. To obtain the best output, four configurations were constructed: the basic system; one with preheater, another with regenerator and a fourth with preheater and regenerator. Special features of supercritical CO2 make these cycles able to recover more energy than the traditional organic Rankine cycle. According to this study, heat regeneration increases thermal efficiency while preheating influences the net power output. Thus, it is beneficial to add both regenerator and preheater to the basic cycle.
Abstract
This work aims to highlight gravity segmental retaining walls with their varied advantages. The paper investigates the dynamic behavior analysis of segmental retaining walls. The stability analysis is conducted on the basis of a pseudo-static Mononobe-Okabe theory that provides safety factors against sliding and overturning failure. The results demonstrate that the crucial safety factor of internal stability is the safety factor against overturning. Moreover, the positive wall inclination angle contributes to an improvement in the stability of the segmental retaining walls and the effect of the vertical seismic coefficient on the stability can be disregarding. Finally, a new equation is proposed for the elementary design of the segmental retaining walls.
Methods for Creating an Architectural and Artistic Image of Penitentiary Complexes
Módszerek büntetés-végrehajtási intézetek építészeti és művészi arculatának kialakítására
The analysis of the world experience in the design, construction, and operation of penitentiary complexes revealed an urgent need to modernize the architectural environment of correctional institutions in post-Soviet countries. Several problems of the life of modern correctional institutions have been identified, namely: the inconsistency of the quality of their architectural environment with the modern needs of the penitentiary system; low level of adaptability and flexibility of urban planning, functional planning, and subject-spatial forms; morally outdated, emotionally negative, unaesthetic architectural and artistic image of penitentiary buildings and complexes. The purpose of this study was to identify traditional and innovative methods and means of forming an architectural and artistic image of penitentiary complexes for their further use in the field, covering their design and modernization. Based on the functional-typological and socio-psychological requirements, the criteria for harmonizing the architectural environment were determined and the patterns, methods, and means of creating a humane aesthetic architectural and artistic image of such complexes.
Abstract
This study focuses on exploring the impact of urban forms and vegetation combination patterns on the microclimate in a complex urban environment. Results shown that the closed urban form has higher air temperature resulting in pedestrians are easier to feel heat stress; instead, the open urban form usually has higher wind speed. Vegetation can effectively reduce wind speed while reducing the change rate of the mean radiant temperature. However, the effect on air temperature and humidity are most distinct in the morning. Trees and shrubs could improve the surrounding thermal comfort conditions by reducing heat stress, but this effect depends on the density of the leaf area. More importantly, study has not found that the ground cover plants contribute to the improvement of thermal comfort.
Abstract
This paper classifies the architecture, engineering, and construction enterprises in the South Transdanubia Region, Hungary, according to the size and function of the firms. It is a primary step for later investigation about the implementation of building information modeling in small and medium-sized enterprises within the region. It introduces digital construction in the sector, includes most construction firms based in the region, and systematically gathers data. It analyzes the data to introduce a new sorting method based on the local construction market, unlike the international classification, which leans on the global perspective.
Abstract
This paper focuses on the relationship between the composition of foam glass and its thermal conductivity and density. In this experimental research, three levels of glass particle size and foaming agent (SiC) quantity were tested. The results showed that the thermal conductivity increased by increasing the ratio of fine glass particles. On the contrary, the thermal conductivity was not affected by changing the foaming agent weight ratio. The density of foam glass increased by decreasing the foaming agent ratio, and there was no linear relation between the size of glass particles and the density of foam glass.
Abstract
Scour is the leading cause of bridge collapse beneath any bridge pier located within the waterway. A numerical-based hydraulic model named the Hydrologic Engineering Centre River Analysis System and a mathematical model of the Florida Department of Transport were implemented to investigate their performance and accuracy in estimating the maximum scour depth beneath bridge piers where large and small-scale physical prototypes are used as a benchmark. The main findings are that a hydraulic model is an effective tool when employing the Colorado State University equation, which compares well with physical prototypes irrespective of the variation in piers' size and shape. Also, it has achieved more consistent results than the Froehlich and the Florida Department of Transport methodologies.
Abstract
In the present study, a comparison has been conducted to investigate the efficiency of using the near-surface mounted steel bars technique for strengthening and repairing the damaged reinforced concrete corbels. Three configurations for installing the steel bars have been considered; horizontal, diagonal, and combined. Results revealed that is better to use this technique within the early stages of loading. Moreover, results proved that the strengthening by the diagonal scheme yielded a better response in terms of cracking and failure loads with values of 166 and 95% relative to the control specimen. Also, it is found that for damage of 45%, the horizontal arrangement yielded the highest failure load of 99% whereas for damage of 65%, the diagonal system yielded the optimum value of 50% relative to the control specimen.
