Discover the Latest Journals in Architecture and Architectonics
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing, and constructing a building or structure, while architectonics is the scientific study of architecture itself. Architectural works are often considered important cultural symbols and works of art, and we often identify past civilizations with their architectural heritage.
Architecture and Architectonics
Analysing Construction and Building Techniques of Neogothic Stellar Vaults
The Case of the Cathedral of Košice
Neogótikus csillagboltozatok szerkesztés- és építéstechnikájának elemzése geometriai vizsgálattal
A kassai dóm példája
In this article, we present a point cloud-based geometric analysis method applied to the 19th-century stellar vaults of the Saint Elisabeth Cathedral of Košice (SK). We based our analysis method on the geometric typology systems we worked out for net vaults during our earlier research. After elaborating on the method’s application to stellar vaults, we present the results of the analysis. This includes the exact geometric description of the vaults’ webbing and rib system, which allowed for deductions about their original construction techniques. Then, we present the re-modelling of the rib systems of the cathedral’s stellar vaults based on the most influential theoretical works of the 19th century (B. Ranisch, F. Hoffstadt, G. G. Ungewitter), such as the principle of the longest route or projecting the junction points to a spherical surface. Afterwards, the comparative analysis of the real vault geometries and the re-modelled rib systems was carried out. Based on this, we discussed the potential reason behind the differences detected. This gives a valuable insight into whether the 19th-century theoretical works and their contemporary building practices differed. Additionally, we elaborated on the implications of the multiple possible three-dimensional geometries of the same rib pattern regarding the authenticity of theoretically reconstructed stellar vault structures.
Abstract
The European Union's (EU) future will be fundamentally determined by innovation-based competitiveness. The study examines what characterized the EU's innovation status as a whole and its member states between 2017 and 2024. For the situation analysis, the study examines the development of the Summary Innovation Index (SII) values describing the innovation status of the member states using the ARIMA model and K-means clustering. The study estimates the expected innovation status of the EU and its member states in the medium term using the Linear Trend Model. The results show that innovation is the least coordinated area of the EU cohesion policy, as there is a significant gap in the innovation status of the member states. In the case of the two extreme innovation values, the difference is four times greater. By this ratio, the average innovation development of the Scandinavian states is higher than the development level of some Eastern European member states. The extrapolation results show that the innovation gap will likely persist in the medium term despite continuous modernization.
Abstract
Car body panels are one of the vehicle components that support the existence of the car interior and maintain the safety of passengers, especially in monocoque-type car bodies. Car panel materials, which generally use steel materials, have the disadvantage of being relatively heavy and having a short service life due to corrosion. To achieve higher energy efficiency in energy-efficient vehicles, honeycomb sandwich structures made of polymer composites, which are lighter in weight, can achieve a higher power-to-weight ratio. In this research, a polymer matrix composite material with a honeycomb sandwich structure was created and tested as an alternative material to replace steel for car body panels. Composite made from WR-200 Fiberglass as a reinforcing agent and SHCP 2668 CM-M resin as a bonding agent to determine the effect of the detailed honeycomb sizing, especially on the flexural strength and stiffness characteristics, have been used. Several specimens were made with variations in cell-pitch sizes of 20 and 40 mm, variations in the cell-height size of 10, 20 and 40 mm and variations in the thickness of the cell wall thickness obtained from the use of layers of Fiberglass of one, two and four layers. From the bending tests performed on all specimens, it was known that the highest flexural strength value have the specimens with a cell-pitch size of 20 mm, cell height of 10 mm and cell wall thickness of 4 layers of Fiberglass, namely 36.13 N mm−2. The specimen has the highest stiffness value with a cell pitch of 40 mm, cell height of 40 mm and cell wall thickness of 4 layers of Fiberglass, which is 338 N mm−1.
Abstract
Applying Machine Learning (ML) has seen rapid progress in many disciplines, such as architectural design. Recent research reveals promising potential for integrating ML in solving design problems. This paper explored how ML can serve as a tool to guide designing action. It conducted thematic analyses of ML experiments in the architecture domain to build a framework addressing two key aspects: the tasks achieved and the required training dataset. The paper found that ML mainly performs design generation, optimization, and recognition via classification and clustering. Three scenarios of design generation using ML have started from pre-design requirements and constraints, conceptual design, or parametric design. ML can predict design features based on prescribed performance or calculate performance metrics, based on varied design options. Design recognition classifies or clusters designs to detect their styles, typologies, and morphologies, besides tracking the process of best practices. The specifications of training datasets vary in terms of data sources as real or virtual, techniques for representing datasets as visual or textual, and the relationships between input and output datasets as refinement, embodiment, sorting, or evaluation. The findings revealed that ML has a wide range of experimentation and opens more opportunities for further integration in the design process.
