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Arts and Humanities journals’ primary focus is on presenting theoretical and empirical research in these respective fields. The main goal is to encourage educational research and connect academia to the scientific community. Researchers and scholars need to share their research findings with others to help better understand and act on the ongoing social changes in the field. The Arts and Humanities journals aim to provide a platform for everyone who shares a common interest in these fields and to group all the latest field findings in one place.
Arts and Humanities
Régi utakon Székelyföld Árpád-kori hegyi váraihoz
On old roads towards Árpád-era mountain castles of Székely Land
Absztrakt
Az elrejtett mentsváraknak tekintett székelyföldi középkori várak elhelyezkedése nem függetleníthető a környezetükben húzódó terepobjektumoktól (őskori vár, népvándorlás kori sáncok, mélyutak, kápolnák). Ezek együttes vizsgálata és más adatok arra utalnak, hogy a várak „folyamatosan” használt utak mellé épültek, így a Magyar Királyság 13. századi határvédelmi rendszerének elemei voltak.
Az Aberkios-felirat fontos szerepet játszik a korai kereszténység kutatásában, amit az 1883-as felfedezése óta róla született kommentárok sokasága is bizonyít. Ebben a tanulmányban egy új szövegkommentárra teszünk kísérletet, amelyben igyekszünk kimutatni, hogy az erősen szimbolikus szövegű felirat megfogalmazója a Biblia mellett elsősorban a Hermas Pásztora és a Sibylla-orákulumok szövegeit használta fel. Ugyanakkor arra is találunk bizonyítékokat, hogy az epitáfium szövege Phrygia különleges feliratkultúrájába is jól beleilleszkedik. Az eredeti Aberkios-epitáfium szolgált alapul a IV. századi Vita Aberciinek, amely a hierapolisi püspök sírjához egy csodás eredetmagyarázó legendát költött. Az életrajz „krisztocentrikus” verziója szerint a felirat szövege, amelyet az „apostolokkal egyenlő” phrygiai püspök maga fogalmazott, „Isten szelleme által lehelt” szöveg. A 2Tim 3:16-ból kölcsönzött kifejezés arra utal, hogy az eredeti Aberkios-feliratot a phrygiai keresztények „szent szövegként” tartották számon, mint ahogyan Aberkios sírját a minden bizonnyal egyre növekvő számú keresztény gyülekezet „szent helyének” tekintették.
Die lieblichste der lieblichsten Gestalten
Egy motívum nyomában Kallimachostól Goethéig és tovább
Ez a rövid írás néhány jellemző példával mutat rá a szerelmi költészet egyik motívumának (’erotikus kizárólagosság’) egyszerre ősi és folytonos mivoltára. A kiindulópont Goethe egy helye, innen vezet az út a görög és a latin költészethez, hogy a végén modern példákkal zárjuk ezt a rövid, ám annál kalandosabb áttekintést. A vizsgált motívum ilyenformán korokon és műfajokon átívelő örök emberi gondolatnak és kifejezési formának bizonyul.
A tanulmány első része egy magángyűjteményben őrzött ismeretlen bizánci szentképet ír le, amelynek központi képe a keresztre feszítés jelenet (staurósis). A dolgozat második részében felvetett hipotézis szerint a keretet alkotó képsorozat két képe egyetlen jelenetet ábrázol, Jézus Krisztus mennybemenetelét (analépsis, ascensio). A keret két másik jelenete az ezüstlemez sérülései miatt azonosítatlan, további kutatást igényel.
„Készíts amulettet, írd rá ezt a ráolvasást, majd akaszd a nyakába!”
Ráolvasásokat hordozó agyaghengeres amulettek, az orvosi-mágikus világ eszközei
Tanulmányunk a mezopotámiai orvosi-mágikus amulettek egyik sajátos csoportját, az agyaghengeres amuletteket vizsgálja. E tárgyak alakja a kőből készült pecséthengerekéhez hasonló, ám agyagból készültek, s a felületükön ráolvasások szövege olvasható, melyek sokszor az amulettek tulajdonosait is megnevezik. Munkánk célja a választott tárgytípus valamennyi darabjának összegyűjtése, azok osztályozása és elemzése a rajtuk szereplő feliratok alapján, továbbá azon rítusleírások tanulmányozása, amelyek ezeknek az amuletteknek az alkalmazását említik. Vizsgáljuk e tárgyak kutatástörténetét, régészeti kontextusát, valamint a tulajdonosaikat. A rajtuk szereplő ráolvasások egyéb, kőből készült amuletteken és pecséthengereken is megjelennek, amelyeket a munkánk végén található Appendixben gyűjtöttünk össze.
Kléruchiák és határkövek
Az athéni külpolitika vallási aspektusai a Kr. e. V. században
Athén hódításaiból nemcsak az athéni polgárok, hanem maguk az istenek is profitáltak. A Kr. e. V. század során ugyanis Athén a meghódított, olykor kléruchiává szervezett területeken a konfiskált földekből az isteneknek is (Athéné, Apollón, Poseidón stb.) dedikált parcellákat. Erről számos esetben tanúskodnak az adott területen (Aigina, Chalkis, Samos, Kós) talált határkövek (horoi), amelyek jelzik, hogy a földterület az istenség szentélykörzetének a részét képezi, akár úgy is, mint mezőgazdasági művelés alá vont temenos. Ezeket a földbirtokokat gyakran bérbe adták, és a befolyt bérleti díjat az istenség kultuszhelyének a finanszírozására fordították. A tanulmány az athéni expanzív külpolitika ezen vallási aspektusait vizsgálja a rendelkezésre álló irodalmi és epigráfiai források tükrében.
A tanulmány A bölcs Syntipas példázataiból címen ismert, 62 meséből álló, nagyobb részben görög előzményekre visszavezethető szír mesegyűjtemény XI. század végi bizánci fordítását mutatja be. A görög meseirodalomban másutt nem adatolt meséket középpontba állítva vizsgálom a mesék fő- és mellékszereplőinek megszólalásait és a mesék végén álló tanulságokat (epimythia), melyek közül több – formájában és tartalmában – eltér a szír „eredetitől”, és gyakran nehezen hozható összefüggésbe a mesék erkölcsi tanításával. A Függelékben a bizánci mesegyűjtemény magyar fordítása található.
