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Arts and Humanities
In this paper I analyse the photomontages of Endre Bálint (1914–1986) in the context of the cultural politics of the Iron Curtain period in Eastern Europe and Hungary. First, the study takes a diachronic, historical approach to photomontage as a creative method that maintained continuity between the avant-garde generations of artists, a way of thinking and a creative process accordingly, cultivated in the circles of persecuted, banned or silenced artists experimenting during the decades from the 1920s to 1970s. Second, by placing Endre Bálint’s late photomontages (made after his 1963 return from his “exodus” to Paris) in the context of contemporary artistic phenomena (e.g. Brecht’s photobook, Jean-Luc Godard’s work, David Hockney’s montages or bricoleur punk artists), I argue that, in contrast to the generally held view, they are not the withering signs of renunciation, but rather a way out of renunciation, that is, a solution. “We breathe in fragments,” Bálint wrote, and the pictorial form to fittingly reflect a fragmented way of existence (together with the psychological burdens, shadows of the past, and the social and cultural-political determinations) was the montage-technique that had flourished from the 1920s, and whose Eastern European, distinctively Hungarian variant found its guardian, its good shepherd in Bálint, in his creative practice. Bálint’s late photomontages also deserve attention from the point of view of a silent narrative of art history, which does not focus on middle-aged artists’ major works, but on the profuse production by the old masters, the masters of sprezzatura, which is characterised by an aesthetic lightness, a kind of aesthetic liberation and swiftness, and the ability to allow memories a free influx into the creative work. One of the conclusions of this study is that Hungarian photomontage, and especially the late work of Endre Bálint, can be instructively read in conjunction with the equally restrained psychoanalytic literature of the period, in which the splitting of Self as a traumatic consequence of shocking events and also a means to survive those events is a key concept. A critically productive artistic construction that is based on fragments can be seen and read as the visual counterpart of a psychological notion of Self-splitting.
Metamorphoses
The recent conservation-restoration in the ‘Hungarian Versailles’
The Esterházy Palace in Fertőd is part of Hungary’s largest eighteenth-century residential complex. After severe damage at the end of the Second World War and in the 1950s, the palace was repeatedly renovated for almost seventy years. Between 2021 and 2022, the state apartments in the main building and some adjoining rooms underwent extensive conservation and restoration. Due to the palace’s complicated history and the inconsistent interventions of the post-war period, it was difficult to preserve as many remnants as possible. The aim was to preserve and display all historical periods from the beginning to the present, as they provide information about all the historical and cultural changes over the centuries. From this point of view, the contradictory relationship between some previous interventions and the principles laid down in documents such as the Venice Charter, the Nara Document or the UNESCO Convention of the Intangible Heritage were considered a legacy that can no longer be erased from the history of the palace. Based on conservation and restoration principles crystallised in the second half of the twentieth century and considering the changes in the field of heritage conservation since the 1990s, an attempt was made to preserve the tangible and intangible heritage as far as possible. With this in mind, the rooms were divided into three groups, each of which is subject to a different conservation and restoration method.
Originating from Leipzig and active in Vienna, the printmaker and painter Donat Hübschmann (†1583) had clients from Hungary who were close to the joint Hungarian and Bohemian royal and imperial court in Vienna of the composite Habsburg Monarchy, to which the Kingdom of Hungary belonged. Miklós Oláh (Nicolaus Olahus), humanist prelate and Archbishop of Esztergom, and head of the Hungarian Court Chancellery based in Vienna, commissioned him to make a copy of his etched portrait. János Zsámboky (Johannes Sambucus), who entered court service as a humanist, ordered two works from him. In 1564–65 Zsámboky had an illustrated broadsheet made to commemorate the coronation in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) as King of Hungary of Archduke Maximilian II of Habsburg in 1563, which was decorated with a woodcut by Donat Hübschmann: a veduta of Pozsony. Further, in 1566 he assigned Donat Hübschmann to produce a copy of the earliest surviving printed map of Hungary (Lazarus secretarius, Tabula Hungariae, 1528). Other Hungarian-related works can be found among the master’s prints, such as a woodcut portrait of Hans Francolin the Younger, Hungarian Herald of Ferdinand I. It is likely that Donat Hübschmann was also responsible for the painted decoration on five letters patent, which were commissioned by Hungarian noblemen and issued by the Hungarian Court Chancellery in Vienna. In every case, the miniature coats of arms were signed with the monogram “DH”. The calligraphic decoration of these can be attributed to the noted calligrapher György (George) Bocskay and his workshop.