Abstract
Systems based on mobile multirobots have gained considerable attention in the past two decades because of their efficacy and flexibility in various real-world applications. An essential component of these systems is multi-robot task allocation (MRTA), which concerns allocating tasks to mobile robots in an efficient manner. The effectiveness of MRTA is influenced by the size of the search space and computational time, and both increase substantially as the number of tasks and robots involved increases. This study introduces an effective solution to the MRTA problem by employing a two-stage approach. First, nearby tasks are automatically grouped into clusters by using an enhanced dynamic distributed particle swarm optimization algorithm. Second, mobile robots are assigned to the closest clusters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. Simulations are conducted to compare the proposed method with particle swarm optimization and differential evolution approaches. Numerical results confirm that the proposed approach exhibits highly competitive performance in terms of clustering cost, clustering time, and overall time (clustering and assigning time). This approach is advantageous for real-world applications involving numerous robots and targets.
The Operation of the Local Sections of the Hungarian Association of Engineers and Architects Between the Two World Wars Through the Example of the Pécs Section
A Magyar Mérnök- és Építész-Egylet vidéki osztályainak működése a két világháború között a pécsi osztály példáján keresztül
The aim of the Hungarian Association of Engineers and Architects as a professional and interest association, which had been in operation since 1867, was to promote mutual acquaintance, exchange of ideas, discussion of conventions and professional issues, the creation of a library, the publication of journals and books, and the establishment of a provident fund. From the beginning of the 20th century, the Association sought to concentrate technical professionals from the countryside into local sections, hence preventing the establishment of independent countryside associations. During the Dual Monarchy (1867–1918), 16 sections in the countryside were set up, and 4 more between the two world wars. The one in Pécs had been operating since 1930. The study describes the functioning of local sections, their relationship with the parent association and analyses their membership. It traces the history of the Pécs Section from its establishment to its liquidation in 1946, covering the changes in the composition of membership, the tasks and work of the officers, and the activities of this section as well as its relation to the Association. Among such activities, historical sources, recorded lectures, debates, field trips, social dinners, soirees, and exhibitions. Most of the members of the Pécs Section were engineers, as in the parent association, who worked in various technical offices in the city, such as the Hungarian Railways (MÁV) offices and in the coal mines of the Danube Steamship Company (DGT). However, the architects were also very active in the life of the Pécs Section, organising lectures, debates and exhibitions. The most significant local event of the period between the two world wars was the association’s 1936 travelling assembly held in Pécs, and the 1941 field trip. Despite the late establishment of the Pécs Section it was the largest and one of the most active local sections of the Hungarian Association of Engineers and Architects.
Abstract
This paper examines a civil law legal institution, contractual freedom, from an economic perspective in connection with economic freedom. The paper investigates the following cases, as the economic freedom of a given national economy is measured in four main areas: the size of government, legal system and property rights, sound money, freedom to trade internationally and regulation of credit, labour markets and business life. In the Economic Freedom of the World 2022 Annual Report, Hungary ranked 55th in the global ranking with an overall score of 7.12, compared to 44th in 2000, with a score of 7.03. Neither the change in score nor the ranking is significant. However, the fact that the country has fallen further behind in this international ranking is not encouraging.
Abstract
The power can be taken from the ICE crankshaft is a function of the continuously changing adhesion coefficient between the tire and the road surface and the normal force of the wheel. In order to maximize vehicle dynamic performance, Torsen differentials were developed change the power transmission ratio between the wheels or axles depending on the tractive force can be transmitted. The Torsen T-2 differential having internal kinematic ratio i = −1, can be used both as a front and rear as well as a central differential. The torque ratio between the axles connected via Torsen T-2 differential is ensured by the high internal mechanical friction, can be derived from the axial tooth force component of the helical gear drive applied.
The aim of this study is to create a general mathematical model of the Torsen T-2 standard construction. Using this model enables to perform a detailed kinematic analysis of the operation of the entire mechanism. This model will be created by the motion of the gears since coordinate systems are ordered to each moving gears. Based on the Connection I statement the conjugated gear profiles of the gear pairs can be determined by mathematical and computational ways. After that, the CAD models of the gears can be created using 3D software for further finite element analysis. These CAD models are also required for computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and CNC programming. We prove the usefulness of the model in the case of creating a concrete geometric facility produced by 3D printing.