A tanulmány Sókratés férfiasságának és nőiességének kérdéskörét járja körül, részben általában azon értelmezésekkel vitába szállva, amelyek a görög filozófiát alapvetően mizogünként fogják fel, részben azokkal, amelyek megkülönböztetik a (férfias) „elvek etikáját” és a (nőies) „gondoskodás etikáját”. E célból áttekinti a sókratési életmód, tanítások, illetve módszerek azon vonásait, amelyek férfiasságát (katonai hősiesség, bátorság, viszontagságtűrés), illetve nőiességét („sókratési evangélium”, bábáskodás, gondoskodás és szolgálat) tanúsítják, és amellett érvel, hogy Sókratés e férfias és nőies attitűdök harmonikus egységét valósítja meg, és így elkerüli a mindkét nem esetében ártalmas „türannikus apa”, illetve „felfaló anya” archetípusát. Sókratés filozófiája se nem férfias, se nem nőies, de nem is gendersemleges, hanem androgün. Sókratés androgün filozófiája fejeződik ki etikájában is, melyben az általa képviselt legfőbb elv épp a gondoskodás, ezért esetében nem érvényes a fenti szembeállítás.
Abstract
The Hungarian poet Sándor Petőfi was neither the nature boy oriented only to folk song nor the proto-socialist revolutionary as the German reception in the 19th and 20th centuries saw him. The short poems of the “Clouds” cycle published in 1846, for example, are aphoristically pointed pessimistic meditations. In the piece presented (Itt állok a rónaközépen…, Here I stand in the middle of the plain…), the speaker recognises the deep gulf between himself and “the other”. Both a death symbolism can be attributed to “the other” and Sartre's phenomenology of the gaze can be applied to his perception, revealing a complexity of Petőfi's poetry that suggests its reassessment.
How the Croatian Elites Switched over from the Habsburg Empire to the South Slav Kingdom in a Drunken Night in November 1918
On an Autobiographical Essay by Miroslav Krleža
Abstract
In his slightly fictionalized autobiographical essay A Drunken November Night 1918 (written in 1942, first published in 1952), Miroslav Krleža attempts to reconstruct a scandal to whose creation he himself contributed to a large extent. In November 1918, in the interregnum from the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy to the foundation of the South Slav kingdom, the then young author felt compelled at a reception held in Zagreb in honor of the Serbian officers to protest loudly against the speech of the former high Habsburg officer Slavko Kvaternik. The scandal retrospectively reinforced Krleža's conviction of the misery of the contemporary Croatian elite, a circumstance whose reasons, in his opinion, lay not only in political opportunism and moral corruption, but also in unreflected utopianism and the underlying political naivety. His hope that after the dissolution of the compromised Habsburg rule the South Slav peoples could advance towards national and social emancipation was soon replaced by the sober insight that imperial Austro-Hungary was followed by a small-sized, Serb dominated post-imperial structure. By describing the period when the text was written, the Second World War and the Ustashe reign of terror in contemporary Croatia, and in doing so particularly referring to the conversion of many former Habsburg officers to the side of fascist movements, Krleža also emphatically reveals his own conception of history, according to which historical events appear to be an eternal recurrence in which human stupidity is coupled with an excessive use of power and violence.
Abstract
Although a score of new studies have been published about the various aspects of the history of American–Hungarian relations in the past three decades, there are still a considerable number of uncovered chapters. The present article will introduce one of the American ministers who served in Hungary in the interwar years. Nicholas Roosevelt came from a well-known family that gave two presidents to the United States in the first half of the twentieth century, and the name helped him throughout his storied career. Since he had visited Hungary at the time of the establishment of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in March 1919, he had first-hand experience regarding his host country. His service as American minister (1930–1933) fell in the first years of the unfolding Great Depression, which defined the basic conditions for Hungary, as well for the United States and Europe. Nicholas Roosevelt was an avid writer, and he left behind a plethora of both private and official documents containing, among other things, his thoughts and opinions about Hungary and Hungarians. Building this as a primary source, along with a number of secondary sources, the article will bring closer the economically and politically shaky days of Hungary in the early 1930s through the eyes of the American minister posted in Budapest, thereby enriching our knowledge about the relations between the two countries.
Abstract
Carolus Clusius (Charles de l’Écluse, 1526–1609), one of the most renowned naturalists of sixteenth-century Europe, was a versatile man of letters. One of his fields of interest neglected in scholarship is his attitude and activities around what was called fossilia at that time, and what can today be called non-living naturalia: metals, gems, various strange “stones”, fossils or medicinal earths. Such naturalia appear several times in his correspondence. This two-part study reviews how Clusius took part in the collecting, exchange and discussions about these inorganic objects in the European respublica litteraria. He could even be involved in geological or palaeontological issues of his age. The investigation not only throws light on the activities of Clusius and some of his correspondents, but also taps into the broader topic of communication and exchange in the Literary Republic of the time, and may even contribute to the history of the natural sciences in the period. Some of the non-living naturalia Clusius was interested in (like “Saint Ladislaus's coin” or the medicinal earth of Tokaj) could be found in Hungary and he looked for them by way of friends in that region (it is known that one of his most important patrons was the Hungarian aristocrat Boldizsár Batthyány). For reasons of space, the present study has been published in two parts: Sections 1–3 appeared in the previous issue, while Sections 4–7 are published in this one. A map to the entire study is included at the end of the present part.
Использование двух часовых поясов (UTC+2 и UTC+1) в языковом ландшафте Закарпатской области: причины, классификация и примеры
The Use of Two Time Zones (UTC+2 and UTC+1) in the Linguistic Landscape of the Transcarpathian Region: Reasons, Classification, and Examples
Вы когда-нибудь хотели праздновать Новый год дважды? Если да, то добро пожаловать в Закарпат-скую область Украины, где, помимо официального восточноевропейского времени (UTC+2), суще-ствует еще и неофициальное (центральноевропейское время, UTC+1), которое отстает от первого ровно на один час.
В течение ХХ в. Закарпатье было частью разных государств, но до середины 1940-х годов данный регион не знал никакого другого часового пояса, помимо центральноевропейского (или UTC+1). Это время считалось официальным и в Австро-Венгрии (до 1918 г.), и в Чехословацкой Республике (1919–1938/1939), и в Королевстве Венгрии (1939–1944). С приходом сюда Красной Армии в 1944 г. незамедлительно встал вопрос о переходе на московское время (UTC+3). Иными словами, было решено к существующему центральноевропейскому времени (UTC+1) прибавить лишних два часа. Конечно, это стало причиной недовольств среди местных жителей. Однако поскольку выражать протест в СССР было очень опасно, некоторые из них решили и дальше пользоваться временем, к которому они уже привыкли (UTC+1), но делать это тайком. Так, закарпатцы создали «свое соб-ственное», так называемое «местное» время (UTC+1). Им пользовались наряду с официальным на тот момент московским (UTC+3).
После распада Советского Союза и появления независимой Украины в 1991 г. официальный ча-совой пояс был изменен с московского (UTC+3) на киевский (UTC+2). Хотя во временную зону UTC+2 географически входит большая часть территории Закарпатья, некоторые люди не захотели отказываться от «местного» времени (UTC+1), которое существует в регионе и поныне.
