Discover the Latest Journals in Architecture and Architectonics
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing, and constructing a building or structure, while architectonics is the scientific study of architecture itself. Architectural works are often considered important cultural symbols and works of art, and we often identify past civilizations with their architectural heritage.
Architecture and Architectonics
Abstract
The European Union's (EU) future will be fundamentally determined by innovation-based competitiveness. The study examines what characterized the EU's innovation status as a whole and its member states between 2017 and 2024. For the situation analysis, the study examines the development of the Summary Innovation Index (SII) values describing the innovation status of the member states using the ARIMA model and K-means clustering. The study estimates the expected innovation status of the EU and its member states in the medium term using the Linear Trend Model. The results show that innovation is the least coordinated area of the EU cohesion policy, as there is a significant gap in the innovation status of the member states. In the case of the two extreme innovation values, the difference is four times greater. By this ratio, the average innovation development of the Scandinavian states is higher than the development level of some Eastern European member states. The extrapolation results show that the innovation gap will likely persist in the medium term despite continuous modernization.
Abstract
Car body panels are one of the vehicle components that support the existence of the car interior and maintain the safety of passengers, especially in monocoque-type car bodies. Car panel materials, which generally use steel materials, have the disadvantage of being relatively heavy and having a short service life due to corrosion. To achieve higher energy efficiency in energy-efficient vehicles, honeycomb sandwich structures made of polymer composites, which are lighter in weight, can achieve a higher power-to-weight ratio. In this research, a polymer matrix composite material with a honeycomb sandwich structure was created and tested as an alternative material to replace steel for car body panels. Composite made from WR-200 Fiberglass as a reinforcing agent and SHCP 2668 CM-M resin as a bonding agent to determine the effect of the detailed honeycomb sizing, especially on the flexural strength and stiffness characteristics, have been used. Several specimens were made with variations in cell-pitch sizes of 20 and 40 mm, variations in the cell-height size of 10, 20 and 40 mm and variations in the thickness of the cell wall thickness obtained from the use of layers of Fiberglass of one, two and four layers. From the bending tests performed on all specimens, it was known that the highest flexural strength value have the specimens with a cell-pitch size of 20 mm, cell height of 10 mm and cell wall thickness of 4 layers of Fiberglass, namely 36.13 N mm−2. The specimen has the highest stiffness value with a cell pitch of 40 mm, cell height of 40 mm and cell wall thickness of 4 layers of Fiberglass, which is 338 N mm−1.
Abstract
Applying Machine Learning (ML) has seen rapid progress in many disciplines, such as architectural design. Recent research reveals promising potential for integrating ML in solving design problems. This paper explored how ML can serve as a tool to guide designing action. It conducted thematic analyses of ML experiments in the architecture domain to build a framework addressing two key aspects: the tasks achieved and the required training dataset. The paper found that ML mainly performs design generation, optimization, and recognition via classification and clustering. Three scenarios of design generation using ML have started from pre-design requirements and constraints, conceptual design, or parametric design. ML can predict design features based on prescribed performance or calculate performance metrics, based on varied design options. Design recognition classifies or clusters designs to detect their styles, typologies, and morphologies, besides tracking the process of best practices. The specifications of training datasets vary in terms of data sources as real or virtual, techniques for representing datasets as visual or textual, and the relationships between input and output datasets as refinement, embodiment, sorting, or evaluation. The findings revealed that ML has a wide range of experimentation and opens more opportunities for further integration in the design process.
Abstract
Systems based on mobile multirobots have gained considerable attention in the past two decades because of their efficacy and flexibility in various real-world applications. An essential component of these systems is multi-robot task allocation (MRTA), which concerns allocating tasks to mobile robots in an efficient manner. The effectiveness of MRTA is influenced by the size of the search space and computational time, and both increase substantially as the number of tasks and robots involved increases. This study introduces an effective solution to the MRTA problem by employing a two-stage approach. First, nearby tasks are automatically grouped into clusters by using an enhanced dynamic distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm. Second, mobile robots are assigned to the closest clusters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. Simulations are conducted to compare the proposed method with particle swarm optimization and differential evolution approaches. Numerical results confirm that the proposed approach exhibits highly competitive performance in terms of clustering cost, clustering time, and overall time (clustering and assigning time). This approach is advantageous for real-world applications involving numerous robots and targets.
The Operation of the Local Sections of the Hungarian Association of Engineers and Architects Between the Two World Wars Through the Example of the Pécs Section
A Magyar Mérnök- és Építész-Egylet vidéki osztályainak működése a két világháború között a pécsi osztály példáján keresztül
The aim of the Hungarian Association of Engineers and Architects as a professional and interest association, which had been in operation since 1867, was to promote mutual acquaintance, exchange of ideas, discussion of conventions and professional issues, the creation of a library, the publication of journals and books, and the establishment of a provident fund. From the beginning of the 20th century, the Association sought to concentrate technical professionals from the countryside into local sections, hence preventing the establishment of independent countryside associations. During the Dual Monarchy (1867–1918), 16 sections in the countryside were set up, and 4 more between the two world wars. The one in Pécs had been operating since 1930. The study describes the functioning of local sections, their relationship with the parent association and analyses their membership. It traces the history of the Pécs Section from its establishment to its liquidation in 1946, covering the changes in the composition of membership, the tasks and work of the officers, and the activities of this section as well as its relation to the Association. Among such activities, historical sources, recorded lectures, debates, field trips, social dinners, soirees, and exhibitions. Most of the members of the Pécs Section were engineers, as in the parent association, who worked in various technical offices in the city, such as the Hungarian Railways (MÁV) offices and in the coal mines of the Danube Steamship Company (DGT). However, the architects were also very active in the life of the Pécs Section, organising lectures, debates and exhibitions. The most significant local event of the period between the two world wars was the association’s 1936 travelling assembly held in Pécs, and the 1941 field trip. Despite the late establishment of the Pécs Section it was the largest and one of the most active local sections of the Hungarian Association of Engineers and Architects.