Style and Inscription
Inscriptions in classical and early humanist capital letters cut in stone in Hungary in the age of King Matthias and the Jagiellos
The practice of using classical capital lettering was introduced north of the Alps from Italy in the second half of the 15th century, and appeared very early in the Kingdom of Hungary. The article contains six case studies on the problems of architectural carvings, stone tabernacles, tombstones and the classical inscriptions on them. I. Tabernacles. All’antica tabernacles were produced in large numbers in late mediaeval Hungary and survive in churches from monumental to very small. The tabernacle frames, which followed the antique architecture of the façade, were accompanied by inscriptions: quotations about the Eucharist or, less frequently, inscriptions referring to the maker. II. Inscriptions outside the royal court. Outside the Buda residence of King Matthias, inscriptions engraved with humanist capitals also appeared, earlier than in the royal court, according to our present knowledge. The earliest dated inscriptions in Hungary survive in Veszprém and are attributed to Bishop Albert Vetési, the best known being a text written on ribbons running on a Gothic console (1467). The all’antica heraldic stones known from several places in the country are often dated, the earliest being found in the Nógrád castle of Miklós Báthory, the humanist bishop, with the date 1483. III. The royal court. Monumental all’antica inscriptions adorned the royal palace in Buda: building inscriptions, statue bases. Their texts are mostly known only from sources, as few original stone carvings have survived. These inscriptions were sometimes in bronze letters, but there were also engraved ones. The monumental inscriptions were associated with King Matthias, while the inscriptions known from the time of Vladislaus II are smaller in size and do not have bronze lettering. IV. Epitaphs. Antique letters also appeared as circular inscriptions on late medieval tombstones. The epitaph written in distychs was often engraved in a tabula ansata. Rarely, the wording was also antiquated, as exemplified by the abbreviations DOM, DOMS, DM. V. Inscriptions around Hungary in the Jagiellonian period. The commissioners of early inscriptions were familiar with the all’antica inscriptions of the Buda court. In Vienna, the first known all’antica inscriptions can be attributed to a citizen of Buda, Peter Juncker, and in Moravia to the lords of Tovačov and Moravská Třebová (Ctibor Tovačovský z Cimburka; Ladislav z Boskovic). VI. Architectural inscriptions of the Jagellonian period in Hungary. Inside the sepulchral chapel of Tamás Bakócz in Esztergom there is a bronze donation inscription (1507), in keeping with the perfect Renaissance centralised space. After 1500, all’antica building inscriptions became common in Hungary. We know of many of them, mainly in the Transdanubian region, written in pure classical capitals. In the northern part of the country, the early humanist capitals are more common; the Biblical quotations and proverbs on the staircase of the town hall of Bártfa were written in such letters. In Transylvania, classical capitals are again common: the inscriptions of the Lázói Chapel, built next to the cathedral in Gyulafehervár, or the Várday Chapel were also carved in such letters.
This study examines Max Dvořák‘s previously unknown papers prepared for his one-semester lecture series at the university of Vienna in 1913. Dvořák titled these lectures “explanations of Selected Works of Art“ (Erklärung ausgewählter Kunstwerke) and in doing so developed a distinctive method within the art historical research of the so-called vienna School of Art History. The paper interprets the lectures through a close reading of the method as a parallel to the change in the concept of the work of art as it occurred in the philosophy and practice of art at the beginning of the twentieth century, demonstrated in the study by examples from the thinking of the German philosopher Oskar Becker and a transformation of the meaning of painting by the French artist Marcel Duchamp. As the study shows, such analogies allow us to understand the meaning of the work of art in Max Dvořák‘s art history in a new way.
Három évtizeddel azután, hogy Karl Krumbacher megszervezte a Müncheni Egyetemen az első bizantinológiai intézetet, a tudományos eredmények bemutatására nemzetközi bizantinológiai kongresszust hívtak össze. A kezdetben politikai okokból szűk körre korlátozódó rendezvény fokozatosan megnyílt minden nemzet számára, miközben a bizantinológiai kutatásban az egyes országok saját törekvései mellett egyre nagyobb szerepet kaptak a nemzetközi együttműködések és a tudományos eszme cserék. A magyar kutatók aktívan részt vettek ezekben a folyamatokban, és magas szintű tudományos munkájuk mellett kulturális-diplomáciai erőfeszítéseikkel is igyekeztek Magyarországot integrálni a globális tudományos diskurzusba. Törekvéseiknek köszönhetően Budapest elnyerte a bizantinológia legrangosabb nemzetközi kongresszusának rendezési jogát, de a kényszerítő külső körülmények miatt a rendezvény végül nem kerülhetett megrendezésre. A tanulmány az eredeti terveket és koncepcionális kereteket követi nyomon a korabeli dokumentumokon keresztül.
A XI–XII. századi, ismeretlen szerzőtől származó Timarión című szatíra főhőse egy utazás során tetszhalott állapotba kerül, két démon erőszakkal az alvilágba kényszeríti, ahol egy bírósági tárgyaláson bebizonyítja, hogy még nem halt meg, úgyhogy visszatérhet az élők közé. Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa és értelmezze Kónstantinos Akropolités kétszáz évvel később keletkezett rövid levelét, melyben a szerző éles kritika tárgyává teszi a Timariónt, anélkül hogy kifogásait pontosan kifejtené.
Az Illyricumból származó, katolikus keresztény vallású Marcellinus comes Iustinianus császár (527– 565) cancellariusa és a VI. század elejének egyik legjelentősebb történetírója volt. Az udvari szerző latin nyelvű Krónikája (Chronicon) Hieronymus (Szent Jeromos) 379-ig eljutó krónikakompozíciójának az 534-ig megírt folytatása, amelyet egy ismeretlen auktor később egészen 548-ig kibővített. A mű a késő ókori sztyeppei népek történetének is fontos, megkerülhetetlen forrása. A publikáció az alánokról, hunokról, bolgárokról és szabirokról szóló Marcellinus comes szöveghelyek fordítására és részletes kommentálására vállalkozik.
A Ceres istennőhöz kapcsolódó egyik legfontosabb átmeneti rítus a mundus megnyitása. A mundus olyan objektum Rómában, aminek megnyitása különleges alkalmakkor tartott állami rituálé volt. Amíg a mundus nyitva volt, a holtak szellemei járták keresztül a világot, így minden akkor folytatott tevékenységet rossz előjelek fenyegettek. Sok vita övezi a mundus kérdéskörét, mert nem ismerjük a megjelenésének formáját, pontos elhelyezkedését, és a szokás eredetét is homály fedi. Tanulmányunkban arra keressük a választ, hogyan kapcsolódott Ceres mint agráristenség az élet és a halál kettősségéhez, miért kapcsolják alakjához a mundust, és ez miként jelenik meg a római szerzők munkáiban. Kitérünk arra is, hogy a mundus Cereris hogyan jöhetett létre Róma alapításakor, mi volt a célja, és mit jelenthetett a korabeli rómaiaknak.