A budapesti államszocialista kislakótelepek környezetének vizsgálata a 15 perces városmodell elvein keresztül
Examination of the State Socialist Housing Estates’ Environment in Budapest Through the Principles of the 15-Minute City Model
Az elmúlt évek városépítészeti hívószava a 15 perces város volt, melynek célja az újépítésű városrészek és a kortárs városrehabilitációk számára egy urbanisztikai keretrendszert, útmutatót nyújtani. Nemzetközi és hazai kutatások is vizsgálták már a kortárs lakóparkokat és az államszocialista nagylakótelepeket ezen keretrendszer alapján. Pont ezért a kutatás alaphalmaza a kislakótelepek lettek, melyek egyfelől a nagylakótelepekkel szemben / ellen / helyett valósultak meg, másfelől pedig a kapitalista lakóparkok előképeként szolgáltak az államszocialista időkből. Ezen kettőség mellett az 1945–1990 között épült budapesti kislakótelepek téri viszonyai egy eddig feldolgozatlan téma. Ám a több mint 100 db esettanulmánynak köszönhetően ez a vizsgálat lehetőséget teremt ezen lakhatási forma részletesebb megismerésére, és a 15 perces városmodell módszertanának kipróbálására, fejlesztésére. Vajon a kislakótelepek megfelelnek-e a 15 perces város keretrendszerének? Vagy a kislakótelepek környezete beleolvad Budapest nagy rendszerébe, s a városban betöltött lokáció (zóna) az, mely meghatározza a közvetlen szomszédság karakterét? Ezen kérdések megválaszolásához a 15 perces városmodell városépítészetileg releváns három elvén – közelség, sűrűség, diver-zitás – keresztül vizsgáltam Budapest összes 1945–1990 között épült kislakótelepének 15 perc sétálással elérhető környezetét hivatalos térképek segítségével. A kutatásban használt adatok leginkább az épített környezet leírására szűkülnek (pl. lakásszám, szintterületi mutató, beépítési mód), ám a tágabb kontextus (pl. lakosságszám, vásárlóerő) megjelenítése is realizálódik.
Abstract
The prosthetic feet available in the market are characterized by high costs and are made of carbon fiber materials, fiberglass, or silicone-coated wood. This study aims to design and manufacture a prosthetic foot to enhance biomechanical performance and user comfort and mimic the natural movement of the human foot; the foot will be designed and manufactured from low-cost materials, namely carbon fiber filaments, using 3D printer technology. The practical part consists of tensile, fatigue tests, and manufacturing the foot using a 3D printer. In this study, the ANSYS program will also analyze the designed model numerically to determine the stresses generated when applying the assumed body weight to the foot model. The results showed that the model is successful in terms of design and does not suffer any mechanical failure during use, in addition to the success of the selection of the material used in the manufacturing process due to its mechanical properties, where the yield stress value = 36.4 MPa, the ultimate stress value = 58.39 Mpa and Young's modulus = 1.23 GPa.
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to establish the relationship between surface roughness and erosion processes of Ba35brass pipes subjected to abrasive particles. Brass samples were prepared with different levels of surface roughness, obtained by polishing using abrasive papers of various grain sizes: P80, P120, and P320. These samples were eroded using a recirculating erosion test bench. To analyze the erosion kinetics, the surface roughness values (Ra and Rz) as well as the cumulative mass loss were measured at specified time intervals. In parallel, mathematical models were developed to simulate the evolution of surface roughness and cumulative mass loss, based on optimization methods. The results show that rougher surfaces, such as those prepared with P80 grit paper, record a higher erosion rate, reaching 0.47 mg/h, compared to smoother surfaces, such as those obtained with P320 paper, whose rate is 0.19 mg/h. The developed mathematical models indicate that the surface roughness follows an exponential decrease, while the cumulative mass loss shows a logarithmic growth. Furthermore, a linear correlation was highlighted between the erosion rate and the surface roughness. This study highlights the crucial importance of surface roughness in erosion processes and provides guidelines for optimizing the design and maintenance of cast iron pipes.
Abstract
This paper emphasizes the role of fuel substitution in mitigating vibrations and enhancing the performance and reliability of internal combustion engines (ICEs). Using MATLAB for modal analysis, the study investigates natural frequencies and identifies potential resonance issues within critical engine components. The primary focus is on analyzing a four-stroke single-cylinder engine under various speeds and measuring the effects of fuel type on engine performance and efficiency. A comparative assessment evaluated vibration levels between natural gas and petrol by measuring engine vibrations across a range of speeds and analyzing the impact of varying dimensions of internal moving components on performance parameters. Results indicate minimal differences between the engines at lower speeds (1,500–2,000 rpm), while significant increases in vibrations were observed at higher speeds (2,500–3,000 rpm) for the gas engine, highlighting potential mechanical instability. At higher speeds, vibrations peak at the top of the engine, reaching 200 m s−2 with petrol and 240 m s−2 with natural gas. The experimental setup, including accelerometer modules and control systems, enabled real-time vibration monitoring. Numerical results showed that the longest connecting rod (197 mm) yielded the highest displacement, velocity, and acceleration metrics. These findings underscore the advantages of using natural gas as a fuel, including its availability, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly nature, as it produces significantly lower harmful emissions compared to petrol. Additionally, the study offers insights into vibration-damping mechanisms and the influence of modifications to internal moving parts, such as crankshaft diameter and connecting rod length, on engine performance and stability.
Abstract
Recent advances have enabled solid waste byproducts to effective soil amendment in order to minimize the use of inorganic fertilizers and increase crop yields to provide food for a high-population world. This review aims to summarize the essential nutrients required for crop production, the ability of nutrient supply of solid waste byproducts as soil conditioners, and its impacts on plant growth and soil properties. This paper analyzes the sources of plant nutrients, functions, symptoms of deficiency, and corrective measures. This review analyzed the byproducts of municipal solid waste compost, waste biomass, biochar, farmyard manure, press-mud molasses, vinasses, olive mill waste, spent mushroom compost and fly ash (FA), cow dung vermicomposting with FA, FA mixed with biochar, sewage sludge-FA mixture, fiber sludge, sewage sludge, bauxite residue, poultry waste to determine their ability to supply nutrients, affecting plant growth and soil properties significantly. This review also discusses the challenges associated with solid waste byproducts used in agricultural soil amendment on the environment and human health and possible future strategies to be adopted. Overall, this review provides insights to farmers about the use of solid waste byproducts as soil conditioners for the enrichment of essential nutrients and soil properties in farming soil.