Характерной особенностью «двойного восприятия» времени на Закарпатье является то, что это явление можно увидеть на уличных надписях (например, на графиках работы магазинов или распи-саниях автобусов). Сюда можно отнести различного рода уточнения времени (киевского или «мест-ного») в виде определенных фраз или их сокращений, использование двух часовых поясов на одной надписи и многое другое. Поэтому есть смысл исследовать временной вопрос Закарпатья в рамках анализа языкового ландшафта.
В этой статье показаны все возможные сценарии использования времени на уличных надписях в Закарпатской области на разных языках (украинском, русском, словацком и английском). Все представленные в работе материалы основаны на реальных фотографиях с улиц. Большая часть из них была сделана автором данной статьи во время рабочей поездки по восьми закарпатским горо-дам (Ужгород, Мукачево, Берегово, Хуст, Рахов, Тячев, Чоп и Иршава) в 2019–2021 гг.
Előzetes jelentés a röjtökmuzsaji nyakperec depóról
Preliminary report about the neck-ring depot from Röjtökmuzsaj (Hungary)
Absztrakt
A tanulmány egy Röjtökmuzsajról előkerült, Magyarországon eddig egyedülálló leletegyüttest mutat be. Az Aunjetitz-kultúrára, ill. a körülötte lévő területekre jellemző nyakperec alakú fémöntvényeket tartalmazó kincsleletek szerepe ma még a közép- és nyugat-európai őskorkutatásban is viták tárgyát képezi, de jelenlétük fontos adatokkal szolgál a bronzkori fémművesség specializációjával és ezzel összefüggésben a központosított társadalom kérdéskörével kapcsolatban. A Röjtökmuzsaj-Tölgyerdőben napvilágot látott nyakperec öntvényeket tartalmazó raktárlelet (Ringbarrenhort) új megvilágításba helyezi az Északnyugat-Dunántúl kora és középső bronzkori történelmét a Kr. e. 2200–1500/1450 közötti időszakban.
Újabb preszkíta tőr a Dél-Dunántúlról
Another pre-Scythian dagger from South Transdanubia
Absztrakt
A jól ismert Pécs-Jakab-hegyi lelőhelytől mindössze 30 km-re, Dencsháza határában került elő egy újabb, Kabardino–Pjatigorszk-típusú, bimetál tőr. A sztyeppei kapcsolatokat mutató tőr a kaukázusi konfliktusövezetből, a Kr. e. 8. század végén menekülni kényszerülő lakossággal kerülhetett a Kárpát-medencébe.
Виртуальные аналоги реального мира: особенности вербализации в русском языке
Virtual Analogues of the Real World: Features of Verbalization in the Russian Language
В статье на материале русского языка рассматривается массив составных номинаций (более 600), обозначающих объекты и феномены интернет-пространства, которые интерпретируются в духе современной философии – как виртуальные аналоги реального мира. Цель исследования – выявить общий когнитивный принцип образования интернет-номинаций, а также особенности их струк-туры и семантики, определяющие в целом характер неологических процессов в формировании словарного состава цифровой эпохи. К исследованию привлекаются как атрибутивные сочетания разной степени устойчивости (типа виртуальный музей), так и аналитические конструкции (компо-зиты, по другой терминологии): онлайн-голосование, интернет-магазин, кибермир и под.
В результате исследования в качестве основного когнитивного механизма создания составных интернет-номинаций определен перенос наименований из реального мира в виртуальный; вы-явлены регулярные единицы, участвующие в этом процессе в роли атрибутивных компонентов (интернет-, виртуальный, электронный, сетевой, онлайн-, веб-, кибер- и др.). На основе темати-ческой классификации интернет-номинаций и семантического анализа атрибутов установлены их парадигматические связи; отмечается также специфика развития семантики атрибутивных единиц, а именно формирование общего значения ‘реализуемый, существующий в Сети’. Исследование вы-полнено в русле функциональной социолингвистики на материале преимущественно узуальных единиц.
Результаты исследования показали, что для процесса вербализации виртуальных аналогов реального мира с помощью составных номинаций характерно тематическое разнообразие базовых субстантивов (богослужение, газета, знакомство, сделка, урок, экскурсия и т. д.), что свидетельствует о широком вовлечении различных сфер деятельности современного человека в виртуальное про-странство. В то же время было установлено, что создание интернет-номинаций на русской почве или их заимствование из английского языка демонстрируют выделенность определенных предмет-ных областей с точки зрения активности номинирования их объектов, а также различный объем самих номинаций, относящихся к этим областям (самая многочисленная группа номинаций отно-сится к сфере бизнеса).
Изучение парадигматических связей между единицами в анализируемом материале доказыва-ет высказанную автором статьи ранее идею о принципе множественности наименований одного и того же объекта, которую можно считать тенденцией, проявляющейся, как правило, в периоды активизации неологического процесса. Дальнейшее наблюдение за развитием словарного состава русского языка цифровой эпохи планируется провести на материале составных номинаций, строя-щихся на базе личных существительных.
Итоги работы по созданию «Электронного исторического словаря заимствованной лексики в русском языке XI–XVII вв.» Часть первая: грецизмы
The Results of the Compilation of The Electronic Historical Dictionary of Loanwords in the Russian Language of the 11th–17th Centuries. Part One: Greek Loanwords
Статья представляет собой первую часть работы, где показаны итоги работы по созданию «Элек-тронного исторического словаря заимствований в русском языке XI‒XVII вв.: грецизмы и поло-низмы» – первого электронного словаря заимствований в русской исторической лексикографии объемом около восьми тысяч лексем. Грецизмы и полонизмы в силу своих генетических, хронологи-ческих и функциональных показателей являются совершенно разными пластами лексики. Каждый пласт требует самостоятельного описания и использования индивидуальной методики исследова-ния. Они представлены в двух отдельных очерках.
Первая часть посвящена грецизмам (в «Электронном словаре» описано более четырех тысяч лек-сем). Показана структура электронного словаря, его параметры (поля). Основными задачами, кото-рые решались в ходе создания первой части, были следующие: идентификация с греческим языком; расширение объема описываемой лексики; выявление многообразных фонетических и морфологи-ческих вариантов; определение первых фиксаций и hapax legomena; установление, уточнение и / или исправление семантики в известных лексикографических описаниях; введение этимологических сведений; выявление «греческого пласта» в непереводной русской письменности и его словообра-зовательного развития и др.
В ходе исследования был расширен пласт описываемой лексики за счет более широкого понима-ния «грецизмов». Это позволило показать сложную картину освоения греческой по происхожде-нию лексики во всем многообразии фонетических и морфологических (в том числе, неадаптиро-ванных) форм, которые встретились в русской письменности XI–XVII вв. Был обнаружен и описан ряд лексем и лексических форм, не представленных до сих пор в русской исторической и славянской лексикографии. Показаны особенности адаптации и отражение показателей средневекового грече-ского языка в заимствованной лексике.