Abstract
This paper examines a civil law legal institution, contractual freedom, from an economic perspective in connection with economic freedom. The paper investigates the following cases, as the economic freedom of a given national economy is measured in four main areas: the size of government, legal system and property rights, sound money, freedom to trade internationally and regulation of credit, labour markets and business life. In the Economic Freedom of the World 2022 Annual Report, Hungary ranked 55th in the global ranking with an overall score of 7.12, compared to 44th in 2000, with a score of 7.03. Neither the change in score nor the ranking is significant. However, the fact that the country has fallen further behind in this international ranking is not encouraging.
Abstract
The power can be taken from the ICE crankshaft is a function of the continuously changing adhesion coefficient between the tire and the road surface and the normal force of the wheel. In order to maximize vehicle dynamic performance, Torsen differentials were developed change the power transmission ratio between the wheels or axles depending on the tractive force can be transmitted. The Torsen T-2 differential having internal kinematic ratio i = −1, can be used both as a front and rear as well as a central differential. The torque ratio between the axles connected via Torsen T-2 differential is ensured by the high internal mechanical friction, can be derived from the axial tooth force component of the helical gear drive applied.
The aim of this study is to create a general mathematical model of the Torsen T-2 standard construction. Using this model enables to perform a detailed kinematic analysis of the operation of the entire mechanism. This model will be created by the motion of the gears since coordinate systems are ordered to each moving gears. Based on the Connection I statement the conjugated gear profiles of the gear pairs can be determined by mathematical and computational ways. After that, the CAD models of the gears can be created using 3D software for further finite element analysis. These CAD models are also required for computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and CNC programming. We prove the usefulness of the model in the case of creating a concrete geometric facility produced by 3D printing.
A budapesti államszocialista kislakótelepek környezetének vizsgálata a 15 perces városmodell elvein keresztül
Examination of the State Socialist Housing Estates’ Environment in Budapest Through the Principles of the 15-Minute City Model
Az elmúlt évek városépítészeti hívószava a 15 perces város volt, melynek célja az újépítésű városrészek és a kortárs városrehabilitációk számára egy urbanisztikai keretrendszert, útmutatót nyújtani. Nemzetközi és hazai kutatások is vizsgálták már a kortárs lakóparkokat és az államszocialista nagylakótelepeket ezen keretrendszer alapján. Pont ezért a kutatás alaphalmaza a kislakótelepek lettek, melyek egyfelől a nagylakótelepekkel szemben / ellen / helyett valósultak meg, másfelől pedig a kapitalista lakóparkok előképeként szolgáltak az államszocialista időkből. Ezen kettőség mellett az 1945–1990 között épült budapesti kislakótelepek téri viszonyai egy eddig feldolgozatlan téma. Ám a több mint 100 db esettanulmánynak köszönhetően ez a vizsgálat lehetőséget teremt ezen lakhatási forma részletesebb megismerésére, és a 15 perces városmodell módszertanának kipróbálására, fejlesztésére. Vajon a kislakótelepek megfelelnek-e a 15 perces város keretrendszerének? Vagy a kislakótelepek környezete beleolvad Budapest nagy rendszerébe, s a városban betöltött lokáció (zóna) az, mely meghatározza a közvetlen szomszédság karakterét? Ezen kérdések megválaszolásához a 15 perces városmodell városépítészetileg releváns három elvén – közelség, sűrűség, diver-zitás – keresztül vizsgáltam Budapest összes 1945–1990 között épült kislakótelepének 15 perc sétálással elérhető környezetét hivatalos térképek segítségével. A kutatásban használt adatok leginkább az épített környezet leírására szűkülnek (pl. lakásszám, szintterületi mutató, beépítési mód), ám a tágabb kontextus (pl. lakosságszám, vásárlóerő) megjelenítése is realizálódik.
Abstract
The prosthetic feet available in the market are characterized by high costs and are made of carbon fiber materials, fiberglass, or silicone-coated wood. This study aims to design and manufacture a prosthetic foot to enhance biomechanical performance and user comfort and mimic the natural movement of the human foot; the foot will be designed and manufactured from low-cost materials, namely carbon fiber filaments, using 3D printer technology. The practical part consists of tensile, fatigue tests, and manufacturing the foot using a 3D printer. In this study, the ANSYS program will also analyze the designed model numerically to determine the stresses generated when applying the assumed body weight to the foot model. The results showed that the model is successful in terms of design and does not suffer any mechanical failure during use, in addition to the success of the selection of the material used in the manufacturing process due to its mechanical properties, where the yield stress value = 36.4 MPa, the ultimate stress value = 58.39 Mpa and Young's modulus = 1.23 GPa.
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to establish the relationship between surface roughness and erosion processes of Ba35brass pipes subjected to abrasive particles. Brass samples were prepared with different levels of surface roughness, obtained by polishing using abrasive papers of various grain sizes: P80, P120, and P320. These samples were eroded using a recirculating erosion test bench. To analyze the erosion kinetics, the surface roughness values (Ra and Rz) as well as the cumulative mass loss were measured at specified time intervals. In parallel, mathematical models were developed to simulate the evolution of surface roughness and cumulative mass loss, based on optimization methods. The results show that rougher surfaces, such as those prepared with P80 grit paper, record a higher erosion rate, reaching 0.47 mg/h, compared to smoother surfaces, such as those obtained with P320 paper, whose rate is 0.19 mg/h. The developed mathematical models indicate that the surface roughness follows an exponential decrease, while the cumulative mass loss shows a logarithmic growth. Furthermore, a linear correlation was highlighted between the erosion rate and the surface roughness. This study highlights the crucial importance of surface roughness in erosion processes and provides guidelines for optimizing the design and maintenance of cast iron pipes.
Abstract
This paper emphasizes the role of fuel substitution in mitigating vibrations and enhancing the performance and reliability of internal combustion engines (ICEs). Using MATLAB for modal analysis, the study investigates natural frequencies and identifies potential resonance issues within critical engine components. The primary focus is on analyzing a four-stroke single-cylinder engine under various speeds and measuring the effects of fuel type on engine performance and efficiency. A comparative assessment evaluated vibration levels between natural gas and petrol by measuring engine vibrations across a range of speeds and analyzing the impact of varying dimensions of internal moving components on performance parameters. Results indicate minimal differences between the engines at lower speeds (1,500–2,000 rpm), while significant increases in vibrations were observed at higher speeds (2,500–3,000 rpm) for the gas engine, highlighting potential mechanical instability. At higher speeds, vibrations peak at the top of the engine, reaching 200 m s−2 with petrol and 240 m s−2 with natural gas. The experimental setup, including accelerometer modules and control systems, enabled real-time vibration monitoring. Numerical results showed that the longest connecting rod (197 mm) yielded the highest displacement, velocity, and acceleration metrics. These findings underscore the advantages of using natural gas as a fuel, including its availability, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly nature, as it produces significantly lower harmful emissions compared to petrol. Additionally, the study offers insights into vibration-damping mechanisms and the influence of modifications to internal moving parts, such as crankshaft diameter and connecting rod length, on engine performance and stability.
