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Arts and Humanities journals’ primary focus is on presenting theoretical and empirical research in these respective fields. The main goal is to encourage educational research and connect academia to the scientific community. Researchers and scholars need to share their research findings with others to help better understand and act on the ongoing social changes in the field. The Arts and Humanities journals aim to provide a platform for everyone who shares a common interest in these fields and to group all the latest field findings in one place.
Arts and Humanities
Abstract
This contribution addresses the challenging issue of building corpus resources for the study of news translation, a domain in which the coexistence of radical rewriting and close translation makes the use of established corpus-assisted analytical techniques problematic. In an attempt to address these challenges, we illustrate and test two related methods for identifying translated segments within trilingual (Spanish, French and English) sets of dispatches issued by the global news agency Agence France-Press. One relies on machine translation and semantic similarity scores, the other on multilingual sentence embeddings. To evaluate these methods, we apply them to a benchmark dataset of translations from the same domain and perform manual evaluation of the dataset under study. We finally leverage the cross-linguistic equivalences thus identified to build a ‘comparallel’ corpus, which combines the parallel and comparable corpus architectures, highlighting its affordances and limitations for the study of news translation. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and methodological implications of our findings both for the study of news translation and more generally for the study of contemporary, novel forms of translation.
Abstract
The French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB) corpus is the cornerstone of a unique multilingual data system that includes four distinct corpora. The first is a reference corpus containing dialogical LSFB data produced by deaf signers, which is also translated into written French, and the second one is a comparable multimodal corpus of Belgian French containing dialogical data produced by hearing native speakers. The other two corpora are made up of interpreted data, namely a parallel bidirectional corpus of LSFB > French data produced by hearing bimodal interpreters and another unidirectional parallel corpus of French > LSFB co-interpreted data produced by hearing and deaf interpreters working in tandem. This paper aims to describe these four corpora and to provide an overview of previous contrastive research drawing on their data and applications which have been developed so far. A new study contrasting reformulation structures in semi-spontaneous LSFB dialogical data and co-interpreted LSFB data is presented in order to exemplify how these corpora can be further compared to shed light on unknown issues to date such as the specificities of co-interpretation.
Abstract
The study of features that affect the linguistic form of translated texts has been one of the central questions within the field of corpus-based translation studies. In the partially overlapping field of computational linguistics, previous studies have shown that source languages of individual texts can be detected automatically in direct translations and indirect translations (i.e., translations done from translations). However, computationally oriented approaches have paid limited attention to what specific linguistic features make successful classification possible. Consequently, the types of linguistic phenomena characterizing translations and the kinds of linguistic interference that can be detected in them remain underexplored. In this study, we study the linguistic features that contribute to the identification of the source language of direct translations from English, French, German, Greek, and Swedish, as well as indirect translations from Greek into Finnish, with English, French, German, and Swedish as mediating languages. Theoretically, this study builds on Halverson's (2017) gravitational pull model to explain the mechanisms behind our findings in a theoretically sound fashion and to generate theoretically motivated, specific hypotheses to be tested by future research. The analysis makes use of keyness analysis as a supervised machine learning technique, as well as exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as an unsupervised machine learning technique. The results indicate that sentence length, sentence-initial adverbs and sentence-final specification are the linguistic features that set the different types of translations apart from each other. Furthermore, the salient features of the ultimate source language outweigh those of the mediating languages in indirect translations or the entrenched parallels between specific language pairs.
Abstract
Passive constructions in English (be+past participle) and French (être+past participle) were inventoried on a text-per-text basis in a bi-directional French/English corpus. The corpus consisted of 70 (35 × 2) original source texts in each language, 70 (35 × 2) target texts produced by human translators, and the same number of target texts obtained by machine translation with DeepL Pro. Passive constructions were found to be about 70% more frequent in original English than in original French. In the corpora of translated texts, no large disparities were observed, with the exception of French texts translated from English by DeepL, which contained around 40% more passive constructions than original French texts. Correlations between frequencies of analogous passive constructions in pairs of source and target texts were statistically significant and stronger for machine translations than for human translations. Manual analysis of random samples of source/target pairs showed less regular correspondence between the two analogous constructions as counterparts for one another, and greater diversity among alternative translation counterparts in human translation compared with machine translation.