Abstract
This study investigates the utilization of biochar (WHBC) from water hyacinth biomass (WHBM) for sustainable soil amendment to improve soil quality. WHBM and WHBC are prepared and characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For that, physiochemical, proximate, ultimate, and elemental analyses are done and characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) to identify the suitability of soil amendment. WH biomass is carbonized with a limited air supply in a muffle furnace, and the study found that 300–664 °C temperature is the optimum condition for producing biochar from TGA. XRD of WHBC displayed more crystallinity than WHBM. FTIR of WHBC showed higher carbon stability increment than WHBM. The SEM micrograph of WHBM showed that compact, and fibril structures and WHBC revealed macroscopic changes that can significantly improve the soil properties. EDAX analysis of WHBM and WHBC proved that various soil nutrients can be helpful for plant growth. The study shows that WHBM can be utilized as a soil quality amendment material by converting it to biochar and an effective material for carbon storage in soils.
Abstract
This study uses numerical modeling to explore the intricate relationship between low-velocity impact and composite materials. The study investigates the impact response of composite materials under low-speed loading circumstances in great detail. Two specimens were prepared for the current study the first one has a uniform thickness for each layer, and the second is prepared with altering layer thicknesses. A tensile test was employed to obtain the mechanical properties to use it in the numerical analysis. An impact test was employed in this analysis, where the impactor was modeled also on a height of 300 mm, the analysis time was taken as 0.08 s to capture all the impact. The numerical analysis was verified with other studies, and the error percentage did not exceed 2%. The results showed that the second specimen with alternating thickness had the best behavior.
Abstract
The goal of this study is to develop a linear disturbance rejection control (ADRC) based on transfer-function approach. The proposed control strategy is applied to control the angular position of knee joint for rehabilitation purpose. The Extended State Observer (ESO) is the core of ADRC strategy and the performance of all ADRC controllers are assessed based on tracking and estimations errors due to controller and observer, respectively. The transfer-based approach of ADRC (TFADRC) is characterized by simplicity and direct control design. A comparison study in performance between conventional linear ADRC (CLADRC) and TFADRC approach has been made. The results based on numerical simulation showed that the proposed approach gives better tracking performance compared to conventional one. Based on Root Mean Square of Error (RMSE) metric, the TFADRC gives less tracking error (0.0205 rad) under load disturbances than that based on CLADRC (0.0547 rad). Moreover, better noise rejection capability can be obtained by TFADRC as compared to the conventional one. However, the price of better performance gained by TFADRC is to actuate higher level of control signal compared to its counterpart.
A győri székesegyház berendezésének változásai a barokk korban
Mesterek és stíluskapcsolatok
The Cathedral of Győr in the Baroque Period
Masters and Stylistic Connections
A győri székesegyház teljes körű felújítása lehetőséget ad a berendezés új elemzésére, a források újraolvasására. A bőségben rendelkezésre álló helytörténeti szakirodalom által felhalmozott adatmennyiség lehetővé teszi a szakrális bútorzat stílusalapú vizsgálatát, művészeti kapcsolatainak keresését. A 17. századi belső tér egyetlen fennmaradt emléke, a kanonoki stallum a II. világháborúig megvolt a kismartoni Szent Márton-templomban. Archív fotókból megállapítható, hogy a Bécsben készült stallum részletformái szorosan egyeznek a bécsújhelyi Neukloster cisztercita templom máig is meglévő kanonoki stallumával. A 18. században, Zichy Ferenc püspöksége idején is nagyrészt Bécsújhelyről hozták és helyben állították össze a márvány oltárépítményeket. A Simor János-féle historizáló szellemű restauráláskor továbbra is kimutathatók a Bécsújhellyel, Béccsel, Pozsonnyal ápolt művészeti kapcsolatok, ami Győr földrajzi fekvéséből is logikusan következik.
Abstract
Surveillance video processing requires high efficiency, given its large datasets, demands significant resources for timely and effective analysis. This study aims to enhance surveillance systems by developing an automated method for extracting key events from outdoor surveillance videos. The proposed model comprises four phases: preprocessing and feature extraction, training and testing, and validation. Before utilizing a convolution neural networks approach to extract features from videos, the videos are pre-processed. Events classification uses gated recurrent units. In validation, motions and objects are extraction then feature extraction. Results show satisfactory performance, achieving 79% accuracy in events classification, highlighting the effectiveness of the methodology in identifying significant outdoor events.