В «Электронный словарь» были включены производные слова. Два параметра «Электронного словаря» («переводные источники» и «оригинальные источники») – с указанием на конкретный источник и дату появления – дают возможность проследить момент вхождения и дальнейшее бы-тование лексемы греческого происхождения, а также ее приживаемость и словообразовательное развитие в оригинальной русской письменности XI–XVII вв. Эта тема нуждается в дальнейшем исследовании и заслуживает отдельного описания.
Электронный словарь позволяет проводить многочисленные поисковые операции, которые соз-дают многостороннее представление о путях проникновения, приживаемости и функционирова-нии лексики греческого происхождения в русском языке на широком хронологическом поле семи веков.
A középkori vaseszköz leletek keltezése
The dating of medieval iron tool finds
Absztrakt
Bognár Katalin Boglárka dolgozta fel a Balatonőszöd-Temetői dűlőben előkerült, tíz darabból álló vaseszköz leletet. Szerintem azt nem a 13–14. században rejtették el, hanem a kora középkorban, feltehetően a 9. század folyamán. A középkori vaseszköz leletekről közölt térképét korrigálva bemutatom a Magyarország területén előkerült kora középkori, döntően 9. századi, az Árpád-kori – nagyrészt a tatárjáráshoz köthető – és a késő középkori, a török kor folyamán elásott vaseszköz leleteket.
Abstract
Since the start of the new millennium, there has been a marked turn in nutrition-related ethnographic research in Hungary. Following the reconstruction of the historical and regional processes of change in Hungarian dietary traditions, professional attention has increasingly shifted towards the present day. In this study, I first summarize the most important aspects of contemporary gastronomy and the respective research opportunities, before exploring the question of the relationship between contemporary food culture and public catering for children. The conclusion reached is that public catering for children and the food on offer in school canteens cannot be discussed without an understanding of the changes taking place in contemporary food culture, which in turn cannot be understood without taking into account contemporary social and cultural developments. Until the slowly changing culture of public catering becomes more closely aligned with the rapid changes in eating at home and in restaurants, fewer and fewer children will make use of school canteens, and where they do, they will barely touch the food but prefer to go hungry.
Abstract
The growth in Budapest's population at the end of the 19th century was based on the influx of migrants from the countryside, mostly industrial workers. The examination of the social tensions generated by their arrival provides a good illustration of the changes in social policy, one element of which was the operation of soup kitchens. In the mid-19th century, the main driving force behind the founding of soup kitchens was individual religious charity, although by the end of the century, social solidarity and state involvement also contributed to the relief efforts. The present study examines the development of soup kitchens in Budapest based on the historical sources: official documents, and the contemporary press. Using the ethnographic findings of food culture research, it seeks to explain why official soup kitchens were not popular. From an ethnographic point of view, the process of lifestyle change among workers newly breaking away from peasant life and moving to Budapest and its metropolitan area has been little explored to date, and the same applies to the embourgeoisement of the peasantry. When interpreting the processes that accompany labor migration, parallels can be drawn between the eating habits of the workers' regions of origin, the value systems connected with work and food, and the common meals organized for agricultural workers when working away from home. Through a historical and ethnographic approach, the transitional, evolving features of urban foodways emerge in the context of soup kitchens in parallel with the change in lifestyle.
Abstract
The introduction of school meals in the 20th century has its roots in several parallel but independent initiatives. The common source of these initiatives was the practice of philanthropy and charity, based on religious upbringing. Public catering for children was first institutionalized in Budapest by a charitable organization, the Children's Society (Gyermekbarátok Egyesülete), after which several denominational associations followed suit. In the early 20th century, the City of Budapest itself also took the initiative, setting up its first daycare centers where needy children were not only fed but also participated in educational and recreational activities. Resources for social welfare were eroded during the war, thus foreign aid organizations stepped in to help the children of Budapest immediately after the war, while childcare became the sole responsibility of the public authorities from the 1920s. From then on, the state covered the entire costs of providing meals, similar to the system of soup kitchens established specifically for supplying food to destitute adults.
Abstract
The Hungarian writer Sándor Petőfi (1823–1849) achieved the union of the Hungarian people thanks to the verses of his National Song (Nemzeti dal), which have always been quoted and recited with great interest. Therefore, the following paper aims to analyse some problems with the poem's translation into Spanish and present a new version of this emblematic poem for the Hungarians.
Fructus, Attianus, Ariomanus
Restoring two altar-inscriptions from Poetovio
Fructus, Attianus, Ariomanus
Két poetovioi oltárfelirat kiegészítése
Abstract
The study includes two inscriptions from Poetovio both on altars, one dedicated to Mithras, the other to Isis, both erected for the wellbeing of a person. In addition to the findspot they have in common that both persons mentioned in them were employees of the publicum portorium Illyrici customs office. This insight is the basis for the new additions to the study, as for both inscriptions it was possible to reinterpret the previously known inscriptions based on the pattern used by customs post employees, which could be observed on other inscriptions. The new addition will allow the two inscriptions to be included in the research on the operation and staffing of the Illyricum customs district.
Abstract
Prescribed and supported by the state, public catering in Hungary fulfils a common social need; its aim is to meet the nutritional requirements of consumers in terms of both quantity and quality. Public catering is legally regulated and is also important from the perspective of health policy. As the smallest unit of common catering, family meals differ from public catering in several respects. One fundamental difference is that public catering rests on scientific foundations: it is planned, organized, and controlled by a qualified manager. This manager may be a trained dietitian or a catering manager, according to the National Qualifications Register. The training for these two roles is interlinked and goes back more than a century.
Abstract
The present study examines the Hungarian practice of public catering for children from an economic perspective, bearing in mind that the production and consumption of food is, at the same time, an economic activity. Taking this approach, we focus on which institutions contribute to or hinder efficiency, by which we mean the efforts of economic agents to generate maximum welfare from the available (meager) resources. For social reasons, the supply of public catering for children is a statutory obligation on the part of local authorities, where efficiency must be combined with social considerations. The study reviews the rationing mechanism of school meals catering as a public service, looking first at the main factors determining the level of demand for public catering for children, and then at the main factors that influence supply.
Abstract
The study examines the provision of school-holiday meals for children and shows how it is embedded in society. Proper nutrition is very important for children's physical and cognitive development. However, international research shows that children's social and cultural background has a significant impact on their nutrition. To reduce these disparities and ensure that all children have a healthy diet, effective government intervention is necessary. In Hungary, school canteens and free meals during school holidays for children in need serve this purpose. The latter service is of great importance for the children of families affected by food poverty. Yet, statistics show that some of these children are unable to use this service. This study examines the period before 2016 and highlights the social embeddedness of the service and its consequences on the provision. Whether child food poverty is perceived as a social issue and a common cause generating community intervention largely depends on the local actor's correct perception of the issue, the local appraisal of need, and the consideration of parents' “deservingness.” The study also makes some suggestions about areas where further interventions should focus to improve the nutrition of children affected by food poverty.