Abstract
Recent advances have enabled solid waste byproducts to effective soil amendment in order to minimize the use of inorganic fertilizers and increase crop yields to provide food for a high-population world. This review aims to summarize the essential nutrients required for crop production, the ability of nutrient supply of solid waste byproducts as soil conditioners, and its impacts on plant growth and soil properties. This paper analyzes the sources of plant nutrients, functions, symptoms of deficiency, and corrective measures. This review analyzed the byproducts of municipal solid waste compost, waste biomass, biochar, farmyard manure, press-mud molasses, vinasses, olive mill waste, spent mushroom compost and fly ash (FA), cow dung vermicomposting with FA, FA mixed with biochar, sewage sludge-FA mixture, fiber sludge, sewage sludge, bauxite residue, poultry waste to determine their ability to supply nutrients, affecting plant growth and soil properties significantly. This review also discusses the challenges associated with solid waste byproducts used in agricultural soil amendment on the environment and human health and possible future strategies to be adopted. Overall, this review provides insights to farmers about the use of solid waste byproducts as soil conditioners for the enrichment of essential nutrients and soil properties in farming soil.
Abstract
This study investigates the utilization of biochar (WHBC) from water hyacinth biomass (WHBM) for sustainable soil amendment to improve soil quality. WHBM and WHBC are prepared and characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For that, physiochemical, proximate, ultimate, and elemental analyses are done and characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) to identify the suitability of soil amendment. WH biomass is carbonized with a limited air supply in a muffle furnace, and the study found that 300–664 °C temperature is the optimum condition for producing biochar from TGA. XRD of WHBC displayed more crystallinity than WHBM. FTIR of WHBC showed higher carbon stability increment than WHBM. The SEM micrograph of WHBM showed that compact, and fibril structures and WHBC revealed macroscopic changes that can significantly improve the soil properties. EDAX analysis of WHBM and WHBC proved that various soil nutrients can be helpful for plant growth. The study shows that WHBM can be utilized as a soil quality amendment material by converting it to biochar and an effective material for carbon storage in soils.
Abstract
The goal of this study is to develop a linear disturbance rejection control (ADRC) based on transfer-function approach. The proposed control strategy is applied to control the angular position of knee joint for rehabilitation purpose. The Extended State Observer (ESO) is the core of ADRC strategy and the performance of all ADRC controllers are assessed based on tracking and estimations errors due to controller and observer, respectively. The transfer-based approach of ADRC (TFADRC) is characterized by simplicity and direct control design. A comparison study in performance between conventional linear ADRC (CLADRC) and TFADRC approach has been made. The results based on numerical simulation showed that the proposed approach gives better tracking performance compared to conventional one. Based on Root Mean Square of Error (RMSE) metric, the TFADRC gives less tracking error (0.0205 rad) under load disturbances than that based on CLADRC (0.0547 rad). Moreover, better noise rejection capability can be obtained by TFADRC as compared to the conventional one. However, the price of better performance gained by TFADRC is to actuate higher level of control signal compared to its counterpart.
Abstract
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are widely used in modern industrial applications due to their high efficiency, reliability, and compact size. However, faults in PMSMs, such as stator winding failures, can lead to significant performance degradation and operational failures. Traditional fault detection methods often rely on signal processing and manual analysis, which may be time-consuming and lacking in accuracy. This study explores the application of deep learning techniques for automated fault detection in PMSMs. The deep learning models based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are employed to classify electrical faults in the motor data, which includes the scalogram images of stator current signal allowing models to learn fault patterns. The performance of the used networks has been compared, in order to choose the reliable one for classification purposes and hence to be utilized for developing the prediction system. The experimental results show that the ResNet50 has better capability to classify the variation of data used where it could achieve 100% of accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 score as compared to other techniques.
Abstract
This study evaluated the strength properties of concrete produced with palm bunch ash–calcined anthill clay (PBA-CAC) as pozzolans. Two groups of palm bunch ashes were produced: ashes generated by burning only palm bunches (PBA) and ashes obtained by blending palm bunches and anthill clay at elevated temperatures (PBA-CAC). The PBA and PBA-CAC satisfied the requirements of Class C pozzolans. The concrete constituents were batched by mass, and the cement–fine aggregate–coarse aggregate ratio was 1:2:4. The cement content was partially substituted with PBA and PBA-CAC at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, with the 0% specimen serving as the control. The concrete cubes were cured for 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days, whereas the concrete cylinders and beams were cured for 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. The 28th day strength values of the control specimens exceeded those of the PBA and PBA-CAC concrete specimens. By the 90th day of curing, the strength values of the specimens produced with 5% PBA and 5% PBA-CAC exceeded those of the control specimen. The PBA-CAC specimens generally had higher values of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength than PBA specimens containing the same amount of pozzolan.
Abstract
Current digital education operates as a push-system, despite the content and subject characteristics suggesting a need for a pull-system. One of the features of the push-system is a tool-centered approach, where the focus on tools, including both hardware and software, is the belief that it is possible to build knowledge inventory. The consequences of the push digital education approaches are that (1) the fundamental concepts of Computer Science are not being transferred, (2) the lack of the development of supporting methods, (3) and education does not seem to be interested in revealing the root causes and to be open for fundamental changes. This paper proposes the extension of the theory of the industrial pull systems to present as a potential solution to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of digital education and reduce or eliminate data processing inefficiencies generated by undereducated but misled end-users. In addition to theoretical discussions, it also delves into the detailed analysis, design, implementation, and testing of a real-world data processing problem. The presented problem, its analysis, solution, and accompanying discussion reveal how one of the tools (kanban) of lean production can be adapted to support the Just-in-Time philosophy in digital education, focusing on end-user programming.