Abstract
Speech scrambler is used to transform clear speech into an unintelligible signal to prevent eavesdropping. The speech scrambling algorithm involves the permutation of speech segments depending on a specific permutation matrix which may be fixed or dynamic during encryption. A fixed permutation matrix is easy to break and has given high residual intelligibility in the scrambled signal. The proposed scheme used a particle swarm optimization algorithm to generate a dynamic permutation array that can attain a high degree of security. The outcome of the scrambled speech signal does not have any residual intelligibility, and the quality of the descrambled speech is extremely satisfying, with zero mean squared error.
Abstract
One of the most expensive components of constructing a cellular network is frequency planning. The cost of building and maintaining a network will be reduced if a set of base stations can be established with minimal service and preparation. Planning and optimization are carried out to guarantee that the scarce frequency is used to its maximum capability. The goal of this paper is to provide an autonomous method for planning and optimizing frequency in cellular networks. The method substitutes the inefficient, inaccurate, and time-consuming manual method. The automatic technique makes work easier for radio frequency (RF) engineers and lowers operating costs. Also, this article provides an autonomous planning and optimization technique that reduces intra-system interference levels to acceptable levels within the key performance indicators (KPIs) set for any suitable cellular network.
Abstract
A mathematical model is developed to determine the steady-state electric current flow through in non-homogeneous isotropic conductor whose shape has a three-dimensional hollow body. The equations of the Maxwell's theory of electric current flow in a non-homogeneous isotropic solid conductor body are used to formulate the corresponding electric boundary value problem. The determination of the steady motion of charges is based on the concept of the electrical conductance. The derivation of the upper and lower bound formulae for the electrical conductance is based on Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Two numerical examples illustrate the applications of the derived upper and lower bound formulae.
Abstract
Based on the theory of space syntax, this study quantitatively analyzes the landscape space of Baosteel Zhanjiang Steel Co. Ltd., which is constrained by epidemic preventive measures and steel plant safety production requirements in the post-epidemic age. Space syntax has the benefits of decreasing research expenses, boosting analytical efficiency, assessing space use efficiency, minimizing environmental interference, and addressing epidemic prevention demands.
Abstract
Stretching periods between precipitations have been recorded, and an adjustment of the dispersion of rainfall over the long run could be seen. An expanded number of these peculiarities have additionally been affirmed by the international panel on climate change. Due to this adjustment of the reallocation of water and the effect of high urbanization, the sewerage frameworks are affected. The aim of the work was to compare simulations of the rain event on the combined sewer overflow due to the reduced water quality recorded in the Trnávka River. The current state and the proposed building modification were compared because the current hydraulic and construction modification of the combined sewer overflow is absolutely not corresponding to the environmental regulations.
Abstract
The present study aims at developing a non-destructive evaluation technique based on elastic wave scattering and the finite element method for the detection and evaluation of localized damage in rebar of reinforced concrete beams. Simulation of corrosion effect was taken for a tensile bar by creating a defect in this bar while the rest of the rebar and stirrups were kept unchanged. The study is based on comparison of propagation pattern of elastic waves in the presence and in the absence of defect. The proposed method was found capable to provide non-destructive evaluation of rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete beams, thus enabling diagnosis of reinforcement concretes structures attacked by corrosion. The obtained results can be further used to locate corroded areas.
Abstract
In this manuscript, the combination of IoT and Multilayer Hybrid Dropout Deep-learning Model for waste image categorization is proposed to categorize the wastes as bio waste and non-bio waste. The input captured images are pre-processed and remove noises in the captured images. Under this approach, a Nature inspired Multilayer Hybrid Dropout Deep-learning Model is proposed. Multilayer Hybrid Dropout Deep-learning Model is the consolidation of deep convolutional neural network and Dropout Extreme Learning Machine classifier. Here, deep convolutional neural network is used for feature extraction and Dropout Extreme Learning Machine classifier for categorizing the waste images. To improve the classification accurateness, Horse herd optimization algorithm is used to optimize the parameter of the Dropout Extreme Learning Machine classifier. The objective function is to maximize the accuracy by minimize the computational complexity. The simulation is executed in MATLAB. The proposed Multilayer Hybrid Dropout Deep-learning Model and Horse herd optimization algorithm attains higher accuracy 39.56% and 42.46%, higher Precision 48.74% and 34.56%, higher F-Score 32.5% and 45.34%, higher Sensitivity 24.45% and 34.23%, higher Specificity 31.43% and 21.45%, lower execution time 0.019(s) and 0.014(s) compared with existing waste management and classification using convolutional neural network with hyper parameter of random search optimization algorithm waste management and classification using clustering approach with Ant colony optimization algorithm. Finally, the proposed method categorizes the waste image accurately.