The article is devoted to the biography of the Polish traveller and diplomat Marcin Broniowski (d. 1592), author of Tartariae descriptio (1578), a classic description of early modern Crimea. While working on the article, I discovered a number of previously unknown Polish sources relating to the diplomat’s biography. This allowed me to reconstruct Marcin Broniowski’s biography and the chronology of his visits to Crimea. I also analyse the main early modern editions and translations of Tartariae descriptio, as well as its influence on the history of European geographical thought.
This paper introduces several new fragments that were collected by Luo Zhenyu 羅振玉 (1866–1940) and subsequently acquired by the Liaoning Provincial Museum. In 1928, Luo relocated from Tianjin to Liaoning, transporting his extensive collection with him. He resided in Liaoning for 12 years until his demise, during which time his collections were integrated into the museum’s holdings. The fragment we are publishing here is one of the items. Our research indicates that the pieces assembled by museum staff are parts of two leaves. The Uighur text corresponds to a section of chapter 32 of the Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra in forty chapters.
The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the reading ötrü of the postposition which means ‘against’ in the Cun Lord’s Prayer in which it is spelled ⟨utro ⟩ is incorrect and should be amended to utru. The postposition ötrü is used in the Turkic languages not in the meaning ‘against’, but ‘because of, following on’. In addition, it may not follow a nominal in the dative as it appears in the Cun Lord’s Prayer, since ötrü requires the ablative. On the contrary, the opposition utru fulfils both requirements.
Abstract
This paper argues that the indefinite, definite, and kind interpretations belonging to nouns and noun phrases are independent universal semantic features realized by different linguistic means across and within languages. The investigations presented here take the viewpoint of the speaker: first the semantic content of the three features is characterized, then the linguistic expressions these interpretations belong to and arise from are examined. Cross-linguistic data support the conclusions that none of these features is derived from the other(s), their primary source is the intrasentential context, and they express “instructions” to the hearer to find more or less identifiable or more or less representative referents that pertain to the denotation of the noun (phrase).
Narrowing or in Kálmán's writings
Investigating the usage of vagy ‘or’ in Hungarian
Abstract
The paper investigates the usage of the Hungarian connective vagy ‘or’. Our starting point is Ariel & Mauri's (2018, 2019) and Ariel's (2020) papers about the use of or, where they argue that its core meaning is ‘alternativity’. Our goal is to describe Hungarian vagy ‘or’ by analyzing various corpus data, and compare the results. We examined the personal subcorpus of the Hungarian National Corpus (MNSZ2), and the Hungarian Spontaneous Speech Database (BEA). In this paper, as a tribute to the memory of László Kálmán, we investigated a third corpus that is constructed from Kálmán's very popular informative texts on Qubit.
The paper deals with one of clitic third orders in Hittite that involves later than the expected second position of the clitic -(m)a, a contrastive conjunction and discourse marker, otherwise a standard second position clitic. -(m)a is delayed beyond its common second position by clause connectives, subordinators and conjunctions with varying obligatoriness: it is obligatory with clause connectives and optional with subordinators and conjunctions. This study explores in detail the variation with subordinators and conjunctions and it argues that clitic third order in this context is an innovation. In explaining how clitic third order was triggered in this context the etymological hypothesis of Eichner (1971, 1981) is combined with the prosodic explanation of clitic third of Kloekhorst (2014) against an alternative account of Sideltsev (2019).
In the early modern Ottoman Empire, social identity was closely tied to a hierarchical structure, with the sultanate occupying the highest tier and ordinary subjects positioned at the lower end. Empire’s inhabitants were divided into groups based on the style and color of their clothes. By dressing in clothing from a different gender, socioeconomic class, or ethnoreligious group, one could disguise their true identity and social status. This article endeavors to unveil the motivations that compelled ordinary people to employ clothing as a means to conceal their involvement in criminal activities. Furthermore, it investigates the constraints associated with common identity-altering practices, particularly from the vantage points of religion, gender, and intersectionality. Drawing from an array of archival sources such as mühimme records, chronicles, manuscripts, and qadi court registers, the article scrutinizes the consequences of these practices.
The article deals with the origin of palatalisation in the plural paradigm of the Khotanese i-declension. According to the common view, palatalisation resulted from regular sound change only in the nominative-accusative plural, with the etymological form of the endings remaining not-palatalised in the rest of the plural inflection. Subsequently, there emerged a tendency for the palatalised allomorph to become generalised and extend across the paradigm. However, a thorough examination of older and later Old Khotanese manuscripts challenges this perspective, revealing no evidence of original allomorphy between the palatalised and non-palatalised stem variants in the plural. This study demonstrates that palatalisation did not originate from analogical levellings but rather arose from regular sound change. Additionally, the article draws a comparison between the i-declension plural paradigm and the inflection of most numerals greater than ‘three’, which exhibit palatalisation in all case forms except for the nominative-accusative.