Abstract
This research highlights the role of sustainability aspects focusing on socio-cultural parameters and environmental performance in designing more comfortable and sustainable shelters. Following a two-mixed method approach, on the one hand, a comparative analysis is presented of IKEA Better Shelter, Rwandan Mud-Brick, and Nepali shelters by examining the cultural integration into their design (traditional layouts and shared spaces), their adaptability, and their environmental performance. On the other hand, a qualitative survey determines the level of satisfaction regarding space, comfort, social interaction, and cultural fit among residents. The results show that traditional building methods with the use of local materials, offer high privacy levels, excellent thermal and acoustics comfort, good cultural appropriateness and minimal environmental impact.
Abstract
Energy strategies at the international level increasingly support the utilization of hydrogen for energy purposes. One way to do this is to mix hydrogen into natural gas, which is delivered by the network to the combustion equipment of consumers. The paper examines the expected changes that will occur if the maximum amount of hydrogen permitted by law is mixed into the natural gas network. According to our results, the inflowing heat quantity in the gas has decreased, which is compensated by the increased flow rate due to the reduced density. The flame image changes spectacularly, the flame becomes lower, the half-cone angle increases in case of hydrogen mixing. Another noteworthy result is that the temperature of the equipment's burner did not change significantly as a result of mixing.
Abstract
This article aims to achieve the hardening of geopolymer binder-based metakaolin under the same setting time and hardening temperature as traditional cement. It studied the hardening of the geopolymer binder-based metakaolin at two temperatures of 60 °C and room temperature using different liquid-to-solid ratios of 0.8, 0.95, and 1.1. The bulk density, compressive strength, sitting times, thermal conductivity, and microstructure were measured for geopolymer binders. Based on the specified range for cement characteristics, the geopolymer binder was solidified at room temperature, utilizing a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.8 to achieve optimal results stratified according to the cement's ideal characteristics. It had a bulk density of 1.264 g cm−3, compressive strength of 19.12 MPa, initial setting time of 288 min, final setting time of 358 min, and thermal conductivity of 0.49 W m−1 K.
Abstract
Cities worldwide are undergoing sustainable transformations driven by environmental, societal, and economic concerns. This includes improving living standards and addressing global challenges such as climate change and pollution. Urban planning strategies are being re-evaluated, emphasizing the expansion of green spaces. Pécs, Hungary, exemplify this trend through projects like the “Green Gate,” focusing on new pedestrian walkways and increased green areas. To optimize the project's impact, emphasis is placed on integrated water management and considering elements inspired by the “sponge city” concept for flood mitigation. The goal is to assess potential outcomes and feasibility in a real-world setting.
Abstract
Phase change material in conjunction with a passive latent heat thermal energy storage approach is a potentially effective way to solve the growing concerns about building energy usage. This research examines the thermal performance of building envelopes in Miskolc, Hungary. The factors impacting the thermal performance of phase change material integrated into the building envelope were assessed. The findings indicate that the enthalpy and melting temperature of the phase change material significantly impact the effectiveness of phase change material-based walls. It was determined the optimal location of the phase change material layer is possible. This determination is intricately related to the thermal properties of the phase change material and the prevailing environmental conditions.
Abstract
Saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a priority for the construction sector. Heating of buildings requires the burning of fossil fuels, which can be significantly reduced by insulating the building envelope. Nowadays, the thermal insulation of buildings is essential. There are several important, well-known data about most thermal insulation materials, but there is only negligible information about the change of their properties under installation conditions or if they are already exposed to additional stresses due to structural failures and damages. This study aimed to examine the changes in properties of three common thermal insulation materials when installed in a flat roof or facade and exposed to excess moisture due to the damage of waterproofing or façade and/or when exposed to direct strong sunlight.
Abstract
Line scan cameras have found wide applications across various industrial sectors, serving as a valuable tool for inspecting products on conveyor belts and ensuring the quality of bulk materials. At the University of Miskolc, a system using a line scan camera was deployed to measure the rotational speed of high-speed rotating parts. This measurement process has already proven its effectiveness. The success of the measurement heavily depends on the system's ability to identify suitable measurement points within the image. This paper demonstrates the process of selecting these measurement points, the line of interest, in a dynamic setting through the application of a statistical image analysis approach.
Abstract
With the corrosion resistance of glass fiber reinforced polymer bars, the durability of concrete structures can be improved. The tensile strength of a glass fiber reinforced polymer bar is primarily dependent on the tensile strength of the fibers and the total cross sectional area of the fibers, which are determined by the nominal diameter of the bar and the volume fraction of the fibers. Furthermore, the uneven distribution of fibers due to the manufacturing process may have a degrading effect. However, the shear lag effect also influences the strength of the bar, as it causes an uneven normal stress distribution among the individual fibers of the glass fiber reinforced polymer bars. Numerical modeling of a standard tensile test setup of a glass fiber reinforced polymer bar was performed to investigate the intensity of the shear lag effect at varying fiber volume fractions. Fibers and matrix were modeled separately assuming the matrix as an embedding continuum around the individual, non-contacting, evenly arranged, parallel fibers. The results were in good agreement with the manufacturer's data. The shear lag effect was shown to be more prominent at higher fiber volume fractions.
Abstract
Scour around bridge piers threatens bridge stability. This study uses the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System to improve depth estimates for various pier shapes. The Colorado State University and Froehlich equations were tested with a one-dimensional model calibrated for circular, square, rectangular, oblong, oval, and cylindrical piers. Sensitivity analysis identified coefficients K2, K3, flow velocity, and depth as key factors, with K2 being most significant. The Colorado State University equation overestimated scour depths, especially for square piers. The Froehlich method provided more accurate predictions, confirming the system's value in hydraulic modeling for bridge stability analysis.