Abstract
In Sweden, free school lunch has been served for more than a hundred years, and it is now a democratic right of all elementary school children. The school meal has always been associated with different opinions and subject to much debate. The aim of the study is to explore school meal food and taste memories in a convenient sample of Swedish adults. A web-based survey was carried out in the summer of 2020. The 246 respondents attended school between the 1940s and the early 2000s. The material was collectively analyzed using NVivo 12 Pro (QSR International), resulting in two overarching themes. “The traditional school food heritage” theme consisted of accounts of traditional Swedish food through the ages and meanings attached to it. Memories were connected to likes and dislikes of certain foods and dishes. “The social school food heritage” theme consisted of accounts of coercion, control, and peer pressure, but also joy, friendship, and commensality. The Swedish school meal is a shared experience surrounded by strong feelings and memories regarding the food and the context. It means a lot both culturally and socially, acting as a carrier of a common food heritage.
Abstract
In the social sciences, it is a classic practice to contrast the development of the countryside and the city as two endpoints of a chain. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, the validity of the rural-urban dichotomy has been increasingly questioned, and we are now talking about two interconnected and complementary systems instead. In examining contemporary school meals, we ourselves observed this close and varied pattern of intertwining between the city and the countryside. Therefore, we believe it is useful to identify rural and urban features in contemporary public catering practices, and to outline mixed models that can be placed between the two endpoints in space and time. All of this can be edifying because urbanized foodways, following current food health and gastronomic trends, sustainability, climate and environmental protection requirements, as well as social considerations, return from time to time to the old village farming practices and foodways in various ways, and utilize knowledge related to traditional farming. Illustrated with specific examples, the study outlines three types of school catering models, from the oldest practice called “rural” to the “urban” (urbanized) type. A comparison of these types of public catering practices reveals the problems observed in today’s public catering.
Abstract
The present paper has in its focus a letter written in Buda in the mid-1480s by a mysterious Hungarian author, Ioannes Pannonius, whose figure is shrouded in obscurity. After a brief overview of the letter, the paper summarises the misconceptions and uncertainties surrounding the identity of the mysterious author and then attempts to outline his biography on the basis of fragmentary information. Contrary to the Anglo-Saxon scholarly literature, it argues that the Hungarian author is neither a fiction nor an intellectual “avatar” of Ficino, whom he could challenge in the public ring of contemporary intellectual space in order to defend his own Platonic theory. And if he is not a fictional author, the significance of the short letter is not only that the head of the Florentine Platonic school, Marsilio Ficino, anticipating the later theological debates around Platonism in the 16th century, replies to the letter, but also that it is perhaps the first known, highly publicised debate in the history of Hungarian philosophy.
Abstract
Károly Kós, a pioneering master of 20th century Hungarian architecture, spent two years in Istanbul as a fellow of the newly established Hungarian Institute for Science in Constantinople between 1916 and 1917 to pursue research on the architecture of the Ottoman Empire. During this period, he created a whole series of drawings of numerous Byzantine and Ottoman historical buildings and street sections. A volume entitled Istanbul - Urban History and Architecture was published as a summary of his research. However, this historical event and the resulting publication have a far-reaching significance beyond themselves in many ways. Firstly, the aforementioned period was a significant turning point in Ottoman-Turkish architectural history. On the other hand, Kós's work is more than just an analysis of architectural and urban history.
This paper aims to provide an insight into the period and the turning point between the late Ottoman and the early Republican era of Turkey's history; the local context of Kós's activities in Istanbul and, at also to analyse the architectural-historical achievements of the Hungarian master's work in the location which he himself described as ‘The City”.
Clipeus Christianitatis. Egy nagymúltú európai szállóige képi megjelenítésének változatai Magyarországon a 17. század második felében és a 18. század elején
Clipeus Christianitatis variants of the visualization of a time-honoured european adage in Hungary in the second part of the 17th and early 19th centuries
The news of the peace of Westphalia in the autumn of 1648 certainly elicited great sighs of relief all over Europe, though contentedness was not yet universal. In countries over which the menace of the expansion and further advance of the Ottoman Empire loomed larger, the news generated a period of great hopes. This applied first of all to Hungary and Croatia where an optimistic public feeling began to spread wide. The main sources of this optimism were the influential politicians and their statements, who were both mouthpieces and shapers of the general attitude. Who were convinced that after 30 years of warfare a period of regeneration ought to come, and sooner or later – not in the distant future – what they had been painfully missing for decades, exactly since the reign of Emperor rudolph (†1612, rudolph I as king of Hungary): a major concerted anti-Ottoman military undertaking would be launched, a comprehensive campaign with the participation and support by Europe’s Christian countries initiated and controlled by the ruler of the Holy roman Empire and also king of Hungary ferdinand III. As the contemporary utterance of the politicizing Hungarian estates reveal, this optimistic expectation was paired with a zealous manifestation of a readiness to act. They voiced their great resolve with which the eligible population would take part and fight as effectively as their reserves allowed against the porte. This uncompromising intrepidity, the fight against the Ottomans at any price was fed – in addition to many glorious examples in the past – by several contemporary events. Clashes with great casualties which made great stirs in the Hungarian and European public life. Contemporaries hailed the fallen, including those of the ill-starred military encounter at vezekény on 26 August 1652, as inflaming examples of perseverance. In the eye of the contemporaries those killed in the clash – including four members of the aristocratic Esterházy family – set an inspiring example of moral courage in the teeth of Turkish superiority in numbers: in a hopeless battle they chose perseverance to the end, that is, heroic self-sacrifice, instead of surrendering. In addition to numerous quondam utterances including some quality works of literature testifying to the intrepidity and fighting value of the Hungarian estates, two works of the applied arts were also created with the aim of perpetuating the glorious memory of the fallen heroes.
The historic military events of the last one and a half decades in the 17th century – the triumphant termination of the Ottoman wars in Hungary, the expulsion of the Turks – overruled the original meaning of the time-honoured adage known all over Europe, the idea that Hungary was one of the safeguards/bulwarks of the western Christian community. Although it might have lost its topicality, it did not fall out of public remembrance. It underwent some modification, some shift of tone, the militant slogan of mobilization giving way to reference to the heroic deeds of the forefathers, to the glorious past, the historical merits of the kingdom, of Hungaria. Added to this – by way of a conclusion – is the profound conviction rooted in historical experience that it was not in vain to persevere above their strength against the pagan world power in calamitous times. To the contrary, the nation owed her well-nigh miraculous survival to it. After all, the fact that her disintegration and perdition could be avoided must have been by the will of divine providence. This idea is conveyed in a visual language by an extremely effective composition, an engraving made in Augsburg in the first decade of the 18th century undoubtedly upon a Hungarian commission. What were the Archabbot of pannonhalma p. Aegidius Karner’s ideas or intentions to have this engraving made? In the closing section of the paper an attempt is made to answer this question.