The multi-layered cultural structure of the Mamluk Kipchak area can be seen in the language of the period. The linguistic evolution of the Turkmens and Kipchaks, the initial settlers of the region, is documented in contemporary grammars and dictionaries. The language of the Eastern Turks also became incorporated as their numbers in the region gradually increased. This study investigates the vocabulary used in al-Qavânîn al-Kulliyya li-Ẓabṭ al-Luġat at-Turkiyya, one of the grammars of the period. The first stage of the study was to identify words with the same meanings and equivalent pairs that may be indicators of how the dialect of the period has changed. The status of the words which were considered to be indicators of the dialectal differences between the historical text, and that of the Turkic languages of contemporary Oghuz and Kipchak groups, was then analysed. Results indicate that 37.03% of the fifty-eight words analysed in this study still exist in contemporary Oghuz, while 25.93% are still present, and even have the same meaning, in contemporary Kipchak. The rate of equivalent pairs identified in this historical text was 37.03%.
There are more than 10 block-printed and hand-copied versions of the Vajracchedikā Sūtra (The Diamond Sūtra) in Old Uighur preserved in Berlin, Paris and St. Petersburg. Recently, two block-printed fragments of Vajracchedikā Sūtra in Old Uighur, which are of the same origin as those in Berlin, were found in the National Library of China. Based on a comparative study, these items are believed to be translated from a Sanskrit version while referencing the Chinese translation by Dharmagupta. This paper presents a textual examination of the two Old Uighur Vajracchedikā Sūtra fragments.
As many world languages, Turkic also has simple suffixes in terms of structure, as well as complex suffixes with controversial origins. Although some of these suffixes have been systematized and bound to certain rules, the emergence of some suffixes still remains a mystery. Old Uyghur, which is one of the historical periods of the Turkic language, has such an undeciphered suffix. The compound suffix of +DXrtI has been evaluated by some researchers to date; however, no definite conclusion has been reached regarding its origin and function. For this purpose, various structures in Altaic languages will be examined and a connection will be made between this suffix and the ‘extraordinary’ examples seen in Old Uyghur.
Ethnicity and Representation
Material Folk Art at the Intersection of Local Identity, Minority Policy Goals, and Ethnographers' Aspirations in the 1970s and 1980s in Hungary
Abstract
Those Germans who remained in Hungary after the Second World War faced complex political, economic, and social difficulties. In cultural terms, the diverse self-definitions of the Germans living in Hungary at that time precluded national cohesion, despite the use by the authorities of the unifying definition “German.” This national minority was bound together primarily by shared trauma. Individuals and communities alike were searching for their place amidst the changed circumstances, and it was the umbrella organization known as the Democratic Association of Germans in Hungary (Magyarországi Németek Demokratikus Szövetsége) that sought to bring them together. It was not until the 1970s that the association began to professionalize its activities and to conduct ethnographic research in cooperation with qualified specialists. During this process, the village of Harta, which was already famous for its folk art, came to their attention. It was specifically the economic potential of this settlement in Bács-Kiskun County, and its character as an ethnic and confessional enclave, that laid the foundations for the uniform objects and motifs of this local center of furniture painting. After the Second World War, the county administration's cultural policy was relatively accepting of the furniture-making tradition here, and the local intelligentsia showed a supportive attitude towards the settlement's German heritage. In the 1970s, there was still a furniture painter living in Harta, who won the most prestigious folk-art award, regularly participated in exhibitions and gala events, and even produced painted furniture in the cooperative's subsidiary branch at the initiative of the local council president. This ensured that painted furniture from Harta came to represent not only the traditionalist aspirations of the German Association, but also national cultural policy. Harta furniture emerged as the most iconic style of minority painted furniture and as the shared heritage of the German community in Hungary.
Abstract
Explicitation might be the most discussed phenomenon in Translation Studies history, and yet the most elusive of them all. This study aims to contribute to the literature on the cognitive relevance-theoretic approach to explicitation and implicitation, adopting the view that translation is a type of pragmatically communicative and interpretive act. First, the study presents a brief critical overview of selected existing accounts of explicitation and implicitation to show how the definitions are riddled with circularity and the classifications with lack of conformity. Second, it addresses the existing relevance-theoretic models in an attempt to reconcile their classifications in a unified, applicable relevance-theoretic model of analysis. It puts to good use the fuller account of the range of pragmatic processes widely discussed in Relevance Theory; namely, disambiguation, reference assignment, free enrichment, higher-level explicature and ad hoc concept. The corpus of the study is selected articles from Nature, as representative of scientific and technical discourse, in English and their translations into Arabic as published in the Arabic edition of Nature. The study leans upon Gutt's Optimal Relevance theory and Pym's Risk Management hypothesis to explain the outcomes of the analysis.
Abstract
In corpus-based interpreting studies, typical challenges exist in the time-consuming and labour-intensive nature of transcribing spoken data and in identifying prosodic properties. This paper addresses these challenges by exploring methods for the automatic compilation of multimodal interpreting corpora, with a focus on English/Chinese Consecutive Interpreting. The results show that: 1) automatic transcription can achieve an accuracy rate of 95.3% in transcribing consecutive interpretations; 2) prosodic properties related to filled pauses, unfilled pauses, articulation rate, and mispronounced words can be automatically extracted using our rule-based programming; 3) mispronounced words can be effectively identified by employing Confidence Measure, with any word having a Confidence Measure lower than 0.321 considered as mispronounced; 4) automatic alignment can be achieved through the utilisation of automatic segmentation, sentence embedding, and alignment techniques. This study contributes to interpreting studies by broadening the empirical understanding of orality, enabling multimodal analyses of interpreting products, and providing a new methodological solution for the construction and utilisation of multimodal interpreting corpora. It also has implications in exploring applicability of new technologies in interpreting studies.