Abstract
In emerging economies, social entrepreneurship is becoming more widely recognized as a means of optimizing societal value. Examining the impact of emotional intelligence on students' intentions to pursue social entrepreneurship is the primary goal of this research project. The university students in Bangladesh were the study's target population. An online survey with self-administered questions was created to gather data from 334 Bangladeshi students. This study is exploratory and quantitative in nature. For this study purpose non-probability random sampling and convenience methods were applied to collect the data. Reliability was considered to be measured with a Cronbach's alpha (α) value of 0.70 or above. The study found the reliability of the constructs like self-awareness (α = 0.868), self-management (α = 0.895), social awareness (α = 0.867), relationship management (α = 0.948), and social entrepreneurial intention (0.864). The model was evaluated and the hypotheses were confirmed using SPSS v26.0 at the 5% significance level. Furthermore, this study's findings show 0.678 percent, or 67.8%, of the variance in Social Entrepreneurial Intention, which is valuable for the body of knowledge in this field of study. These findings could help academics, community organizations, non-governmental organizations, government, and civil society develop successful policies and initiatives to support students' plans to grow their social entrepreneurship in Bangladesh.
Abstract
The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molarity in Self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) is essential for activating the precursor and aggregate to develop strength, workability, and microstructure. In this study, SCGC mixes prepared with 50% fly ash (FA) and 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to investigate fresh and hardened properties with NaOH molarities (M) ranges from 8 to 16, the ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH kept constant at 2.5 and ratio of alkaline solution to the binder at 0.45 with 2% SP for the polymerization process. SCGC workability studies indicate the NaOH concentration increased, the slump flow decreased, and 14 M was the optimum molarity. The compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength results showed 39.4 MPa, 4.72 MPa, and 5.91 MPa at 28 days. The C–S–H gel enhanced the strength qualities studied from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscope showed microstructural densification of the entire system, which improved with the NaOH concentration, and the strength increased with the degree of polymerization and polycondensation. Hence, based on workability, the optimized NaOH concentration is 14 M with binder contents of FA (50%) and GGBS (50%). This study helps to improve the microstructure and strength properties with potential cost implications of SCGC.
Abstract
This paper explores innovative and contemporary approaches to preserving and repurposing Mongolian temples, with a focus on maintaining their cultural and historical significance while adapting to modern needs. It examines the unique architectural and cultural aspects of these temples, the challenges they face, and presents design and preservation strategies that can ensure their continued relevance.
Abstract
This study examines the connection between repository structure, productivity, and management practices in software development collaboration. Analyzing open-source projects, it finds higher collaboration in Multi repository teams than in Mono repository teams, implying a nuanced interaction with team size. Effective management and well-structured architectures correlate positively with productivity, emphasizing strategic management's importance for optimizing collaboration and efficiency in software projects.
Abstract
Geothermal energy is increasingly promising for residential use due to rising energy costs and environmental awareness. This work experimentally examines the impact of pipe distribution on the heat pump's performance at varying temperatures for both the incoming water and the ground. The pipes are buried in the soil, distributing them on layers of varying depths up to a depth of 2 m, separated by insulating layers. The quantities of heat gained in the evaporator and released in the condenser are calculated to determine the coefficient of performance of the heat pump. It was found that at the same temperature, the total heat loss in the soil is larger in the case of water entering from the bent pipe towards the great depth compared to water entering from the direct pipe, but the heat gain is larger in the case of water entering from the direct one.
Karácsony Rita „A műegyetemi építészoktatás 1945-56 között - Az építészeti fordulatok személyes történetei” című PhD-értekezésének vitája
Simon Mariann és Haba Péter opponensi véleményével
Rita Karácsony: „Teaching Architecture at the Budapest University of Technology between 1945 and 1956 - Personal Stories of Architectural Turns”
Public Discussion of the PhD Thesis (Opponent’s Opinions by Mariann Simon and Péter Haba)
A nyilvános vita 2024. szeptember 19-én zajlott le a Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetemen a Csonka Pál Doktori Iskola szervezésében. A Bíráló Bizottság elnöke Ferkai András, tagjai Ordasi Zsuzsanna és Wettstein Domonkos, titkára Székely Márton, az értekezés opponensei Simon Mariann és Haba Péter voltak. Témavezető Vukoszávlyev Zorán, BME, Építészettörténeti és Műemléki Tanszék. Az alábbiakban az értekezés téziseit, Simon Mariann és Haba Péter opponensi véleményét, valamint a véleményekre adott választ közöljük.
Examining the Impact of Social Factors on Spatial Desirability of Urban Neighbourhoods
A Case Study of Yazd City, Iran
Társadalmi tényezők hatása a városnegyedek területi vonzerejére
Esettanulmány Yazd városáról / Irán
The increasing importance of neighbourhoods in urban planning, combined with an enhanced focus on the social aspects of designing desirable communities and societies, has emanated the necessity of developing a clear understanding of spatially desirable neighbourhoods. When considering various dimensions of social vitality and existing urban planning norms for residential neighbourhoods, it appears essential to consider and integrate both social and spatial aspects to formulate a desirable community. This article examines the impact of social factors on spatial desirability and vitality of residential neighbourhoods in the context of Iran. The historic city of Yazd has been selected as the case study. Following thorough evaluation of existing neighbourhoods in the city, three study areas have been selected for detailed study; Zortosht neighbourhood, Shahrak University residential complex and Baqiyatullah Azam residential complex. Based on the nature of this study, a qualitative method has been adopted to conduct this research. Extracting from the literature review, three factors of safety and security, sense of attachment to place and social interaction are among the most important socio-cultural factors that can affect the social vitality of a neighbourhood. After the content analysis of the interviews (through semi-structured questionnaires) from the stakeholders and residents of the study areas, observation and documentation of physical and spatial structure of the neighbourhoods and analysing data by interrelating social, as well as spatial aspects, the study concluded that social and spatial aspects are interconnected and both are impacting each other to result in social vitality and spatial desirability of a neighbourhood. Moreover, it was observed that spatial layout of neighbourhoods can increase the potential for social vitality and liveliness. Finally, research recommends design policies for socially integrated and spatially desirable neighbourhoods in the context of Iran, which may be applicable in other similar contexts too.