Abstract
In this explanatory study, we aim to determine the predictors of repetition avoidance or reproduction in the translation of reporting verbs from English into Italian and Polish, using a sample of 11 novels. We fit multiple negative binomial regression models with fixed effects to assess the impact of five predictor variables (i.e. frequency of a source-text verb, number of its translation equivalents in lexical databases, its number of senses, semantic-pragmatic category of verb, and length in characters) on the response variable, i.e., the number of different target language verb types into which a source text reporting verb is translated. The overall model fit per the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) value obtained through backward elimination reveals that verb category, frequency of a source-text reporting verb, and number of translation equivalents make the largest individual contributions to explaining the proportion of variation in the response variable in the Italian data; for the Polish translations the corresponding variables are verb category, frequency, the number of senses, and the interaction between the number of translation equivalents and the number of senses. The summaries of the final models provide a detailed multifactorial picture of when repetition of reporting verbs is maintained or avoided in literary translation.
Adottságok és nehézségek a kora középkori sztyeppe kutatásában
Bevezetés
Prolegomena to the study of the early medieval steppe: Dispositions and difficulties
E cikk a gyökeresen új korszakba lépett kora középkori eurázsiai sztyeppe történeti és régészeti kutatásának rövid helyzetfelmérése. Jelzésszerűen említi az akadályokat (nyelvtudás, hozzáférés), az egyfelől Európa-centrikus szemléletet, másfelől a volt szovjet kutatás önmagába zártságát. A kelet-európai régészet mindenáron törekszik a történeti interpretációkra, miközben a források rendkívül hézagosak, a leletek pénzekkel keltezése problematikus. A nemzetközi kutatás a volt szovjetre van utalva, miközben sokszor elérhetetlen publikációkra hivatkoznak, ritkák a katalógusszerű összefoglalások; a szovjet korszak generációk elmúltával is nyomot hagyott. Történeti és régészeti példák bizonyítják a kora középkori sztyeppe évezredes kulturális változatlanságát, csak az anyagi kultúra változott! Ezért az összehasonlíthatatlanul gazdagabb és színesebb kínai forrásoknak sztyeppei népekről írott fejezetei bízvást alkalmazhatók a kelet-európaiakra is.
Sapphó 137. töredéke az „Alkaios” és „Sapphó” közötti párbeszéddel Aristotelés Rétorikájában (1367a6‒9) maradt fenn. A filozófus erkölcsi kontextusban idézi a töredéket, és moralizáló értelmezést ad neki, mondatait szó szerinti értelemben, kissé naivan olvasva, nem véve tudomást az elhallgatás (aposiópésis) alakzatának feltűnő jelenlétéről a szövegben. Gregor Vogt-Spira ennek a sajátos vakságnak a magyarázatát abban látja, hogy Aristotelés a „hallgatva beszélés” jelenségében amphibolián alapuló paradoxont, adott esetben érvelési hibát lát. Ebben a magyarázatban ugyan van valami, de ha az idéző kontextus teljes szövegére érvényesnek akarjuk tekinteni, akkor nem kielégítő. Sokkal inkább arról lehet szó, hogy a versben kidolgozott ellentétező szerkezet az, ami eltereli Aristotelés figyelmét a nyíltan is jelzett elhallgatás alakzatától, és ez illeszkedik jobban a lírai szöveget tartalmazó Rétorika I, 9 szűkebb kontextusába is. Aristotelés rétorikai antitézisen alapuló morális értelmezése meghatározta a töredék későbbi olvasatait is, egészen a bizánci kortól máig. Tanulmányom második részében ebből a gazdag hagyományból két XII. századi bizánci Aristotelés-kommentátor magyarázatát mutatom be közelebbről, fölvetve annak lehetőségét is, hogy talán mégsem annyira egynemű ez az értelmezői hagyomány.