Abstract
Due to some failure during the flying of drone systems, it is necessary to design and analyse compact and changeble muti rotor drone systems by using softwares. Multi-engine aircrafts are the mechatronic systems consisting of body frame, electronic control systems, rotors and blades. In the simulations realized in this work special focus has been given to the body frame due to the presence of mechanical and electronic components inside. Analysis of different vibration and force effects occurring on the whole system during the flight with high accuracy is vital for the design process of multi-engine aircrafts. In this work, a novel design procedure has been applied for the multi-engine aircraft structures including 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 rotors and then the vibration and force effects occurring during the flight have been analyzed. As a result of detailed modal analysis carried out for different vibration frequencies, it has been observed that the vibration frequencies occurring during the flight vary between 7 and 10 Hz. Moreover, from the results obtained, it has been observed that the vibration frequency decreases while the number of rotors increased. As a result of these decreases in the vibration frequency, it has also been observed that the deformations in the body frame increased.
Abstract
The optimized chord and twist angle of the preliminary blade design through Blade Element Momentum theory are non-linear distributions, which adds to the complexity of blade manufacture and does not always guarantee the best aerodynamic performance. In this paper, the effect of the linearization on aerodynamic performance using Prandtl-Glauert correction model was investigated through four cases: case 1 and case 2 and case 3, where the chord and the twist angle are linearized and case 4, where sole chord is linearized. The effect of the linearization using Shen correction model while making a comparison to the linearization using Prandtl-Glauert correction model was also studied. The simulation is conducted for S809 wind turbine blade profile. The results show that case 4 using Shen correction model represents the best technique of linearization in terms of higher aerodynamic performance and easy manufacturing process.
Abstract
The water issue has become a frontier of public debate globally due to public awareness of sustainable development. Nigeria's water resources are under serious threat from inadequate catchment management that includes widespread pollution from indiscriminate waste disposal. Stormwater is now recognized as a valuable resource rather than a nuisance, especially in large urban centers. Growing demand for water has exerted pressure on groundwater via dug well and boreholes scattered virtually in every dwelling in Nigeria. This challenge motivated this investigation of the feasibility of harvesting stormwater for due purposes of supplementing water supply and flash flood management. This study aims at quantification of harvestable stormwater and identification of potential capturing sites using Spatial Hydrological Analysis of GIS model and Synthetic Hydrograph. The result indicated total harvestable stormwater for 24-hr rainfall of 161.3 Mm3 and three available capturing sites of eight depressions identified. This volume is a good incentive to incorporate storm harvesting in overall water resources sustainable management.
Abstract
As a result of rainfall in large quantities, the leachate generated under the municipal solid waste (MSW) is increased, which leaks to the groundwater aquifers and pollutes it. Accurate evaluation of leachate leaks levels has long been regarded as a problem in Iraq due to a lack of reliable data and costly measuring costs. This work proposes a novel fuzzy expert system to predict the pollution status of the underground water in sandy soils. The expert system consists of two subsystems; fuzzy logic system and crisp logic system. The expert system is trained using a data set developed by finite element analysis of sandy soil subjected to contamination materials.
Abstract
The mining industry, currently undergoing profound changes, is destined to play an increasingly important economic role in the province of Quebec, Canada. Activity in this sector, its real net impact on government tax revenue, the economy, society, and the creation of wealth, is the subject of much discussion. Occupational health and safety is a major preoccupation in the mining sector, in which considerable numbers of workers suffer workplace accidents or occupational diseases due to the use of industrial chemicals, compounding the problem of exposure to noxious substances that exist naturally in mines or are produced inevitably in the course of normal mining operations. Air in mines thus can become laden with a wide variety of chemical agents, in the form of suspended solids, liquid droplets, and vapors and gases. Long-term exposure to most of these agents can seriously harm the health of mineworkers. Prevention remains the key to avoiding the social and economic consequences of these hazards and will make mining a more attractive sector for investment and employment in Canada.
The principal focus of this study, presented in two articles, is to set a preliminary theoretical framework for categorizing chemicals in terms of their effects on the health of mineworkers throughout the various phases of mining projects. The objective is to decrease (over the long term) the number of occupational diseases due to the use of chemicals by raising awareness among employers and exposed workers in the mining sector.