Geology, Architecture and Archaeological Overview of Four Ancient Rock-Cut Tombs in the Theban Necropolis at el-Khokha (Egypt)
Egyiptomban található négy sziklába vágott sír geológiai, építészeti és régészeti áttekintése (Thébai nekropolisz, el-Khokha)
Egyptian Dynasties, noble families and privileged people used the Theban Mountain for funerary purposes. The study site is located on the west bank of the River Nile in Upper Egypt, near Luxor. The use of this necropolis was long-lasting. Four tombs were studied, representing the late Old Kingdom, the First Intermediate Period and the 18th and 19th Dynasties of the New Kingdom. The tombs were reused as dwellings till the end of the past century, reflected in the alteration of the original structures. The paper describes the complex excavation history of the Theban necropolis. It provides an overview of the geological conditions of the region with a special focus on Tarawan Chalk, which is the host formation of the tombs, and briefly describes the overlaying Esna Shale and Thebes Limestone formations. The most important rock properties and their field appearance are also considered. Besides geological conditions, the current study includes the archaeological and architectural description of the four studied tombs, TT 184, TT 185, TT 412 and TT 413 (TT=Theban Tomb). It explains these tombs’ complex geometries and architectural elements with ground plans and cross-sections. The current conditions of the interiors and exteriors of the tombs, as well as the preservation of wall paintings, are richly illustrated. An overview of possible preservation measures and protection of these tombs is also given, aiming to provide data for further archaeological works and restoration projects.
Abstract
Corrosion of steel tubes represents a major challenge for various industries, leading to significant economic and environmental impacts, such as material losses, operational interruptions and safety risks. This study focuses on the metallurgical, chemical and mechanical characterization of corroded steel tubes operating in mining installations using metallographic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS studies, chemical analysis and micro-hardness measurements. The results reveal the existence of a considerable extent of corrosion, of which, the main corrosion products are magnetite – 72% and goethite – 18.1 associated with corrosion. The corroded tubes measured 0.128% carbon, against 0.23% in new tubes, indicating a loss in weight and mechanical strength properties. The observed tensile strength for the new tubes was 481 MPa while the same for the corroded tubes was to a large extent lower. Furthermore, metallographic examination indicates that indeed the structure is ferrite pearlite as to the composition. This study indicates that 304 L or 316 L stainless steels may be utilized which have better corrosion-protecting coatings thus prolonging service life and reducing maintenance activities.
Abstract
This study conducts an in-depth numerical analysis of debonding behavior in composite structures, with a particular focus on the critical role of thermal effects. Utilizing a frictional contact cohesive zone model, the research characterizes the debonding process while sequentially integrating thermal analysis to assess the impact of thermal loading. A thermomechanical coupled model is developed and implemented using the finite element software ABAQUS. The model's accuracy is validated through the Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) test, ensuring reliable results. The methodology involves a detailed finite element analysis, where thermal loads are applied to composite specimens, followed by mechanical loading to simulate debonding. The frictional contact cohesive zone model accurately captures the interface behavior under varying thermal conditions. Quantitative results indicate that thermal loading significantly affects the debonding process, with a noticeable increase in debonding initiation and propagation rates, highlighting the critical influence of thermal effects on structural integrity.
Ihletett alkotószellem
Nagy Elemér hagyatékban őrzött tervei az elméleti munkásság tükrében
Inspired Creativity
Designs from the Personal Archive of Elemér Nagy in the Perspective of his Theoretical Oeuvre
Nagy Elemér (1928–1985) tervezőként és teoretikusként egyaránt kiemelkedő életművet teremtett. Épülettervekben és elméleti munkákban gazdag életművének jelentős hányada jól megismerhető. Épületeit magas minőségben publikálta a Magyar Építőművészetben. Történeti, elméleti munkásságának eredményeit cikkekben és könyvekben is közreadta. Ezeken felül előadásokat, kiállításokat szervezett. Korai halála utáni visszaemlékezésekben életrajza több helyen is felidézésre került, munkáiból kiállítás készült. Ugyanakkor még egy ilyen jól dokumentált pálya képét is árnyalja és gazdagítja a Gyenesdiáson őrzött és mind ez ideig feltáratlan szakmai hagyatékának felkutatása. Különösen érdekes a tervezői és elméletírói pálya összefüggéseinek vizsgálata. Kutatásom célja annak felderítése, hogy Nagy Elemér elméleti érdeklődése mennyiben befolyásolta hagyatékban őrzött terveit.
Nagy Elemér a Budapesti Műszaki Egyetemen végzett, majd itt helyezkedett el mint oktató, emellett vállalkozott kisebb tervezési feladatokra, pályázatokra. Pályájának döntő fordulata az 1960-as évek fordulójához köthető: ekkor került a Magyar Építőművészet című folyóirathoz és a Középülettervező Vállalathoz, ahol később vezető beosztásban dolgozott egészen haláláig. A gyenesdiási családi nyaralóban őrzött hagyatéka is követi e változást, a hatvanas évektől kezdve ritkul a leletanyag, mivel innentől jellemzően a tervezővállalathoz kötődnek tervezési munkái. A hagyaték sajátossága így éppen az, hogy Nagy Elemér önálló szellemi munkáját dokumentálja, tervanyaga különösen alkalmas arra, hogy saját tervezői elképzeléseit megismerhessük belőle és összevessük azt az ihlető forrásként felhasználható elmélettel.
Jelen kutatás alapját e jól megőrzött hagyaték épülettervekre vonatkozó része, valamint az annak otthont adó nyaralóépület képezi. A hallgatói rajzanyag műszaki részei, így az ábrázoló geometriai, építészettörténeti, épületszerkezettani tervlapok oktatásmódszertani és -történeti szempontból ugyan érdekesek lehetnek, ahogyan a Dánia építészete című könyvhöz, illetve egyéb írásművekhez összegyűjtött források is egy elméleti-filológiai vizsgálat számára, ezek azonban nem képezik jelen kutatás tárgyát.
Optimal Layout of Modular Systems by Geometric Perturbations
Moduláris rendszerek optimális kiosztása geometriai perturbációk segítségével
In this study, we investigate the potential of integrating geometric perturbations into the design process to optimise modular systems such as floor coverings, façade claddings, and masonry walls. By allowing small geometry adjustments of the initial design, we achieve significant reductions in material waste or labour requirements, leading to cost-saving and environmental benefits without compromising the design concept. We compared our approach to traditional methods, where the layout of the modular system is determined after the geometry of the design is finalised. To illustrate our method, we present case studies for two- and three-dimensional modular designs.