Abstract
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are widely used in modern industrial applications due to their high efficiency, reliability, and compact size. However, faults in PMSMs, such as stator winding failures, can lead to significant performance degradation and operational failures. Traditional fault detection methods often rely on signal processing and manual analysis, which may be time-consuming and lacking in accuracy. This study explores the application of deep learning techniques for automated fault detection in PMSMs. The deep learning models based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are employed to classify electrical faults in the motor data, which includes the scalogram images of stator current signal allowing models to learn fault patterns. The performance of the used networks has been compared, in order to choose the reliable one for classification purposes and hence to be utilized for developing the prediction system. The experimental results show that the ResNet50 has better capability to classify the variation of data used where it could achieve 100% of accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 score as compared to other techniques.
Abstract
Aircraft wings encounter multiple forces during flight, like thrust, drag, and abrupt variations caused by storms. Although these forces aid in maintaining overall stability, they can also cause the growth of cracks and expand over time, a process referred to as fatigue.
The resulting lift, drag, and pressure distribution on the wing have been analyzed using computational fluid dynamics in ANSYS. These loads were then incorporated into the wing model to evaluate the shear and equivalent stresses.
Cracks growing on the aircraft wing surface. The wing surface manufactured from AL2024-T3 alloy was investigated when subjected to non-preoperational multi-axial cyclic loading. This fracture mechanics analysis employed two methods: experimental calculation and Numerical simulations.
Abstract
An urgent problem today is the industrial production of biomethane using biogas plants from organic waste, which is environmentally hazardous to the environment. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the methodological approach to the formation of the raw material base for biogas production. Achieving this goal was carried out based on monitoring and assessing biomethane emissions into the atmosphere based on data from space satellites for various areas. The most significant results are the developed methodological approach to substantiate the raw material base based on indirect measurements of biomethane emissions during satellite sensing. Based on the use of this approach, a substantiation of a promising raw material base area was carried out.
Abstract
An analysis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the transient groundwater table with and without impacts of seismic loads on stability of excavation nailed slope using Bishop and Janbu simplified methods. The results showed that the factor of safety values increased with increasing of the groundwater table depth and reached a relatively maximum level for each of the two methods of analysis when the groundwater table drops to the depths 18, 19, and 20 m. Also, the results indicated that the percentage of increase in the factor of safety decreased significantly, starting from depth = 13 m, and the differences converge greatly to the point of fading at depths 17 and 18 m and these findings support the notion that the presence of groundwater table in the upper layers of the excavation sides poses a greater risk and increases the possibility of collapse failure.
Abstract
Today, due to the increase in urban infrastructure, it is faced with the problem of overflowed waters. In urban areas, reduced rainwater infiltration increases the volume of wastewater in the sewer system, leading to water quality issues in the receiving bodies. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of overflowed waters can help reduce pollution in in the recipient. To do this, firstly it needs to analyze the quality of the water in the recipient and the quality of the overflowed waters during precipitation. By monitoring and analyzing water quality, it will be possible to apply protective measures to solve this problem.
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to design and model a sustainable water distribution network for the new housing development in Bernolákovo. WaterGEMS software and Microsoft Excel are used for the analysis and design of the water distribution network. The survey of the village was developed with the help of a global positioning system to ensure the layout and the satellite image of the study area. Steady-state analysis has been carried out for the calculation of hydraulic parameters. The analysis performed by the software is essential for identifying potential problems and performing quick diagnostics so that expensive errors can be avoided. The study results indicate that the proposed distribution network will provide high-quality drinking water in the required quantity.
Abstract
This study evaluated the strength properties of concrete produced with palm bunch ash–calcined anthill clay (PBA-CAC) as pozzolans. Two groups of palm bunch ashes were produced: ashes generated by burning only palm bunches (PBA) and ashes obtained by blending palm bunches and anthill clay at elevated temperatures (PBA-CAC). The PBA and PBA-CAC satisfied the requirements of Class C pozzolans. The concrete constituents were batched by mass, and the cement–fine aggregate–coarse aggregate ratio was 1:2:4. The cement content was partially substituted with PBA and PBA-CAC at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, with the 0% specimen serving as the control. The concrete cubes were cured for 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days, whereas the concrete cylinders and beams were cured for 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. The 28th day strength values of the control specimens exceeded those of the PBA and PBA-CAC concrete specimens. By the 90th day of curing, the strength values of the specimens produced with 5% PBA and 5% PBA-CAC exceeded those of the control specimen. The PBA-CAC specimens generally had higher values of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength than PBA specimens containing the same amount of pozzolan.
Abstract
Current digital education operates as a push-system, despite the content and subject characteristics suggesting a need for a pull-system. One of the features of the push-system is a tool-centered approach, where the focus on tools, including both hardware and software, is the belief that it is possible to build knowledge inventory. The consequences of the push digital education approaches are that (1) the fundamental concepts of Computer Science are not being transferred, (2) the lack of the development of supporting methods, (3) and education does not seem to be interested in revealing the root causes and to be open for fundamental changes. This paper proposes the extension of the theory of the industrial pull systems to present as a potential solution to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of digital education and reduce or eliminate data processing inefficiencies generated by undereducated but misled end-users. In addition to theoretical discussions, it also delves into the detailed analysis, design, implementation, and testing of a real-world data processing problem. The presented problem, its analysis, solution, and accompanying discussion reveal how one of the tools (kanban) of lean production can be adapted to support the Just-in-Time philosophy in digital education, focusing on end-user programming.