Abstract
Since the early 2000s when the possibility of a network approach in translation studies (TS) was noted, social network analysis (SNA) has been applied to explore the relational complexity of various translational agents in practical, industrial, academic, and educational settings. Through a systematic review, this paper shows that SNA's major contributions to TS have been mainly in areas of translation history, translation economy, translation scientometrics, translation education, and online collaborative translation. It also identifies how SNA has adapted to and complemented other methodological and theoretical approaches in TS under two paradigms, i.e., explanatory structuralist and exploratory complex paradigms. In light of the review, strengths and weakness of these paradigms are discussed, and suggestions are provided for further research on their confluence, which is characterized by a less reductionist analytic model with appropriate explanatory power in a closer symbiosis between complexity theory and SNA.
Abstract
Scholars have conflicting views as to strategy choice between foreignization and domestication, and each view is supported by descriptive case analyses. So far, translation practitioners' voices on strategy use have not been heard. This study aims to explore translators' views on strategy choice, shaping factors, and justifications. The participants surveyed were translators of academic texts in Humanities and Social Sciences, a genre requiring substantial and creative interventions from translators in rhetorical norms and epistemological conventions. The results indicate that: domestication is used more often than foreignization; strategy use is translator-specific in that the translators are divided concerning the manipulation of the macro-level source-text features and content, though most of them agree to domesticate the micro-level features; eight factors (target readers' needs, authors, etc.) exert different degrees of impact on strategy use; and the current practices of justifying strategy use is invisible, harming the recognition of translators' contributions and their professional status.
Abstract
Distance interpreting (DI) refers to interpreting services provided by interpreters at a remote location, facilitated through information and communication technologies. DI has been widely employed in a multitude of contexts, ranging from multilingual diplomacy conferences and public service sectors to global business negotiations and live-broadcasting programs, among others. Although empirical studies have provided extensive insights into DI, the findings show a certain degree of dispersion and complexity, indicating a need for further investigation. This study set out to conduct a systematic review of the empirical DI research with the aim of providing an evidence-backed synthesis of the current DI research and predicting potential future research directions. Applying the PRISMA guidelines, we identified 39 journal articles on DI through an electronic search and a snowballing procedure. We then coded and synthesized these articles based on a framework comprising three main elements: demographics, methodology, and research themes. Four prominent research themes were identified: (1) interpreters' adaptation, (2) technical considerations in DI, (3) client satisfaction, and (4) DI quality assessment. Based on these, we discuss four possible directions for future DI research: replication studies of onsite interpreting research, research in diverse settings, incorporation of modern technology, and experiments on diverse language combinations.
Abstract
In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in multimodal translation studies. However, there is currently no suitable framework available for analyzing how the original meaning is reconstructed through the interaction of various semiotic resources in the multimodal target text. Under this context, this article proposes a systemic functional framework that integrates the systems of the meaning potential of semiotic resources, including language, sound (human voice), objects, space, and semiotic ensembles of the human body, and a tripartite classification of the relationships between semiotic resources. To exemplify the analytical potential of the framework, this article presents an example of analysis, taking an excerpt from Fences as the object of analysis.
Abstract
This study investigates ad hoc knowledge in interpreting – knowledge specifically relevant to an interpreting task, usually acquired by interpreters at pre-service and in-service stages. A quasi-experiment asked eight English–Chinese professional interpreters to prepare for and interpret two speeches with different degrees of specialisation. Five datasets were collected: (1) screen and video recordings of their preparation processes; (2) their responses to a follow-up questionnaire; (3) their scores and answers on a domain knowledge test; (4) their interpreting performance, rated by both professional interpreters and domain experts; (5) the speaker's answers to a few open questions on domain knowledge. Parts of the first and second datasets were used to examine what ad hoc knowledge the interpreters needed; the remaining three datasets, together with recording data from the first, were used to investigate the extent of their need for this knowledge. The findings show that ad hoc knowledge is domain-relevant, yet its scope is highly interpreting-specific, being neither deep nor wide; and it is by nature different from domain knowledge, mainly including speech-relevant expressive knowledge about certain domain(s) and the contextual knowledge interpreters use in their preparation. The implications of these findings for interpreting practice and training are also discussed.
Abstract
The decorated artifacts of rural craft industries were the forerunners of the products which, from the late 19th century, were made for the organized trade that entered the global market and met the needs of the Hungarian market. The production was managed by the increasingly numerous cottage industry associations, later cottage industry cooperatives and independent companies. Until World War II, craft and folk art products were marketed by centrally managed organizations, as well as by individual entrepreneurs, commercial travelers, trading companies, and cottage industry cooperatives. From 1948 onwards, the marketing of the products of cottage industry cooperatives was exclusively in the hands of state-controlled domestic trading and export companies. After the political regime change in Hungary in 1989, the applied folk arts cooperatives continued to operate for some time, but the centrally managed trading companies ceased to exist. The cooperatives carried out commercial activities by building on their previous relationships. By the 1990s, however, the global market for folk art products and the economic conditions for their production in Hungary had changed, and the folk art products of the cottage industry cooperatives have been phased out. This paper focuses on the history of centrally managed institutions of commerce from the 1870s to 1989 and their aftermath up to the 1990s.
Abstract
The study focuses on the examination of today's ethnographical approaches and theoretical-methodological paradigms of cultural heritage, as well as everyday social practices related to heritagization (preparing lists of local values and Hungarikums, monumentalization, festivalization, musealization, etc.). In the first part of the paper, the author briefly describes the most common ethnographic approaches to the concept of cultural heritage, as well as the most important related analytical models. He argues for approaching heritage phenomena and their various manifestations (objects, places, and practices) through a kind of ontological framework. Through an empirical example — the analysis of the collection/preservation of values that started after 2010 among the Hungarian minority in Transcarpathia — the study presents the local/regional practices and ritual and symbolic patterns of heritage making in the Western Ukrainian region. Examining the activities of minority political–cultural elites, the author analyzes the transformations of meanings through which the individual local cultural assets or certain accentuated elements become global social realities, for example national/translocal heritage objects.
