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Arts and Humanities journals’ primary focus is on presenting theoretical and empirical research in these respective fields. The main goal is to encourage educational research and connect academia to the scientific community. Researchers and scholars need to share their research findings with others to help better understand and act on the ongoing social changes in the field. The Arts and Humanities journals aim to provide a platform for everyone who shares a common interest in these fields and to group all the latest field findings in one place.
Arts and Humanities
Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to provide a preliminary examination of the vulgar Latin grammatical gender system. The inscriptional evidence is studied closely to achieve this goal, this way the broad structure of the loss of the neuter can be observed and previously unknown dialectical differences can be discovered. Having done this groundwork further studies can investigate this material more thoroughly, and with a better understanding of the general features.
Abstract
This paper examines the aberrant usages of grapheme <Y> in the Latin inscriptions of the province Hispania. The analyzed corpus includes cases in which both upsilon is replaced by means of <I>, <V> or <VI> and cases in which, conversely, <Y> replaces <I>, <V> or other spellings within either Hellenic or non-Hellenic words. The situation attested in the Iberian Peninsula is in line with the general situation of the Roman Empire, with Hispania belonging to the group of provinces in which I-spellings prevailed over V-spellings already in the Early Period (1st–3rd c. AD).
Abstract
In the first, mostly fictitious part of his Myreur des histors Jean d’Outremeuse tells the story of the origins of the Franks combining the two traditional narratives, that of the Chronicle of Pseudo-Fredegarius, and that of the Liber historiae francorum. In his text Gaulois and Sicambrins, both descending from Trojan refugees, are united after some conflict as the same people, ancestors of the French. Instead of locating Sicambria to Hungary as some of his comtemporaries do, he is attributing to a secondary but significant role to Hungary as a colony and rival of Danemark, another important kingdom in his narrative. The article argues that it might be a kind of compensation of putting apart Hungary from the story of Sicambria, and also a consequence of the phonetic closeness of Hongrie (Hungary) and the city of Tongres, which is in the center of the narrative before the foundation of Liège.
Метафоризация и безумство: «Красный цветок» Вс. М. Гаршина
Metaphorization and Insanity: A Red Flower by Vsevolod Garshin
В статье рассматривается тема безумства в рассказе Вс. М. Гаршина «Красный цветок» с несколько иного, чем в критической литературе, ракурса, так как в центре внимания стоит не психиатрическая проблематика, а процесс конструирования дискурса болезни. В ходе разбора текста рассказа приво-дятся также некоторые переклички, например, со «Сном смешного человека» Ф. М. Достоевского и «Палатой № 6» А. П. Чехова. Межтекстуальная связь с этими повестями основывается на идее усо-вершенствования мира и на акте его метафорического переименования. Однако в рассказе Гаршина не наблюдается ни переосмысление героем своей «великой мысли», которая преследует цель спасе-ния, но результатируется в уничтожении красоты и делает героя похожим на монстра, ни создание об этом персонального повествования, в котором он критически относился бы к своему слову.
Автор статьи рассматривает, как слово героя конфликтует с «языком медицины»: герой обозна-чает мир больницы по-своему, в отличие от рационального рассказчика (врача?) «Красного цвет-ка». Двойственность структуры (реалистически объясняющий речь и мысли героя рассказ) может получить свое разрешение на уровне дискурса. В статье исследуются мотивный и метафорический планы текста рассказа именно с такой точки зрения. Это приводит к выводам, отличающимся от аллегорического или символического анализа, в частности, и в связи с красным цветком, огнем, сном, луной.
При этом автор статьи обращает внимание и на фонограмматические инновации, как квази- этимоны, омонимы и созвучия, которые порождают новый смысл: см. например, глаголы «сажать» и «рвать», а также слова-имена, обозначающие части растений или связанные с ними: «лепестки», «теплица» и т. п. Под таким, особым углом зрения раскрывается возможность сопоставления образа и идеи героя с красным цветком, и, следовательно, интерпретации его истории как саморазрушения для нового рождения. Сюжет рассказа можно толковать и как литературное переложение компози-ции волшебных сказок, между тем автор статьи фокусируется на раскрытии особого языка больно-го, метафоризируемого как распускание бутона.