Abstract
Fused filament manufacturing (FFF), also known as 3D printing, is one of the most commonly used additive manufacturing techniques for creating high-quality materials. This process demonstrates the intricacies and challenges involved in choosing appropriate manufacturing parameters to achieve the desired outcomes. Among these critical parameters is the nozzle temperature, which can be adjusted to enhance the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) parts. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the printing temperature on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of 3D printed polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) parts during impact testing. To do this, a series of simple and repeated impact tests were carried out on printed PPS samples in the nozzle temperature range (320–350 °C). CHARPY tests were carried out on the samples manufactured with different sequences for the optimal orientation of the filaments. Furthermore, the impact energy absorption capacity and the induced damage as a function of nozzle temperature were evaluated. CHARPY test results showed that samples with stacking sequence (0/0) had the best impact resistance and specific absorbed energy (SEA). This sequence, printed horizontally, was used to test different print temperatures in single and repeated impact tests. Furthermore, the results indicated that samples printed with a nozzle temperature of 340 °C exhibited higher CHARPY impact resistance and specific absorbed energy (SEA), with a percentage difference of 45.57%, 41.95% and 44.21% compared to samples printed with nozzle temperatures of 320 °C, 330 °C and 350 °C respectively. For repeated impact tests, the results also show that samples printed with a nozzle temperature of 340 °C have a higher initial energy absorption rate and a greater number of impacts before complete failure of the sample. This result proves also that the changing of nozzle temperature does not have a significant effect on the induced damage after CHARPY and repeated impact.
Abstract
The investigation of the effect of petrography and diagenetic features on the geomechanical properties of the sandstone and their relationship to rock failure are of vital importance for different construction projects. The present study involves analyzing multi-vertical lithofacies profiles around the region of Wadi Halfa, North Sudan. The sandstone is dominantly composed of monocrystalline quartz grains (60%) accompanied by some polycrystalline quartz, feldspars, lithic fragments, micas, and heavy minerals. Iron oxides are the main type of cementing materials (14%), with some (2%) of carbonates and clay minerals. The average porosity of all studied samples is 12%. The compressive strength ranges widely, influenced by weathering, grain size, cementing materials, and bedding planes. The uniaxial compressive strength is more influenced by wetting when the load is parallel to bedding planes. Sandstone anisotropy is suggested by a U-shaped curve, with lower values at 45° and higher values at 90° and 0°. The geomechanical behavior of rocks masses in Wadi Halfa was evaluated through a combination of field and laboratory analyses which revealed a variable Rock Mass Rating (RMR) ranging from 58 to 92 and a Geological Strength Index (GSI) ranging from 33 to 61.
A Régi Zeneakadémia építésének és helyreállításának története
The History of the Construction and Renovation of the Old Academy of Music
Jelen tanulmány összefoglalja és értékeli a Régi Zeneakadémiával foglalkozó szakirodalmi kutatás korábbi eredményeit; elsődleges források alapján rekonstruálja az épület 19. századi építéstörténetét, különös tekintettel a belső terek kialakítására és átalakítására (1881, 1883); foglalkozik a 20. századi történetével, tárgyalva a külső és belső átalakításokat, funkcióváltást és helyreállításának főbb szakaszait és eredményeit az 1903-tól 1986-ig tartó időszakban.
Az Andrássy úton a korabeli műcsarnokkal és a mintarajztanoda épületével egy csoportozatot képező Régi Zeneakadémia terveit Lang Adolf készítette, az építést Wechselmann Ignác építési vállalkozó hajtotta végre. 1879-ben adták át az épületet, amely 1907-ig a hazai zenei oktatás kiemelt helyszíne, Liszt Ferenc, Erkel Ferenc és Stróbl Alajos élete egy rövidebb szakaszának színtere volt. A Régi Zeneakadémia, ellentétben a tömböt alkotó két másikkal, kevésbé kutatott és publikált. Építéstörténetében vannak azonban olyan epizódok (meg nem valósult tervek, események), amelyek az építészeti értékein túl, még történelmi értékekkel is felruházzák. Az épület másfél évszázados története során több külső és belső átalakításon is átesett. A külső átalakítások eredményét ma is látjuk. Az 1980-as évek elején, az 1986-os átadásig, az addig különböző funkcióknak eleget tévő épület belső átalakításának és eredeti funkciójának visszaállítása volt a cél. Mivel nem állnak rendelkezésre eredeti tervek, ezért a főfalak szolgáltak információkkal, az eredeti állapot nehezen rekonstruálható. Az 1980-as évek visszaállító, nagyrekonstrukciós munkálatai mellett még két ismert múlt századi átalakítása volt az épületnek, 1907–1909-ben és 1957-ben. 1903-ban vette meg a Régi Zeneakadémiát Wodianer Arthur, aki az 1907. és 1909. évben kért engedélyt átalakításra. 1957-ben, már a Tannimpex külkereskedelmi vállalat tulajdonában álló épület hangversenytermét kettéosztották (új acélgerendákon nyugvó osztófödém került az első és második emelet közé), a nagyobb termeket kisebb helyiségekre osztották, ekkor épülhetett a lift, a lépcsőház eredeti nyílászárói rovására üvegtégla falat alakítottak ki. Az 1957-es átalakítás eredményéről az 1970-es években készült (Tannimpex tulajdonában) levő felmérési rajzok tanúskodnak. Az 1983-as felújítás során elbontották a másodlagosan épített válaszfalakat, a hangversenyteremben lévő osztófödémet, a nagyterem (mai Kutatókönyvtár) díszítőfestését, a hangversenyteremben a mennyezetet és az eredeti boltozatokat rekonstruálták (az azokat takaró másodlagos szerkezeteket, festést megszüntették), a homlokzati nyílászárókat felújították (a munkák összefoglalása a teljesség igénye nélkül). 1986-tól az épület újra oktatási intézményként működik, a mai napig.