Abstract
As of today, oil and gas wells are 6,000 m deep or more. In view of this, increased requirements are imposed on the grouting materials used in wells. Grouting fluids must have rheological properties with low values of dynamic shear stress (τ) and plastic viscosity (η). Reducing the values of τ and η will provide a turbulent flow regime of cementing fluids, which is favourable in terms of complete replacement of the washing fluid with the cementing fluid. In the course of the research, it was found that the Melamine-Formaldehyde Anionic-active Resin superplasticiser is a reagent that has a multifunctional effect on cementing dispersions. This makes it possible to use it in difficult geological and technical conditions for well cementing.
Abstract
This research highlights the role of sustainability aspects focusing on socio-cultural parameters and environmental performance in designing more comfortable and sustainable shelters. Following a two-mixed method approach, on the one hand, a comparative analysis is presented of IKEA Better Shelter, Rwandan Mud-Brick, and Nepali shelters by examining the cultural integration into their design (traditional layouts and shared spaces), their adaptability, and their environmental performance. On the other hand, a qualitative survey determines the level of satisfaction regarding space, comfort, social interaction, and cultural fit among residents. The results show that traditional building methods with the use of local materials, offer high privacy levels, excellent thermal and acoustics comfort, good cultural appropriateness and minimal environmental impact.
Abstract
The hydraulic gradient method is an effective approach for localizing hidden leaks in water supply networks. Relative errors in leakage location depend significantly on head measurement errors, necessitating the use of high-precision pressure gauges with an accuracy class of 0.25 or better. An optimization function, defined as the ratio of the localization relative error to the probability of detection, was used to determine the optimal location for the control section. Dependencies of localization relative error on the pressure gauge accuracy class, section length, and piezometric head are obtained. Presented multi-leakage estimation model enables the assessment of the multi-leakage probability, enhancing decision-making efficiency for emergency repairs in water supply networks.
Abstract
Energy strategies at the international level increasingly support the utilization of hydrogen for energy purposes. One way to do this is to mix hydrogen into natural gas, which is delivered by the network to the combustion equipment of consumers. The paper examines the expected changes that will occur if the maximum amount of hydrogen permitted by law is mixed into the natural gas network. According to our results, the inflowing heat quantity in the gas has decreased, which is compensated by the increased flow rate due to the reduced density. The flame image changes spectacularly, the flame becomes lower, the half-cone angle increases in case of hydrogen mixing. Another noteworthy result is that the temperature of the equipment's burner did not change significantly as a result of mixing.
Abstract
The oil and gas industry relies mainly on pipelines to transport crude and refined petroleum, so crude oil is mostly transported via pipelines. The work presented the study of light naphtha solution collected at the Al-Diwaniyah Refinery in southern Iraq, along with four different pipeline materials (Ductile Iron, Carbon Steel X60, Carbon Steel X80, A105), in which NALCO® EC1005A (neutralizing amine) was used to inhibit corrosion at three concentrations: 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05%, respectively. Analysis of acidity content and immersion method were used to test all samples. This study examined the effects of temperature 45 and 55 °C and light naphtha content. The corrosion resistance of A 105 for pipe samples is highest; ductile iron has the lowest value, and X80 steel and X60 steel is moderately valued.
Abstract
This article aims to achieve the hardening of geopolymer binder-based metakaolin under the same setting time and hardening temperature as traditional cement. It studied the hardening of the geopolymer binder-based metakaolin at two temperatures of 60 °C and room temperature using different liquid-to-solid ratios of 0.8, 0.95, and 1.1. The bulk density, compressive strength, sitting times, thermal conductivity, and microstructure were measured for geopolymer binders. Based on the specified range for cement characteristics, the geopolymer binder was solidified at room temperature, utilizing a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.8 to achieve optimal results stratified according to the cement's ideal characteristics. It had a bulk density of 1.264 g cm−3, compressive strength of 19.12 MPa, initial setting time of 288 min, final setting time of 358 min, and thermal conductivity of 0.49 W m−1 K.
Abstract
Cities worldwide are undergoing sustainable transformations driven by environmental, societal, and economic concerns. This includes improving living standards and addressing global challenges such as climate change and pollution. Urban planning strategies are being re-evaluated, emphasizing the expansion of green spaces. Pécs, Hungary, exemplify this trend through projects like the “Green Gate,” focusing on new pedestrian walkways and increased green areas. To optimize the project's impact, emphasis is placed on integrated water management and considering elements inspired by the “sponge city” concept for flood mitigation. The goal is to assess potential outcomes and feasibility in a real-world setting.