В этой связи изучается и означивание вещей, которое играет важную роль в выстраивании дис-курсивного плана, направленного на развязку: освобождение из смирительной, «сумасшедшей» рубахи в сюжетосложении параллельно отталкиванию от традиционных форм, связывающих речь, на уровне поэтического слова. Метафорический язык начинает постепенно доминировать в тексте и становится развязкой «сумасшедшего» нарратива в дискурсивной презентации истории.
A rare painting with unique subject matter among extant Tangut cultural heritage, the so-called astral maṇḍala (more accurately, Grahamātṛkā-maṇḍala) from Khara-khoto deserves focused academic attention. Now in the collection of Hermitage, this painting broadens the horizons of research from multiple perspectives, including the history of astrology, Tangut culture, Esoteric Buddhism, and ritual studies. Introduced into Tangut Buddhism likely via Tibet, the Grahamātṛka-maṇḍala contributed to the construction of both a new iconographical system and a new pantheon of astral deities. The painting provides important visual details that gradually reveal a complete series of liturgies based on the Tangut astral cult, from the maṇḍala construction to fire ritual with offerings and visualization. Therefore, it helps to demonstrate astrological knowledge and religious practices prevalent in the Tangut period but previously overlooked by modern researchers. The Tangut people learned with an encompassing mind and became skilled at new teachings, methods, and practices through transcultural communications with India and Tibet. They actively combined this learning with the existing Chinese astrological and religious traditions in the Héxī region.
The paper offers a sample of a Khitan–English–Chinese Wordlist in preparation by scholars from the People’s Republic of China and Hungary. After a preface on general questions, it deals with the glyphs beginning with a- and b- in the Khitan Small Script. This is followed by Khitan words beginning with the first two letters of the Latin alphabet. The aim of the paper is to open a discussion on a future Khitan Etymological Dictionary.
Abstract
In the evidential system of Uzbek, the speaker has different grammatical options in marking the source of information, such as -ibdi, ekan, emish, etc., although it is not compulsory to mark this category in the utterance. In addition to these established markers, new markers have developed into evidentials, and they encode specific sub-categories of evidentiality. In this study, after a brief overview of grammatical markers of evidentiality in Uzbek, the marker chog‘i is examined with a syntactic and semantic approach based on a corpus of selected texts. Its development into an inferential marker is evaluated with special attention to sources of evidentials.
Abstract
Manner/Result Complementarity (Rappaport Hovav & Levin 2010) has been argued to have consequences for argument realization: only manner verbs permit object deletion and non-selected objects. In contrast, result verbs always co-appear with their object, because they are required to express the undergoer of the change that they entail. We discuss new data involving result verbs in constructions where the undergoer of the change encoded by the result verb is not realized as the object of the predicate. We argue these data display result verbs whose root is integrated into the argument structure of the predicate in such a way that it is interpreted as specifying a co-event of the main event denoted by the predicate, whereby the result entailed by the root is not necessarily intended to hold of the direct object. This follows if verb roots do not come with a syntactically relevant specification for manner or result from the lexicon, but acquire it on the basis of their association with the syntactic structure.
Neuere Überlegungen zu Hypereides' Rede gegen Demosthenes im Spiegel der Textkritik •
Ein philologisches „Wiederaufnahmeverfahren“ über col. XXVIII sqq.
Abstract
This paper analyses and interprets three passages in Hyperides' speech against Demosthenes and suggests a textual correction. The statements in columns XXIX–XXX become more comprehensible based on the relevant passages in the speech against Diondas. In line 21 of columna XXVIII, αὐτῷ (pronomen personale – Jensen and all the editors) should be replaced by αὑτῷ (pronomen reflexivum), which reconstructs the proper meaning of the text. After Chaeronea it was not the people who were grateful to Demosthenes, but quite the opposite: the people expected that Demosthenes and his companions would be grateful to them. Thus, the name lost in the lacuna is not Lycurgus, but Demosthenes.
Abstract
This paper deals with the textual tradition of the Florilegium Vindobonense (14th century). According to the current state of research, only one manuscript of this alphabetical anthology is known, which can be found in Codex Philologicus Graecus 169 (Austrian National Library). In preparing the text for edition, however, I found another manuscript that contains the anthology in its entirety. Codex Vaticanus Graecus 895 also dates from the beginning of the 14th century. This article examines the relationship between the two text variants in light of the provenience of the manuscripts and textual criticism.