Dürer nyitott ajtós címere és a korai híradások apai őseiről
Dürer’s open door coat of arms: early news about his paternal ancestors
Albrecht Dürer’s name first appeared in Jacob Wimpfeling’s book on German history, printed in 1505, in which the Alsatian author praised the then famous artist. In his book on the work of Martin Schongauer, printed in Nuremberg in 1515, the humanist Christoph Scheurl mentioned that Dürer’s father was born in Cula, near the town of Várad in Hungary. He was therefore the first, albeit with an incorrect town name, to make this biographical information public. Joachim Camerarius also mentioned in the preface to his book on the artist’s symmetry, published posthumously in 1532, that Dürer’s paternal lineage was from Pannonia. The only surviving manuscript is the calligrapher Johann Neudorfer’s biography of Dürer, in which the artist’s father’s biography is in agreement with his family records. This knowledge also reached the Hungarian humanist János zsámboky (Sambucus), who compiled a Latin and Greek epigram in praise of Dürer, mentioning the Pannonian origins of the artist’s ancestors. This information was published in Adam Melchior’s book on the life of German scholars, published in 1615, in the section about Dürer. The artist’s own notes were published by Joachim von Sandrart in 1675.
From then on, this publication became the basis for biographies of Dürer. The present essay will now look at the reception of these family records in Hungary, with its pitfalls, especially the village of Ajtós and the Dürer name, as well as the related open-door coat of arms and the portrait of the artist’s father.
Emlékszerűség és egyöntetűség. Hauszmann, Stróbl, Lotz és a budapesti Igazságügyi palota központi csarnoka
Monumentalness and homogeneity Hauszmann, Stróbl, Lotz and the central hall of the Budapest Palace of Justice
The Palace of Justice opened in 1896 is among the country’s most important public buildings; its central hall is one of the most grandiose spaces of late historicism in size and decoration. A year after its inauguration Alajos Hauszmann, the architect, summed up the construction history and programme of the building, and the work appeared in ornate folio edition in 1901. the architect designed the central hall in the style of Rome’s baroque architecture reviving the spirit of antiquity, and also drew on the tradition of the space type of salles des pas perdus. As regards space forms and structures, its relatives are the halls of the palaces of justice in paris, Antwerp and Strasbourg.
The placing of the Justitia statue dominating the space was probably inspired by the central hall of Vienna’s Justizpalast and is permeated with the memory of antique temple interiors abounding in giant cultic statues. With its hieratic character, Stróbl’s statue reminds us of classical Rome’s enthroned Minerva and Dea Roma statues, the modelling of the dress and mantle imitating the Hellenistic and Roman baroque drapery styles.
The 19th century reconstructions of the rich mosaic and sculptural decorations of the spaces, walls and vaults of the Roman baths must have fertilized Hauszmann’s imagination and inspired him to envision the colouring and gilding of the surfaces and painted decoration of the ceiling, although the latter was also influenced by Roman baroque fresco painting. Károly Lotz designed the illusory architecture of the ceiling painting after Andrea del Pozzo by taking care to align the painted architectonic details with the framing mouldings and ornaments.
A cardinal element of the architectural program was the deliberately monumental effect and “homogeneity” of which – in Hauszmann’s view – fine arts were the “precondition and the instruments”. He himself chose the painter and sculptor for the decoration of the hall, because he deemed it important to give them “direction” and “enlightenment” through his personal influence to achieve a “homogeneously harmonious creation”. As a result, both the sculptor’s and the painter’s adaptation to Roman models and to the grandiosity of the formal idiom and dimensions of the hall can be perceived.
„Gyönyörű volt szál alakja”. Szent István király ikonográfiája a sokszorosított grafikában a 15. századtól a 19. század közepéig - Pótlások (új ábrázolások, adalékok és javítások)
“His stately figure was Beautiful” Iconography of king saint Stephen in graphic prints from the 15th to the mid-19th Century - Complementations (New representations, additions and corrections)
More than twenty years ago, in the “millennial year” (1 January 2000–20 August 2001), a representative work of scholarship was released in honour of the millennial anniversary of the foundation of the state (budapest, boda Antikvárium, 2001) about the representations of the first king of Hungary, Saint Stephen, in the medium of graphic prints. The publication was reviewed by noted scholars and has been referred continuously in special literature ever since.
It is common knowledge that the “image” of king Saint Stephen has been closely tied to Hungarian history, as a decisive personage at its turning points. After the publication of the book I have therefore kept tabs on and collected the data that enlarge, supplement and at a few times rectify its contents. for easier orientation, both the complementary material, the additions, and new representations are adjusted to the item numbers in the iconographic catalogue attached to the volume.
From among the addenda, one picture is a complementation to item 71, because in 2001 no copy of its first publication (1692) could be had. Among the sixteen addenda (27, 37, 46, 49, 62, 70, 79, 95, 96, 104, 108, 126, 153, 188, 191, 219) item 46 also received a new picture which arose as the “b” variant of the copperplate engraving (first published in 1626) in a so-far unknown, unique function in 1632. Another six items of the addenda also contain corrections (69, 76, 94, 100, 139, 139, 208), of which two (76, 100) name the original publication (1609 and 1612, resp.) of the two prints in the Hungarian Historical portrait Gallery removed from their original function. Six items of the corrigenda (5, 61, 75, 179, 187) make the description more accurate, with a picture added to one (187), restoring a cut-out copy kept in the Hungarian Historical picture Gallery now to its original function.
In the past two decades, the material of the volume has been enlarged by twenty five unpublished depictions, i.e. nearly by 10%. These pictures and descriptions collected on the basis of autopsy affect the period between 1493 and 1852, adjusted to the earlier chronology of the data. Their item number received the number of the preceding bibliographic description with the addition of an ‘a’ or two (5a, 35a, 55a, 70a, 79a, 81a, 90a, 90aa, 97a, 105a, 116a, 128a, 155a, 155aa, 187a, 188a, 192s, 193a, 215a, 216a, 216aa, 228a, 238a, 251a, 254a). The new representations are always attached pictures, and their description adopted the structure of the data in the 2001 volume.
Order of new information after the number of the item:
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Title or iconographic type of the representation
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Title of the print without the religious texts. Latter only given when there is no title.