This research was conducted in four phases. The first article presented a review of the literature [1] on the chemical aspects of health and safety in mining in the province of Quebec. In the present article, the findings on the recurrence of health problems attributable to chemicals encountered in mines and how these effects should therefore be ranked from an occupational health and safety perspective are presented. The results show that various forms of dermatitis are the most recurrent health and safety risk.
Revisiting the Geometry of the Transition Zone Using Filposh Squinches in Ardeshir Palace
A kupola és a kupoladob geometriájának vizsgálata az Ardesir palotában
Iranians invented squinches to cover a square-plan space with a dome. Filposh, a type of squinch first found in Sasanian architecture, is a conical vault constructed in the transition zone’s corners to transmit the dome’s forces and weight. This technique can be seen in three halls of the Sasanian palace of Ardeshir. In this paper, the geometry of the transition zone using filposh squinches between a spherical dome and the square supporting walls in Ardeshir Palace was re-examined. A historical descriptive method was employed to analyse the main drawings of the halls from the nineteenth century to the present, and two hypotheses concerning the geometry of the transition zone were modelled and evaluated. As a result, the hypothesis that the dome’s cross-section intersects the chamber’s square plan is rejected. Furthermore, the claim that the transition zone’s square plan circumscribes the dome’s cross-section was discussed and proven.
Abstract
The demand for automation using mobile robots has been increased dramatically in the last decade. Nowadays, mobile robots are used for various applications that are not attainable to humans. Omnidirectional mobile robots are one particular type of these mobile robots, which has been the center of attention for their maneuverability and ability to track complex trajectories with ease, unlike their differential type counterparts. However, one of the disadvantages of these robots is their complex dynamical model, which poses several challenges to their control approach. In this work, the modeling of a four-wheeled omnidirectional mobile robot is developed. Moreover, an intelligent Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) neural network control methodology is developed for trajectory tracking tasks, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is utilized to find optimized controller's weights. The simulation study is conducted using Simulink and Matlab package, and the results confirmed the accuracy of the proposed intelligent control method to perform trajectory tracking tasks.
Abstract
An enterprise framework based on the philosophy research approach to Information System (IS) features a holistic view in an industry that allows room for technological advancement, an industry with increasing expectations and demands for IS drives towards a more integrated framework and rethinking of the concept of delivering insightful outcomes. The specific features of IS in this study focus on the information criteria for the daily assignment of the railway industry operations through an industry enterprise framework. The study objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of emerging knowledge from structuring IS and enterprise framework stages and their mashup characteristics in designing a model-driven development framework. The outcome will be a design of a strategic performance framework for a typical strategic performance application as the most vital outcome indicators, to focus on understanding the baseline of technology revolution (Industry Revolution 5.0) achievement to measure the transformation expected and the railway industry evaluation, based on the year-on-year target will be established. The usage of decision-making systems and strategic applications has increased massively to fulfill various kinds of purposes for organizations, businesses, and individuals. In this case, a high-quality decision-making system and strategic application are required to ensure it provides the intended functionalities.
Város, lakókörnyezet, karakter. Fejezetek a budai Várnegyed történetéből című konferencia anyagából
Excerpts of the Conference City, Residential Environment, Character. Chapters from the History of the Buda Castle District
A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Építészeti Tudományos Bizottsága az Építészettörténeti, Építészetelméleti és Műemléki Állandó Bizottsággal együttműködve szervezte a 2022. május 12-én az Országos Levéltárban tartott tudományos konferenciáját a budai Várnegyed történetéről. A budai Vár területén zajló építkezések és bontások adták a tanácskozás aktualitását, melynek fő célja az volt, hogy a legavatottabb szakemberek – építészek, régészek, művészettörténészek – révén bemutassa a budai polgárváros fejlődését a 13. századtól a rendszerváltozásig. Az új kutatási eredmények ismertetésén túl, az előadók arra is felkérést kaptak, hogy tegyék mérlegre az egyes korszakok hozzájárulását a Várnegyed karakterének alakulásához: milyen értékeket hoztak létre, milyen hibákat követtek el, hogyan befolyásolták e zárt települési egység funkcióit, a benne zajló élet minőségét. Mindez hozzájárulhat ahhoz, hogy tárgyilagosabban ítélhessük meg, mi számít műemléki, építészeti vagy település léptékű értéknek, és hogyan kellene viselkednünk e területen, hogy ezen értékekből – és a Várnegyed karakteréből – minél többet megőrizzünk a jövő generációi számára.