Abstract
The manuscript Iviron 463 contains the Greek version of the Barlaam and Joasaph Romance. Apart from the beautiful miniatures in the codex, it is also special because of a complete, heretofore not transcribed Old French translation running through the margin of the manuscript. The uncommon bilingual manuscript is of significant importance not only from the perspective of Old French philology but also from the perspective of linguistic and literary interactions between cultures. This paper examines the circumstances of the creation of the manuscript and the questions related to the commissioner in more detail.
Abstract
The life and work of Karl Emil Franzos is considered to be well researched, but if you look at him as an Austrian writer and journalist, the remark is only applicable to his career and his belletristic work, his activities as publicist still require more detailed analysis. The present study sees itself as a contribution in this direction, an attempt is made to trace Hungarian German-language press. The investigation is based on the autopsy of the following newspapers: Pester Lloyd (years 1854–1904), Ungarischer Lloyd (1867–1876), and two magazines: Ungarische Illustrirte Zeitung (1871–1872), Neue Illustrirte Zeitung (1872–1886).
Abstract
The Hungarian research of the material of the Austrian National Library, including the Imperial Court Library, is an ongoing story about Hungary as well, however, the spectacular subjects (Bibliotheca Corvina, Johannes Sambucus, Hans Dernschwam) overshadowed the regularity. More recently, the role of Vienna as a center has even been investigated at a theoretical level.
From the perspective of the Court Library, the habits of three social groups must also be taken into account when examining the development of Hungarian or Hungarian-related book collections. (1) The Viennese printers who published the books were interested in delivering their products to the court. (2) The Hungarian patrons, either wanting to prove that the modern court spirit influenced them as well, or keeping their reputation by maintaining an institutional collection – doing this out of boast or mere politeness. (3) But the most interesting is always the author. The intellectuals like to be near power – even when it's the hated power. The author, the publisher, wants to be known and to live in the spotlight (even if they suffers from it). Since the 16th century, we can always find Hungarian intellectuals living in Vienna, who were at home in the capital of the Empire, and were not immigrants from Hungary.
The 21st century's digital ÖNB clearly shows the wealth it has in Hungarian books, and we could also say that it is one of the largest Hungarian digital libraries.
Abstract
After the fall of Communism a new generation started its career in Hungarian literature. They invented a new literary concept based on the experience that modernity had liquidated the language and postmodernity dispersed meaning. The most important feature of this concept was that realistic and postmodern expectations should not be confronted as opposites. This perspective appears in many books and many articles by Emmanuel Bouju, offering a possibility to link the three consecutive steps of a continuity through six epimodern values that can be perceived as a bridge overarching the different periods of art and literature.
Several authors and works of contemporary Hungarian literature show strong parallels with the international literary process. Tranquility by Attila Bartis, The White King by György Dragomán and Pixel by Krisztina Tóth can be linked to Bouju's theory. In my approach the aforementioned novels use different branches of art as a sort of prism in order to understand the “preposterous aspects of the present and the past” (Boym).
As Emmanuel Bouju's essay enables us to define the trinity of Modernism, Post-modernism and contemporary After-Postmodernism as a whole in which ruptures may be considered as three steps of the same continuity, the Hungarian books examined here are works that have re-claimed the validity of the coherence of the story whilst, as a heritage of the postmodern, they have also preserved skepticism regarding master narratives.
Az avar centrum és a bizánci periféria •
Mediterráneumi eredetű alakos motívumok a késő avar díszítőművészetben a Kr. u. 8. században
The Avar centre and the Byzantine periphery: Mediterranean figural motifs in late Avar ornamental art from 8th century AD
Absztrakt
A késő avar ornamentika összképe erős antik hatás alatt alakult ki. A tanulmány a késő avar kori díszítőművészetben megjelenő, antik típusú, valószínűleg bizánci eredetű alakokat és jeleneteket veszi sorra. Közülük más-más típusúakkal találkozunk a késő avar kor elején, valamint közepén és második felében, és úgy tűnik, hogy e két csoport esetében az avar környezet adaptációs mechanizmusai is különbözőek. A korábbi csoport erősebb avar adaptációs hatásnak kitett motívumaival szemben a későbbi csoportra kifejtett hatás minimálisnak tűnik, és nem világos, hogy a mediterrán kultúra irányából furcsának tűnő néhány egyedi jelleg hol került a jobbára övdíszeken ismert ikonográfiába. A két csoport közötti különbség hátterében valószínűleg azon kihívások változása áll, amelyekre az avar társadalom kulturális eszközökkel kísérelt meg választ adni.