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Form of appearance
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Date of making
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Technique of production
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Place of making, signature
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Size by the producing technique and by the state of the sheet
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Bibliographic description of the source containing the representation, with the accurate place of the print in the work at issue
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Place of preservation and mark of the copy about which the description is made
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Remarks
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Bibliography
Magyar történelmi témák 18. századi bécsi festői: adatok Wenzel Pohl munkásságához és az August Rumelnek tulajdonított mohácsi csata-képhez
18th century viennese painters of Hungarian historical themes: addenda to Wenzel Pohl’s work and the battle of mohács painting attributed to August Rumel
Media news made the name of Wenzel Pohl known in Hungary in the early 2000s, for the two large history paintings (The Battle of Mohács, Saint Stephen converting the Hungarians to the christian faith), which had cropped up in the art trade and which were purchased by the Hungarian state and deposited in the Hungarian embassy in Vienna, were attributed to him. Although more recent research has proposed that the painter of the cycle once consisting of six pieces was most probably August Rumel and not Pohl, it is worth knowing of Pohl’s artistic activity irrespective of the Hungarian relevance, too, because his person is gradually fading out of art historiography – for example, his name is missing from the 96th volume of the Saur Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon published in 2017.
The best-known Pohl portraits are the ones he painted of the noted Jesuit astronomer, mathematician and physicist Miksa Hell. A full-figure portrait shows the scientist in traditional Sami costume during his research trip to the North, and we know of a portrait showing Hell is a monk’s frock. His engraved copies of paintings in the Viennese imperial collection, real forerunners to the representative 19th century album of prints presenting the collection, probably belong to a series. In the cycle of paintings about the coronation of Joseph II as Holy Roman Emperor (Frankfurt, 1765) he was assigned the painting of architectural details, which is confirmed by the fact that he was sent on a study trip to Frankfurt to make drawn sketches of the venues of the event. After the representative painting of Martin van Meytens he made a small-scale version of the group portrait of Maria Theresa and her family. His chef d’oeuvre is the representative painting series showing the events of the coronation of Maria Theresa in Pozsony in 1741 painted for the Hungarian court chancellery in Vienna. He painted it with Franz Messmer in the second half of the 1760s. In contrast, the three portraits of monarchs in Riesensaal in Innsbruck so far attributed to him by researchers were actually painted by Jakob Kohl.
The other part of the paper contributes a few new viewpoints to the examination of the painting about the battle of Mohács earlier attributed to Pohl. In addition to contemporaneous woodcuts of the tragic battle of 1526 in news-letters and pamphlets in German, to 16th century Turkish miniatures, and diverse 16–18th century European manuscript and book illustrations, a ceiling fresco in Garamszentbenedek and several large paintings – including Rumel’s work – also conjured up the battle in the 18th century. Since in the nation’s historical consciousness and cultural memory the battle of Mohács did not acquire its symbolic, mythic position represented to this day before the 19th century, the two works of art were way ahead of their time in anticipating the salient position of the tragic event, because, unlike, for example, István dorffmaister’s late 18th century pictures ordered in Mohács, they show the battle as a fatal even in the history of the entire nation. on the other side, by the terminating piece of the series ordered for the Transylvanian court chancellery being the battle of Mohács, the client departed from the 18th century imperial, dynastic outlook which presented as positive parallels to the battle of Mohács and the capture of Szigetvár by the Turks the victorious battles of the late 17th century liberating war led by the Habsburg Empire: the second battle of Mohács and the recapture of Szigetvár, partly as examples of divine justice and partly as legitimation of the Habsburg Empire’s territorial expansion “earned with blood”. It is noteworthy that the right side of central scene of Rumel’s Battle of Mohács resembles the composition of leonardo da Vinci’s Battle of Anghiari surviving in copies only. It is presumable that the renaissance battle scenes served as a model example for the painter.
Succus Prudentiae: Hevenesi Gábor neosztoikus emblémáinak festészeti recepciója
Succus Prudentiae: applied emblematic reception of Gábor Hevenesi’s neo-stoic emblems
The Hungarian Jesuit Gábor (Gabriel) Hevenesi’s emblem book Succus prudentiae (The Seed of Wisdom) was published in 1690 in Vienna and then in 1701 in Nagyszombat (Trnava, Slovakia), containing fifty emblems. He compiled a collection of Christian wisdom and virtues with the help of quotations and paraphrases from the Stoic philosopher Seneca. In this article, I present two instances of applied emblematic reception of the emblems of Hevenesi’s Succus prudentiae in Transylvanian buildings. The first example is the painted decoration of a room in the castle of Nagyvárad (Oradea, Romania). The program survived only in fragments, yet, three emblems could still be identified. The use of a Jesuit emblem book points towards the conception of the decorative program during the Habsburg occupation of the castle during the first half of the eighteenth century. The second example is the former wall and furniture decoration of the Daniel manor house in Szasznagyvesszős (Michelsdorf/Veseuș, Romania). The inner decoration of this building was destroyed before the twentieth century, but it was preserved by the detailed description of the writer József Ponori Thewrewk from 1817. Based on his account, the walls and several pieces of furniture (including a folding screen and a cabinet) were decorated with Hevenesi’s emblems. This program was most possibly ordered by István Daniel the elder, a state official during the Habsburg rule in Transylvania. As an appendix, I draw attention to a surviving cabinet with emblematic paintings based on Jesuit Herman Hugo’s Pia desideria, now in the collection of the Sárospatak Catholic Museum.
Graves of the early medieval nomads from the eastern Azov region
Kora középkori nomád temetkezések az Azovi-tenger keleti partvidékéről
Abstract
Described and discussed here are the “nomadic” burials of two sites, Serbin and Udarnyi (Krasnodar Krai, Russia). A total of four graves were found at the former Serbin site, while an early medieval grave dug into a prehistoric kurgan was excavated at Udarnyi. The burials broadly date from the fourth–seventh centuries AD on the basis of their poor grave inventories and are culturally related to the so-called post-Hunnic- and Sivashovka-type burials. Three burials contained the skulls and limbs of various domestic animals, indicating that the animals had been skinned. “Head and hooves” deposits were quite common in early medieval Eastern Europe. There are several different traditions of skinning, indicating different cultural traditions. The study describes the burials and their finds, and presents their regional parallels.
Abstract
In this study, we examine ritual Small Talk in Chinese, which is a regretfully understudied phenomenon. We investigate recurrent pragmatic features of Chinese Small Talk in an audio-recorded corpus through the lens of speech acts. We interpret the use of speech acts with the aid of interaction ritual theory and linguistic politeness. As a case study, we examine instances of Small Talk taking place in the vicinity of a Chinese primary school where parents and grandparents engaged in casual phatic conversations to kill the time while waiting for the children. The study of our corpus of Small Talk conversations allows us to unearth linguaculturally embedded patterns of language use in a complex participatory setting where parents and grandparents interact in front of a school.