Abstract
In this paper, a quantitative and qualitative analysis is conducted on the <b>/<v> alternations found in the epigraphic texts from three representative subsets of Roman African inscriptions from both urban centres and more peripheral areas (1st century BCE – 7th century CE). The distribution of the confusion has been related to the dating and provenance place of the inscriptions and the level of literacy of those involved in their crafting. The results show a difference in the distribution of <b>/<v> confusions in the three areas examined, with a higher incidence in later inscriptions from Sabratha. Thus, it is discussed whether the different distribution of the <b>/<v> confusions observed in the different regions might be a cue for internal diatopic variation.
Концептуализация транспозиции в семиотике литературы Ю. М. Лотмана
Тhe Conceptualisation of Transposition in Juri Lotman’s Semiotics of Literature
В статье изучается семиотическое явление транспозиции, предпринимается попытка разработать его понятийное определение и описаниe в общих рамках семиотики культуры и, в частности, в се-миотике литературы Юрия Лотмана.
Если понятие транспозиции в семиотике культуры входит в такие области научного исследования как трансмедийность, переводоведение, интертекстуальность, интердискурсивность, интерсемио-тика, то в семиотике литературы Лотмана транспозиция концептуализирована – непосредственно или через опосредование без превращения самого термина «транспозиция» в ключевой – в окру-жении и свете таких понятий как граница; контекст – в вариантах: «контекстные структуры», «кон-структивные контексты», «семантические структуры»; семантическая «упорядоченность» (в том числe и «частичная» и «дополнительная»); условность; бинарность и плюральность; множество и «подмножество» / «субсемиосфера»; семиосфера и т. д.
Перечень составляющих понятийного фона для изучения транспозиции в литературно-семио-тическом понимании Лотмана сам по себе свидетельствует о том, что исследование в данном на-правлении приводит к выяснению экстенсивного терминологического поля и органических вза-имосвязей элементов внутри него. С другой стороны, прослеживание данных понятий на основе многочисленных текстов (oт работы «О разграничении лингвистического и литературоведческого понятия структуры», через «Структуру художественного текста», до работ 90-х годов), возникаю-щих по ходу эволюции научного достижения ученого, позволяет подчеркнуть когерентность теоре-тической работы, относящейся к так называемым «структуралистскому» и «постструктуралистко-му» периодам его мышления.
Толкование в статье согласованности понятий Лотмана в разнообразных его подходах к лите-ратурному тексту, ориентированных на понимание внутри- и внетекстовых форм культурного общения, в котором литература участвует в разных измерениях, позволяет видеть транспозицию в понимании ученого как гарантий текстовой динамики. Текстовая динамика в смысле порождения нового смысла толкуется в статье в свете операций дифференциации в ракурсах принципов реля-ционности и взаимопроекций определенных микро- / макроэлементов и -контекстов, а также смен их упорядоченностей. Эти смены воплощают транспозиции, несущие смысловые трансформации и приводящие к возникновению новых семиотических условностей.
Транспозиция в итоге осмысляется как семантический генератор, касающийся в семиотике ли-тературы Лотмана толкования события в качестве «перемещения персонажа через границу семан-тического поля»; оформления семантического сюжета; умножения бинарностей, превращающихся в составляющие плюральных формаций; развития семиотических условностей в поэтике литера-турного текста и метадискурсивности литературы.
Antroponimia polska na Kresach południowo-wschodnich w XIX wieku – źródła i perspektywa badawcza
Polish Anthroponomy in the South-Eastern Borderlands in the 19th Century – Sources and Research Perspective
Przedmiotem artykułu jest imiennictwo Polaków na Kresach południowo-wschodnich w XIX wieku, a celem nakreślenie perspektywy badawczej danych zawartych w aktach parafialnych i księgach status ani- marum diecezji łuckiej opublikowanych oraz pozostających w zasobach archiwalnych. Objętość materiału empirycznego to kilkadziesiąt tysięcy jednostek antroponimicznych. Omówienie uwzględnia stan badań, przegląd źródeł rękopiśmiennych i drukowanych, kontekst historyczny, szczegółowe zadania analityczne, dotyczące opisu i interpretacji lingwistycznej, przyjęte rozwiązania metodologiczne oraz znaczenie planowanych badań dla studiów onomastycznych, leksykologicznych, nad dziedzictwem kulturowym, historią Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego i obecnością etnosu polskiego na Ukrainie.
Perspektywa badawcza dotyczy studiów historyczno-etymologicznych nazwisk i opracowania monograficznego polskiego systemu antroponimicznego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zasobu imion mężczyzn i kobiet w różnych warstwach społecznych oraz ich charakterystyki morfologicznej, a także formacji poimiennych chłopów, mieszczan i szlachty, ich typologii i struktury słowotwórczej, charakteru odzwierciedlonych w nich interferencji międzyjęzykowych, jak również sposobów nominacji i ich związku z dokumentami źródłowymi. Bazę teoretyczno-metodologiczną stanowić będą założenia onomastyki diachronicznej, socjolingwistyki, lingwokulturologii i językoznawstwa kognitywnego, z uwzględnieniem metod frekwencyjnostatystycznych i porównawczych, a także ujęcia geograficznego.
Otrzymane wyniki pokażą obraz antroponimii polskiej diecezji łuckiej w ostatnim etapie kształtowania się systemu nazewniczego, jego związek z antroponimią polsko-wschodniosłowiańskiego pogranicza bliż-szego, ziem etnicznych i specyfikę regionalną uwarunkowaną polsko-ukraińskimi kontaktami międzyetnicznymi, a także zakodowany w nim system wartości.