A budai Várnegyed fejleszthetőségének városépítészeti vonatkozásai •
Történelmi városközpontok morfológiai adottságainak és rekonstrukciós folyamatainak összevetése
Questions at the Urban Scale on the Development of the Buda Castle District •
Comparing the Morphological Givens and Reconstruction Processes of Historical Urban Centres
A budai Várnegyed rekonstrukciója a második világháború után visszaadta a Polgárváros középkori és barokk léptékét és értékeit, ezeket kulturális, lakó és turisztikai funkciókkal töltve meg. A magyar főváros egyetlen integráns történelmi negyedeként őrzi történelmünk és építészetünk lenyomatai mellett a városépítő polgárság emlékét is. Ebből a történelmileg predesztinált szerepéből a századforduló dualizmusában tapasztalt hatalmi központ építések hasonlóan próbálták kimozdítani, mint korunk hatalmi törekvései, léptékben és jelentésben egy nagyobb szerepet megpróbálva ráerőltetni a budai polgárvárosra. A kis léptékű mozgásokat kiszolgáló középkori eredetű morfológia terhelhetőségének objektív szempontjai mellett számos nemzetközi példa is bizonyítja, hogy csakis olyan kulturális és lakó funkciók tehetik megélhető és sikeres városrésszé a budai Várnegyedet, amelyek képesek együtt élni az értékes történeti rétegekkel és azok léptékével. Ez a tanulmány a háború utáni rekonstrukció és a Nemzeti Hauszmann Terv által ma véghez vitt rekonstrukciókat nem egymással, hanem más európai történelmi városközpontok morfológiai adottságaival és rekonstrukciós folyamataival veti össze. A Space Syntax analízisek kimutatták, hogy a középkori eredetű városszövetek minden európai városban a 19. századi szövet mellett izolált, ám gyalogos szempontból integráns térrendszerrel bírnak, amely nem alkalmas a modern városok igazgatási és termelési funkcióit befogadni, ám megfelel a kortárs 15 perces élhető város fogalmának és a turisztikai térhasználatnak is. Az ilyen városközpontok közül a második világháborúban megsérült városszövetek rekonstrukciói közül a budai Várnegyed háború utáni rekonstrukciója nem lóg ki, sőt, megelőzte korát. A mai vári rekonstrukciós beavatkozások az újjáépítések módszerében nem lóg ki más európai folyamatok közül, de funkcióiban, a rekonstrukció által megcélzott történelmi kor kiválasztásában, valamint a társadalmi igények figyelembevétele terén nem követi a mai trendeket.
Remodelling a Medieval Net Vault Construction •
Case Study: The Apse Vault in the Catholic Church of Andocs
Középkori hálóboltozat szerkesztés újramodellezve •
Az andocsi templom szentélyboltozata
In the present study, we analysed the exact, laser-scanned geometry of the apse vault of the catholic church of Andocs. The written sources about this vault are very limited, however, the point cloud-based research could provide new details about the history of the building, along with the formerly used building techniques. For the analysis, we worked based on our three-step analysis process, established for net vaults. During the studying of the rib system, we reconstructed the probable original construction and building method, as well as the temporary supporting structures of the early 16th-century vault. The analysis of the individual ribs led us to conclusions about this vault, in the mirror of the widespread ideas of the topic’s technical literature, such as the “Prinzipalbogen” theory (all the ribs of a given net vault have the same curvature), or the principle of the longest route (the cumulated length of the ribs’ plan, which led from the impost to the crown with the longest possible route equals to the radius of the ribs’ curvature). Regarding the curvilinear rib elements, we presumed a likely fabrication method, based on contemporary research results. Mapping the webbing and the ribs, we concluded their building order, as well as the plausible masonry technique of the webs.
Abstract
A heat pipe is a heat conduction program that utilizes both heat permeability and regime shift concepts to transport heat effectively between 2 different lines. A heat pipe is made up of a pipe or tube and a base fluid. In practice, the heat pipe is poured into a mould that is compatible with the cooling media. These devices have found uses in a variety of fields, including space apparatus, solar energy systems, electronic equipment, and air conditioning systems, due to their simplicity of design and ease of manufacture and maintenance. Thermal performance improvement being the major concern in our project we researched different techniques. The heating surface area has a direct impact on heat transfer. Therefore, we have focused on heat enhancement by introducing grooves. Alongside we also considered using different materials for the pipe. At the end of our research, we are going to produce groove structure models with different materials and analyze them using ANSYS software and propose the best structures with highest thermal efficiency for different applications of heat pipes. This is an attempt to increase heat transmission in response to various material and structural changes. Heat transmission is improved with grooved heat pipes as well as heat transmission various with different types materials used in heat pipe.