Abstract
Sámuel Domby of Gálfalva (1729–1807) defended his doctoral dissertation De vino Tokaiensi at the University of Utrecht in 1758, and it was published in the same year. Domby was not the first medical student to write about the curative effects of the Tokaj-Hegyalja wines, but his book is really considered unique because he summarised and in many ways also exceeded the knowledge of earlier authors on the subject. He not only communicated what was known about the wines of Tokaj-Hegyalja, but also demonstrated through a series of medical, meteorological observations and chemical experiments why these wines were so excellent, what effects they had on a healthy human body and what ailments could be effectively treated by drinking them. In many respects, his work has stood the test of time: for instance his observations on the importance of terroir and the protection of origin are still worth considering today.
Z как символ, иконический репрезентант концепта и первая часть новых композитов: когнитивный и лексикографический аспекты
“Z” as a Symbol, an Iconic Representative of the Concept and the First Component of the “Z-Compounds”: Cognitive and Lexicographic Aspects
В статье предлагается опыт анализа новой лексики с первым компонентом Z- в ее количественном и качественном многообразии. Новизна работы определяется выбором лексического материала: слова-композиты с первым компонентом Z- впервые зафиксированы в русском языке 2022–2023 гг.
Текстовый материал отражает одну из важнейших социолингвистических тенденций в русском языке новейшего периода: закрепление знака Z как символа и графического репрезентанта концеп-та. В статье раскрывается механизм дискурсивного перехода неофициального военно-технического номена Z в публицистический текст и дальнейшее формирование у знака символического значения: первоначально знак появляется на фото- и видеоизображениях военной техники, затем переносит-ся на реальные предметы (наносится на одежду, автомобили, плакаты). В коллективном языковом сознании формируется «ассоциативная небула» символа: Z – символ справедливой военной опера-ции (борьбы) и символ победы. Формированию полиинтерпретируемого символического значения способствуют многочисленные публикации, в которых провозглашается наличие мистической свя-зи знака Z с буквами старославянского, древнерусского и церковнославянского алфавитов, с зоо-морфными образами, числом 7, именами древних богов, названиями храмов и др.
Анализ лексического материала способствует раскрытию функционального потенциала символа Z в русском лингвокультурном пространстве последних лет. Потребность многих людей в обозна-чении принадлежности к определенному мировоззрению обусловила широкое использование зна-ка: в названиях интернет-пабликов и аккаунтов, патриотических мероприятий, а также в индиви-дуальном литературном творчестве (в частности, в формировании направления Z-поэзии). Среди рассматриваемых неологизмов и окказионализмов выделяются примеры, образованные с использо-ванием графического механизма языковой игры: Zорок Zороков, Zаписки, Zадача.
В целях разработки принципов лексикографического описания «Z-лексики» проводится анализ содержания концепта «специальная военная операция», иконическим репрезентантом которого является буква Z. К истории понятия относятся разнообразные фрагменты коллективного опыта, отсылки к которым активно используются как в СМИ, так и в интернет-дискурсе: военные испыта-ния, имена полководцев, солдатский подвиг. Также в структуре концепта выделяется псевдоистори-ческий слой, формируемый текстами СМИ о мистическом происхождении знака Z.
С целью выявления особенностей концептуального содержания анализируются устойчивые, ре-гулярно воспроизводимые контексты употребления слов и словосочетаний с Z. Особое внимание уделяется текстам, созданным путем индивидуальной языковой активности, в том числе поэтиче-ским, в которых отчетливо выделяются два полюса оценки.
В статье рассматривается тематическое разнообразие «Z-лексики», которая отражает новые фор-маты изменившейся в 2022 году действительности; формулируются принципы лексикографическо-го представления анализируемой группы слов в неологических словарях и базах данных.
Прагматический потенциал русских деепричастий в нарративе: корпусное исследование сквозь призму переводов
The Pragmatics of Russian Converbs in a Narrative: Corpus-Based Study through the Prism of Translations
Прагматические особенности русских деепричастий совершенного и несовершенного вида рассма-триваются в статье в контексте современной теории первого плана и фона нарратива. Объектом изучения становится прагматический потенциал деепричастий, который позволяет им участвовать в формировании стереоскопического пространства текста, конструировать иерархизированную зону фона повествования, выстраивать перспективу нарратива, устанавливая соотношение точек зрения друг с другом.
В статье проанализированы данные российских и зарубежных научных работ о потенциях дее-причастий в сфере ранжирования текстовой информации. Принято считать, что деепричастия формируют зону «фона» повествования, обозначая второстепенные действия и характеристики. Однако сама зона «фона» имеет сложную иерархию в плане значимости, выделенности ее элемен-тов для повествователя и адресата. Деепричастие обладает набором свойств, которые способствуют большему или меньшему «выдвижению» или «затушевыванию» названного им события или явле-ния.
Ряд таких грамматических и смысловых параметров может быть установлен, так сказать, «до тек-ста». Так, в большей степени выделить событие способны деепричастия совершенного вида, обозна-чающие динамические, контролируемые, ограниченные во времени действия, в особенности если они относятся к личному субъекту и присоединяют индивидуализированный объект (Выстрелив в яблоко, Телль улыбнулся). Напротив, такие характеристики деепричастий, как несовершенный вид, непереходность, обозначение длящегося состояния или признака – сопутствуют номинации фоновых явлений, зачастую не выделяемых в качестве отдельных событий (Обломов принимал гостей, лежа на диване).
Также в статье значительное внимание уделяется другой группе параметров, которая выявляется только «в тексте», в ходе анализа корпусных данных (по НКРЯ). Важнейшая характеристика дее-причастий – относительная частотность употребления в форме конверба в сравнении с личными формами. Этот показатель свидетельствует о том, насколько тот или иной глагол склонен к функци-онированию в форме деепричастия, вне зависимости от частотности глагола в корпусе.
На материале НКРЯ в статье исследованы глаголы пяти семантических групп с частотным упо-треблением в форме конверба. Далее, с опорой на материалы параллельного русско-английского подкорпуса НКРЯ и собранного автором поливариантного набора переводов рассказов А. П. Чехо-ва, в статье иллюстрируются прагматические особенности деепричастий от глаголов с различной семантикой. Демонстрируются выявленные в переводах тенденции к изменению или сохранению функций оригинальных конвербов, анализируются эффекты перевода деепричастий с помощью финитных форм, приводящие к изменению перспективы текста, таксисных и каузативных отноше-ний между клаузами.
Полученные данные не только пополняют сведения о прагматическом потенциале русских дее-причастий от глаголов разных семантических групп, но и позволяют повысить качество предпере-водческого анализа произведений русской литературы.