Planowane badania będą uzupełnieniem studiów dotyczących polskiego imiennictwa na Kresach południowo-wschodnich, w szczególności na terenie dawnego województwa wołyńskiego i części zabużańskiej ziemi chełmskiej (starostwo ratneńskie i lubomelskie), które były objęte jurysdykcją diecezji łuckiej, stanowić będą niezbędną podstawę do dalszych prac nad stworzeniem syntetycznego obrazu antroponimii Polaków różnych stanów na całym obszarze dawnej Ukrainy.
Возвратность в зоне интерференции (на материале двуязычных польско-украинских текстов середины XIX в.)
Reflexive Verbs in the Contact Zone (On the Material of Bilingual Polish–Ukrainian Texts of the Mid-19th Century)
В статье анализируется образование и функционирование соотносимых возвратных и невозврат-ных форм глаголов в параллельных польско-украинских текстах середины XIX в., созданных писа-телями так называемой украинской школы Т. Падуррой (1801–1871) и С. Осташевским (1797–1875). Проведено сопоставление обнаруженных примеров нарушения оппозиции в сфере возвратности с лексикографическими материалами и данными корпуса украинского и польского языков, подтвер-дившие узуальный, а не индивидуально-авторский характер инноваций в данной контактной зоне. Двуязычие авторов анализируемых текстов объясняет тот факт, что среди специфических особен-ностей в сфере возвратности значительное место занимают польско-украинские интерферемы и явления аналогичного характера, фиксируемые также в региональном узусе. Исходя из проанализи-рованных примеров, возвратность в целом можно охарактеризовать как одну из зон межъязыковой «напряженности» в глагольной сфере.
Контактные формы отмечены в анализируемых текстах как в сфере словоизменения, так и на уровне морфосинтаксиса. Наиболее ярко межъязыковое взаимодействие проявляется в нарушении оппозиции возвратных и невозвратных глаголов. Наш материал подтвердил тенденцию к более ред-кому опущению возвратного элемента в обоих языках. В свою очередь, поддерживающее влияние может способствовать появлению усиленных за счет возвратной частицы форм как переходных, так и непереходных глаголов. При этом направление влияния может быть установлено не во всех случаях: наряду с очевидными примерами, демонстрирующими следование одному из образцов: польскому или украинскому, широко распространено взаимонаправленное воздействие.
В тех случаях, когда оба языка демонстрируют вариативность, украинские рефлексивы, как пра-вило, носят региональный (западный) характер, реже – маркированы в обоих языках. Усиление вариативности глагольных форм, характерное для украинского регионального узуса, объясняется географическим положением и социолингвистическими характеристиками данного региона. В це-лом ряде случаев появление новых вариантных (дополнительно маркированных) форм является результатом действия лексической аналогии и словообразовательной синонимии, как, например, при производстве префиксально-постфиксальных дериватов с кумулятивным значением от пере-ходных невозвратных глаголов. Эта тенденция распространяется также на непереходные глаголы (например, глаголы движения и состояния), где рефлексивы оказываются маркированными чле-нами оппозиции в обоих языках. Семантические трансформации, связанные с образованием реф-лексивов от глаголов такого рода, могут также оказывать воздействие на сферу морфосинтаксиса, приводя к увеличению частотности имперсональных субъектных конструкций и расширению чис-ла глаголов, задействованных в их образовании.
Образ Ф. М. Достоевского в творчестве Велимира Хлебникова: «всеобщая гармония» и границы «эвклидового ума»
F. Dostoevsky’s Image in Velimir Khlebnikov’s Work: “Universal Harmony” and the Boundaries of the “Euclidean Mind”
Статья посвящена анализу присутствия образа Ф. М. Достоевского и форм преломления его фило-софско-геометрических взглядов в текстах русского поэта-футуриста Велимира Хлебникова. Цель исследования – найти подступы к проблеме «Хлебников и Достоевский» прежде всего на уровне рассмотрения философско-математических концепций обоих авторов и раскрыть идейно-художе-ственное значение образной фигуры Достоевского в утопическом мире Хлебникова.
В работе уточняются гипотезы генезиса диалектических размышлений героев и – опосредован-но – самого создателя романа «Братья Карамазовы» о философских следствиях возможного на-рушения постулатов геометрии Евклида, об ограниченности «эвклидового ума» и его границах. Определяются этическое и онтологическое «начала» неевклидовых аксиоматик в художествен-но-философской вселенной писателя, показана их роль в кристаллизации идей «всеобщей» или «мировой» гармонии.
В раннем стихотворении В. Хлебникова «О, достоевскиймо бегущей тучи…» (1907–1909) имя собственное («Достоевский») превращается в отвлеченное существительное («достоевскиймо»), происходит своеобразное распределение «ярусов вселенной»: фигура писателя через словесно- художественную абстракцию интегрирует «земной», «мерный мир».
В стихотворении «Земные стары сны…» (1917) образ Достоевского предстает в своей революци-онно-каторжной ипостаси. Очертания фигуры классика обнаруживается одновременно и в создан-ном им «бесовском» мире романа, и в пространстве объективного будущего, хода истории, который он предсказал.
В новаторской, революционно-утопической поэме «Ладомир» (1920), в названии которой периф-растически артикулировано понятие «мировой гармонии», очерчиваются контуры единства и гар-монии («лада») будущего человечества.