Abstract
Reactive powder concrete is widely recognized for its remarkable mechanical characteristics and resilience, rendering it an ideal option for structural uses that include heavy loads. However, the intricate interaction of numerous material and geometric aspects makes constructing reactive powder concrete beams extremely difficult. By using MATLAB to provide an optimized design framework for beams, this research tackles these issues. Particle swarm optimization and evolutionary algorithms are two of the advanced techniques used in the study to solve the optimization problem. It also includes constraints other one as structural requirements and material limitations. Results demonstrate that MATLAB-based optimization facilitates effective design, lowering costs and material consumption, with potential for more applications in the building sector.
Abstract
Many countries are moving towards investing in solar energy, and concentrated solar energy presents one of the most important of these sources, as it is currently attracting many efforts to enhance its exploitation. Parabolic trough collectors are an emerging technology. The decrease in solar energy, changes in atmospheric conditions, and the limitation of the basin area, all of these factors lead to decrease in a thermal energy gained by an endothermic tube, and thus lead to decrease in a thermal performance of a collector. The goal of the presented study is to improve heat transfer in the endothermic tube. Experimental study had been carried out in order to study friction factor and heat transfer for a parabolic trough receiver.
Abstract
Phase change material in conjunction with a passive latent heat thermal energy storage approach is a potentially effective way to solve the growing concerns about building energy usage. This research examines the thermal performance of building envelopes in Miskolc, Hungary. The factors impacting the thermal performance of phase change material integrated into the building envelope were assessed. The findings indicate that the enthalpy and melting temperature of the phase change material significantly impact the effectiveness of phase change material-based walls. It was determined the optimal location of the phase change material layer is possible. This determination is intricately related to the thermal properties of the phase change material and the prevailing environmental conditions.
Abstract
Twenty-eight piles were divided into four groups. Two groups were made of natural aggregate, while the other two were made of full replacement of recycled aggregate. In each group, the cement was replaced with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of silica fume. Two groups were stored for 270 days under normal water conditions, while the other two were stored underground water conditions. Tests results have shown that it’s possible to improve the strength and the structural behavior of piles under sulfate attack considerably by using 20% of silica fume, while 15% is sufficient when the piles are under normal conditions. However, high levels of silica fume 25–30% in recycled aggregate concretes piles and 20–30% in normal aggregate concretes piles gave a clear decrease in ultimate load capacity.
Abstract
The study examines Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloys, vital in aeronautics and automotive sectors. It aims to characterize their thermo-mechanical transformations induced by composition and heat treatments, focusing on how these impact mechanical properties, especially grain size refinement. Analysis covers transformation temperatures, micro-hardness, induced transformations, and mechanical tests. Results show thermoplastic martensitic transformations, with micro-hardness aiding in identifying characteristic points. The study's novelty lies in understanding how grain size refinement affects these transformations and the role of micro-hardness in precise characterization.
Abstract
This innovative research adopts a comprehensive approach to delve into temporary intervention. It aims to gain a deeper and more accurate understanding of architectural decisions related to long-term interventions. The study is based on several compelling case studies, revealing that temporary interventions achieve a more sustainable outcome and showcase remarkable flexibility and adaptability.
Projects curated by the author serve as practical research tools, providing a deeper and more accurate insight based on user experiences. The study concludes that the strategic use of temporary intervention is a proven and effective method in architectural design. It promotes community engagement and sustainable urban development and addresses the issue of abandoned permanent structures.
Abstract
Architecture has evolved to address challenges, giving rise to new concepts. Today, global warming is a critical challenge mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions from energy-intensive buildings. The construction industry, primarily focused on housing, is both a culprit and a potential solution. This exploration delves into sustainable housing development, recognizing its pivotal role in mitigating environmental impact. The objective is to devise a model encompassing environmental, social, and economic sustainability. The proposed solution involves creating a net-zero energy community, addressing the surging growth of urban areas, and escalating greenhouse gas emissions. Emphasizing sustainability as a lifestyle, this approach aims to mitigate the construction industry's impact on global warming.
Abstract
Saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a priority for the construction sector. Heating of buildings requires the burning of fossil fuels, which can be significantly reduced by insulating the building envelope. Nowadays, the thermal insulation of buildings is essential. There are several important, well-known data about most thermal insulation materials, but there is only negligible information about the change of their properties under installation conditions or if they are already exposed to additional stresses due to structural failures and damages. This study aimed to examine the changes in properties of three common thermal insulation materials when installed in a flat roof or facade and exposed to excess moisture due to the damage of waterproofing or façade and/or when exposed to direct strong sunlight.
Abstract
Welding dissimilar metals by resistance spot welding offers several advantages, including lighter weight and better mechanical properties for the shipping, aerospace, and automotive industries. The resistance spot welding parameters effects (welding current, squeeze time, welding time, and hold time) on the welding results of AISI 1005 and AISI 304L were investigated in the present research. The joints' tensile shear force, microhardness, and microstructure were examined. The Taguchi design of experiments approach was utilized to analyze the tensile shear force results statistically. A welding current of 7 kA, welding time of 1.4 s, squeeze time of 1.2 s, and hold time of 0.8 s resulted in an optimum tensile shear force of 6.194 kN. Additionally, the nugget zone demonstrated a higher hardness compared to the base metal and heat-affected zones.