The overall picture of the Late Avar decorative art was formed under a strong antique influence. The paper discusses antique-type figures and scenes that appear in Late Avar decorative art, probably of Byzantine origin. At the beginning and in the middle–second half of the Late Avar period, there are two different groups of figures and scenes while the adaptive mechanisms of the Avar culture were also different in their case. In contrast to the motifs of the earlier group, which were subject to a stronger Avar influence, the Avar adaptation in the later group seems to be minimal, and it is not clear where some of the features that seem unusual from the context of Mediterranean culture have been incorporated into the iconography, which is mainly known from belt decorations. The differences between the early and late groups are probably due to changes in the challenges to which the Avar society attempted to respond through cultural means.
Egy maszkos üveggyöngy töredéke a Közép-Tisza-vidékről (Szajol-Széle II. lelőhely, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok vármegye)
A face-bead shard in the Middle Tisza Region (Szajol-Széle II site, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County)
Absztrakt
A La Tène kultúra Kr. e. 4–3. századi elterjedése az Alföldön, annak kapcsolatrendszere és viszonya a helyi, illetve szomszédos kulturális entitásokhoz továbbra is számos kérdést vet fel. Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok vármegyében zajló terepi és kutatói munkának köszönhetően bővülő késő vaskori régészeti leletanyag rendszeres feldolgozásával a korábbi évekhez képest jóval teljesebb képet alkothatunk a korszakban zajló folyamatokról. A Szolnoktól keletre fekvő Szajol település határában végzett terepbejárás és fémkeresőzés során egy maszkos üveggyöngy került elő. A korábban azonosított maszkos gyöngyök elsősorban az Északi-középhegység és az Alföld átmeneti zónájában, a Dunakanyarban, valamint a Felső-Tisza-vidéken kerültek elő. A jelen közleményben bemutatásra kerülő példány mostani ismereteink szerint a legdélebbi elfordulása ennek a tárgytípusnak Magyarország területén.
The spread of the La Tène culture during the 4th–3th c. BC in the in the Great Hungarian Plain its system of relations and its relationship with local and neighbouring cultural entities still raises a number of questions. Thanks to the regular field works and researches we can have a more detailed picture of the La Tène period of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County. During a field walk and metal detecting a new face-bead shard come to light from east of Szolnok at Szajol-Széle site II. This fragment is probably the most southern occurrence of this time of beads at the moment. From this aspect it is necessary to publish this freshly occurred archaeological find.
A kőnyersanyag-források és az őskori ember: Egy sokrétű viszony kutatása
Lithic raw material sources and prehistoric men: Research of a manifold relationship
Absztrakt
A hazai ősrégészetben a kőnyersanyagok rendszeres kutatása csak az 1970-es években indult el. Ezt a kutatást kezdettől fogva a proveniencia szemlélet jellemezte. Az 1990-es évektől a hangsúly az archeometriai vizsgálatokra helyeződött. A nemzetközi kutatásban viszont a technikai viselkedés rekonstruálása került a középpontba. A paleoetnológiai szemlélet felhasználásával komplexen vizsgálható az őskori embercsoportok viselkedése a nyersanyagok beszerzése és felhasználása terén. A cikk az elemzések elméleti és módszertani alapjait mutatja be.
The systematic research of lithic raw materials in Hungarian archaeology only started in the 1970s. From the beginning, this research was characterized by the provenance approach. From the 1990s, the focus shifted to archaeometric studies. In international research, on the other hand, the reconstruction of technical behavior also came into focus. By using the palaeoethnological approach, the behavior of prehistoric human groups in the procurement and use of raw materials can be investigated in a complex manner. The article reviews the theoretical and methodological foundations of these analyses.