Мифологему хлебниковской «мировой гармонии» и идею торжества «всеобщей гармонии» Достоевского – при всем различии их философско-политических оснований («революционный вихрь» и «бесконечность в Боге») – концептуально сближает физико-геометрическая составляющая (параметры «четвертого измерения», идеи Н. И. Лобачевского, Б. Римана).
В письме к А. Е. Крученых (1913) Хлебников дает своеобразный «геометрический» «очерк жизни» создателя «Преступления и наказания», увязывая трансформацию взглядов Достоевского с пред-ставлениями о движении «лучей истории» и вписывая его фигуру в сложный контекст историче-ской судьбы России. Несмотря на коллективное футуристическое «бросание» классика с «парохода современности», Хлебников находит его жизненный жребий во многом схожим с эволюцией соб-ственной судьбы (от юношеской, студенческой революционности к славянскому «почвенниче-ству»), а мировоззренческие ориентиры в целом созвучными.
Таким образом, наши размышления и приведенные примеры демонстрируют бытование образа Достоевского в текстах поэта-футуриста и раскрывают стратегии обретения онтологических смыс-лов в утопическом (на фоне неизбежного возвращения в пространство евклидовой аксиоматики) стремлении обоих литераторов-философов к идеальным формам существования («мировая» / «все-общая» гармонии) через преодоление границ «эвклидового ума».
Суффиксы -ова-, -ева-, -изова-, -ирова-, -изирова- в глагольной неологизации 2000–2020 гг.
The Suffixes -ова-, -ева-, -ирова-, -изова-, and -изирова- in Verbal Neologization from 2000 to 2020
Статья посвящена исследованию процессов глагольной неологизации в 2000–2020 гг. на материа-ле бесприставочных глаголов, имеющих в своей структуре суффиксы -ова-, -ева-, -изова-, -ирова-, -изирова-. Основной материал взят из готовящегося к печати словаря «Неологизмы XXI века: глаго-лы» под ред. Т. Н. Буцевой. Исследуемый базовый материал – 66 неоглаголов (6,6% от общего объе-ма словника этого словаря, около 1000 глагольных неолексем). Однако при оценке степени узуали-зации новых суффиксальных глаголов учитываются производные: 207 глаголов, образованных от них префиксальным способом и 64 глагола, произведенных постфиксальным способом (с помощью постфикса -ся).
Актуальность темы определяется недостаточной полнотой выявления новых глаголов, во многом обусловленной их относительной немногочисленностью в неологическом потоке, а также отстава-нием их словарной фиксации. Центральная исследовательская проблема статьи – проблематизиро-вать критерии разграничения суффиксальных глагольных новообразований, возникших на русской почве, и глагольных заимствований, суффиксально оформленных при вхождении в русский язык.
Новые глаголы данной словообразовательной структуры описываются на фоне истории форми-рования данных суффиксов в русском языке. В ходе исследования анализируется продуктивность этих формантов в новейшее время, объясняется наблюдаемая орфографическая вариативность, описываются имеющая место словообразовательная синонимия, семантические и стилистические особенности, определяется степень освоенности неоглаголов русским языком, раскрывается сло-вообразовательная потенция новых суффиксально образованных и суффиксально оформленных глаголов.
Цель статьи – представить глагольные неологизмы новейшего периода, образованные и оформ-ленные с помощью суффиксов -ова-, -ева-, -изова-, -ирова-, -изирова-, дать их комплексную характе-ристику, показать динамику неологического процесса через вовлечение этих глаголов в словообра-зовательные процессы. Методами исследования являются словообразовательный, компаративный, классификационный, этимологический, дефиниционный.
Abstract
The paper aims to present the current state, problems, challenges and opportunities of Hungarian native language education. It does so as a tribute to the memory and oeuvre of László Kálmán, who passed away in 2021, and as a way of preserving his approach characterized by a critical approach, but also by a focus on possible solutions. On the one hand, the study outlines the goals and tasks of native language education, including language teaching, drawing heavily on the concept of communicative competence as defined and represented by László Kálmán (see e.g. Kálmán 2010; Kálmán & Molnár 2009). On the other hand, the current state of native language education is described in the light of this framework. In addition to the current regulation of the content of native language education, the study will also describe the current situation with regard to the available teaching aids and textbooks. In this context, and partly independently of it, the paper will examine the question of what major areas of native language education need to be changed and what opportunities are available in this respect.
Gender confusions and other linguistic changes
A provisional description of Vulgar Latin Phenomena
Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to provide a preliminary examination of the interaction between the Vulgar Latin grammatical gender system and other levels of linguistic change, such as phonological confusions. To achieve this description conditional inference trees and random forests were fitted to our data which enabled a more thorough understanding of these interactions than would be possible to notice without statistical methods.
Abstract
The present paper intends to provide a linguistic analysis of votive texts, with particular regard to the case and declension systems as well as their Latin usage and variants. The aim of the linguistic analysis is to identify variations occurring in the context of votive texts. The epigraphic corpus shows various Vulgar Latin features in theonyms and epithets. The names of the deities are cultural characteristics and are influenced by various factors. The inevitable phenomenon of Roman religiosity manifested itself in religious texts, especially where polytheistic religions were particularly prone to borrowing and assimilation. In the investigation, some questions which the study will attempt to answer: do the case and declension confusions of theonyms and epithets follow the characteristics of the given region? The most common feature of religious inscriptions is that the declension of an epithet follows the declension of the name of the deity and vice versa. Another characteristic is the confusion in the case system. Some of these are influenced by facts other than adjective and noun agreement. In some cases, the meaning of the name influences it, in other cases there are cultural reasons for the declension confusion, especially if the inscriptions come from Celtic, Germanic, Greek, or other language areas.