Abstract
Line scan cameras have found wide applications across various industrial sectors, serving as a valuable tool for inspecting products on conveyor belts and ensuring the quality of bulk materials. At the University of Miskolc, a system using a line scan camera was deployed to measure the rotational speed of high-speed rotating parts. This measurement process has already proven its effectiveness. The success of the measurement heavily depends on the system's ability to identify suitable measurement points within the image. This paper demonstrates the process of selecting these measurement points, the line of interest, in a dynamic setting through the application of a statistical image analysis approach.
Abstract
With the corrosion resistance of glass fiber reinforced polymer bars, the durability of concrete structures can be improved. The tensile strength of a glass fiber reinforced polymer bar is primarily dependent on the tensile strength of the fibers and the total cross sectional area of the fibers, which are determined by the nominal diameter of the bar and the volume fraction of the fibers. Furthermore, the uneven distribution of fibers due to the manufacturing process may have a degrading effect. However, the shear lag effect also influences the strength of the bar, as it causes an uneven normal stress distribution among the individual fibers of the glass fiber reinforced polymer bars. Numerical modeling of a standard tensile test setup of a glass fiber reinforced polymer bar was performed to investigate the intensity of the shear lag effect at varying fiber volume fractions. Fibers and matrix were modeled separately assuming the matrix as an embedding continuum around the individual, non-contacting, evenly arranged, parallel fibers. The results were in good agreement with the manufacturer's data. The shear lag effect was shown to be more prominent at higher fiber volume fractions.
Abstract
Scour around bridge piers threatens bridge stability. This study uses the Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System to improve depth estimates for various pier shapes. The Colorado State University and Froehlich equations were tested with a one-dimensional model calibrated for circular, square, rectangular, oblong, oval, and cylindrical piers. Sensitivity analysis identified coefficients K2, K3, flow velocity, and depth as key factors, with K2 being most significant. The Colorado State University equation overestimated scour depths, especially for square piers. The Froehlich method provided more accurate predictions, confirming the system's value in hydraulic modeling for bridge stability analysis.
Abstract
In emerging economies, social entrepreneurship is becoming more widely recognized as a means of optimizing societal value. Examining the impact of emotional intelligence on students' intentions to pursue social entrepreneurship is the primary goal of this research project. The university students in Bangladesh were the study's target population. An online survey with self-administered questions was created to gather data from 334 Bangladeshi students. This study is exploratory and quantitative in nature. For this study purpose non-probability random sampling and convenience methods were applied to collect the data. Reliability was considered to be measured with a Cronbach's alpha (α) value of 0.70 or above. The study found the reliability of the constructs like self-awareness (α = 0.868), self-management (α = 0.895), social awareness (α = 0.867), relationship management (α = 0.948), and social entrepreneurial intention (0.864). The model was evaluated and the hypotheses were confirmed using SPSS v26.0 at the 5% significance level. Furthermore, this study's findings show 0.678 percent, or 67.8%, of the variance in Social Entrepreneurial Intention, which is valuable for the body of knowledge in this field of study. These findings could help academics, community organizations, non-governmental organizations, government, and civil society develop successful policies and initiatives to support students' plans to grow their social entrepreneurship in Bangladesh.
Abstract
The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molarity in Self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) is essential for activating the precursor and aggregate to develop strength, workability, and microstructure. In this study, SCGC mixes prepared with 50% fly ash (FA) and 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to investigate fresh and hardened properties with NaOH molarities (M) ranges from 8 to 16, the ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH kept constant at 2.5 and ratio of alkaline solution to the binder at 0.45 with 2% SP for the polymerization process. SCGC workability studies indicate the NaOH concentration increased, the slump flow decreased, and 14 M was the optimum molarity. The compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength results showed 39.4 MPa, 4.72 MPa, and 5.91 MPa at 28 days. The C–S–H gel enhanced the strength qualities studied from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscope showed microstructural densification of the entire system, which improved with the NaOH concentration, and the strength increased with the degree of polymerization and polycondensation. Hence, based on workability, the optimized NaOH concentration is 14 M with binder contents of FA (50%) and GGBS (50%). This study helps to improve the microstructure and strength properties with potential cost implications of SCGC.
Abstract
This paper explores innovative and contemporary approaches to preserving and repurposing Mongolian temples, with a focus on maintaining their cultural and historical significance while adapting to modern needs. It examines the unique architectural and cultural aspects of these temples, the challenges they face, and presents design and preservation strategies that can ensure their continued relevance.
Abstract
This study examines the impact of various external shading devices on key lighting metrics, such as spatial daylight autonomy, annual sunlight exposure, and mean illuminance in classrooms. By comparing the performance of different shading options, the study offers insights into optimizing natural lighting, enhancing visual comfort, and improving sustainability in educational buildings in warm, humid climates. The findings provide valuable guidance for architects, designers, and school facility managers aiming to improve energy efficiency and occupant comfort in educational environments.