Mikolás Tibor és a kelet-magyarországi modernizmus
Tibor Mikolás and Modernism in Eastern Hungary
Mikolás Tibor (1924–2024) Debrecen és Kelet-Magyarország egyik meghatározó építésze volt. 2024-ben a kétszeres Ybl-díjas és Széchenyi-díjas alkotóművész születésének 100 éves évfordulóját ünnepeljük. A Debreceni Egyetem Műszaki Kar Építészmérnöki Tanszékén célul tűztük ki az igen gazdag életmű feldolgozását. A mesterszakos hallgatókkal együtt sorra vettük szakmai fejlődésének stációit, a háború utáni klasszikus modern építészetet oktató iskola és mesteriskola, a szocialista realizmus, az 1960-as évek szabadabb építészeti gondolkodása és az 1970-es évektől előretörő előregyártási kényszer keretei között született jellemző épületek, tervpályázatok és koncepciótervek bemutatásával. Az építészeti projektek feldolgozásánál azt a hallgatók által szerethetőbb módszert választottuk, mely szerint az épületeket mai vizualizációs programokkal reprodukáltuk, ezáltal azok érthetősége is változott. Párhuzamot vonva a tervek születésének dátumával tisztázódtak azok az építészetét meghatározó alapgondolatok, amelyek mentén az épületek születtek. 1963-ig például létezett egy rá jellemző színvilággal kevert homlokzati rajzosság, utána inkább a funkcióból eredő letisztultsággal találkoztunk. A tanulmány célja bemutatni az életutat, a terveken keresztül bizonyítani, hogy bár voltak a közel 50 éves tervezői pályafutásnak evolúciós lépései, de összességében ars poeticáját a klasszikus modernizmus és a funkcionalizmus határozta meg.
Abstract
To highlight the systemic interdependencies in office building design, this paper dives into the complexities of converting old structures into modern workspaces. The study addresses the challenges of adaptive reuse by concentrating on case studies and design issues and provides insights into how to maintain historical integrity while satisfying the demands of contemporary workplace needs. The research concludes with a real-world example that shows how design concepts derived from the analysis may be successfully used.
Abstract
In this paper, a multiphase method based on the Level Set Method is employed to study the sloshing phenomenon of two-layer liquid inside a two-dimensional rectangular container subjected to horizontal excitation. Validation of the multiphase approach is conducted through a comparative analysis with existing studies. Results show a fair agreement between the numerical model and available numerical and experimental data. Initially, a series of simulations were used to compare the sloshing behaviour of a two-layer fluid with that of a single-layer fluid. Even under identical external excitation, layered fluids demonstrate different sloshing patterns compared to single-layer liquids. Furthermore, the influence of the periodic excitation frequency on the sloshing dynamics was examined. Analysis was also conducted to explore the effect of internal baffles on the oscillatory behaviour of layered liquid sloshing. The findings reveal that the baffles significantly mitigate the sloshing of the layered fluid.
Abstract
In recent years, the number of road traffic crashes showed a decreasing trend in Hungary, but this cannot be stated about crashes at road-railway level crossings. The Hungarian Railways has repeatedly called attention to the dangers of rail transport. The main goal of this paper is to develop a new safety inspection method for road-railway level crossings based on the existing road safety inspection method. Based on the experiences of road safety inspections completed at ten locations suggestions were given for the adaptation of the method to railway crossings. The most important findings of the safety inspections are also presented in the paper.
Abstract
Based on air quality index data for the period 2018–2022, Hungary ranks as the 80th most polluted country in the world. Given the air pollution data measured in Hungary and the health impact of air pollution, it is of utmost importance to measure air quality in Hungary focusing on PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants. One possible solution for high-density measurement is to utilize low-cost sensors at the population level. The calibration procedure has to be carried out in a way that does not incur extra costs and maintenance at the physical level. A potential solution is the development of an algorithm to perform the calibration with remote access. This publication presents a fragment of this development, where we attempted to implement the procedure using a neural network and performed a comparative analysis with official data.
Abstract
Lightweight steel framing is one of the modern construction technology systems. This system is mostly used for low to mid-rise buildings. The lightweight steel framing system has many advantages, including lightness, ease of installation, high execution speed, and being more cost-efficient. Since the manufacturers of cold formed steel frames use bricks in an unprincipled way to cover these structures and because of less laboratory research in this regard, in the present research to principled use of this structure, the effect of the middle stud was evaluated on seismic behavior of brick shear wall in cold formed steel frame with brick face. For this purpose, four cold formed steel frames were made in two different configurations (without middle stud and with middle stud) using cement sand mortar, wire mesh, and brick shear walls. Based on the results, the middle stud would cause weakness in the permissible deformation of the brick walls, and in shear walls without middle stud, deformations occur along with the acquisition of resistance to larger deformations. Accordingly, the presence of the middle stud increases the average shear strength by 30%, and this increase in resistance causes a decrease in the behavior factor and ductility of the walls, which practically indicates the seismic behavior of the frames with the middle stud.
Abstract
Iraqi buildings consume high-level electrical energy for air conditioning purposes to provide the standard human comfort condition. This paper adopted an experimental study by using Styrofoam adhesive or white cement as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement to manufacture building blocks with dimensions of 200 × 200 × 200 mm containing an internal core with dimensions of 90 × 130 × 130 mm, which were filled by using corrugated scratch-up or closed air gap. The samples were divided into two sets: the first had an aluminium foil layer applied to the external surface of the samples (reflective surface), while the second was without any layer (ordinary surface). The samples were tested under the climatic conditions of Baghdad city during the summer months (May to September) of 2021. These blocks were also evaluated by different structural tests. It can be seen from the test results that the use of Styrofoam adhesive with a reflective surface with panels of corrugated scratch-up increased the thermal insulation of the wall. It leads to reduce thermal leakage and the electrical energy consumed to provide comfortable thermal conditions by 52.7%, in addition to decreasing the mass density by 14.1% while compressive strength decreased by 21%.
Abstract
Nowadays, predicting the value of electrical usage has made it easier for electricity consumers to reduce their residential bills. This is done by introducing a new prediction method based on the design and foundation of artificial neural network (P-EANN) technology, which is a branch of intelligent machine learning (ML) technology. The P-EANN method is based on actual data of actual power quantities that can be measured by electricity meters for the electrical model and is compared with training data that is predicted and set to the electrical usage for comparison with the reading needed to reduce residential bills. From the root mean square error (RMSE), we can find the accuracy of the residential bills ($) in the P-EANN method, which is equal to 35.69%, and the accuracy of the residential bills ($) in the standard method, which is equal to 0.00%. then the results of the MATLAB simulation for the P-EANN method enhance and reduce the residential bills from 0.5 to 4.5 dollars per day. Thus, the problem of excessive electrical usage is solved, and consumers know how to consume energy well in any place.