A korai magyar történelem régészeti és archeogenetikai kutatásának legfrissebb eredményei Nyugat-Szibériától a Középső-Volga vidékig
Archaeological and genetic data from the Early Medieval cemeteries of the Volga and Ural region
Absztrakt
Ebben a tanulmányban a Volga–Urál régió, valamint Nyugat-Szibéria magyar őstörténeti vonatkozású régészeti hagyatékát mutatjuk be. A humán csontanyag archeogenetikai vizsgálatával ezen közösségek, illetve a Kárpát-medence honfoglalás kori népességének kapcsolatrendszerét elemezzük.
We present the archaeological findings of the Volga–Ural region and Western-Siberia in relation to Hungarian prehistory. Based on archaeogenetic analyses of the human remains, we discuss relationships between these populations and the Conquest Period Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin.
Kutatások az énlaki (Inlăceni) castellumban
New research in the auxiliary fort at Énlaka/Inlăceni (Romania)
Absztrakt
A 2021-es ásatás a két oldalkapu területén zajlott. Kiderült, hogy a kőkapuk tornyai később, Caracalla alatt épültek. A porta principalis sinistra területén a 3. század közepén épült kapunyílást elzáró fal maradványai is napvilágra kerültek. Az ásatás során a cohors VIII Raetorum építési feliratának töredéke került elő a 149. évből. Az új felirat nemcsak az építés pontos idejét jelzi, hanem azt is, hogy az építtető ez a cohors volt, és nem a korábban feltételezett cohors IIII Hispanorum.
The excavation in 2021 took place in the areas of the two side gates. It turned out that the stone gate towers were built later, under Caracalla. In the area of the porta principalis sinistra, the remains of the wall blocking the gate opening, which was built in the middle of the 3rd century, dame to light. During the excavation, a fragment of the building inscription of the cohors VIII Raetorum from the year 149 was found. The new inscription not only indicates the exact time of construction, but also indicates that the builder was this cohort and not the previously assumed cohors IIII Hispanorum.
A New Upper Palaeolithic site in the Northern Great Plain of Hungary
Új felső paleolit lelőhely az Észak-Alföldön
Absztrakt
Jászfényszaru-Szeméttelep 1. egy felső paleolit lelőhely a Jászságban, amit Jászfényszaru határában fedeztek fel egy teljes felületű feltárás során. A lelőhelyen főleg szarmata és honfoglalás kori jelenségek kerültek elő, de egy kis felső paleolitikumra keltezhető leletanyagot is azonosítottak, amely Korai Epigravettien jellegzetességeket mutat. A leletanyag a Kárpát-medence utolsó glaciális korú emberi megtelepüléseinek jobb megértéséhez járul hozzá.
Jászfényszaru-Szeméttelep 1 is a new Upper Palaeolithic site in the Jászság region of Hungary in the Northern Great Hungarian Plain. The site was occupied mainly during the Sarmatian and Hungarian Conquest Period, but a small assemblage of Upper Palaeolithic finds was also identified, which can be related with the Early Epigravettian. Our research contributes to the better understanding of the Carpathian Basin's human occupations during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Római kori fibulák az Aquincum/Budapest-Graphisoft Park területén végzett feltárások anyagából
Roman fibulae from the cemetery of the civil town in Aquincum/Budapest-Graphisoft Park
Absztrakt
A tanulmány célja, hogy az aquincumi polgárvárosi keleti temető területén előkerült római kori fibulákat bemutassa. A fibulák tipológiai-kronológiai szempontú elemzése mellett a tanulmány igyekszik részletesen foglalkozni a viseleti szokásokra vonatkozó kérdésekkel is.
The aim of this paper is the presentation of the fibulae unearthed at the eastern cemetery of the civil town in Aquincum. The fibulae are analyzed with respect to typology, chronology, and their wearers.
Some observations on the three vessels with characteristic decorative elements of La Tène culture from the cemetery in Szob
A La Tène kultúra jellegzetes motívumaival díszített három figyelemre méltó edény a szobi temetőből
Absztrakt
A tanulmány három, a szobi kelta temetőből a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeumba került edényt mutat be, amelyek ugyan nem ismeretlenek a tudományos közönség számára, és különböző aspektusokból korábban már többen foglalkoztak velük, de a minden részletre kiterjedő publikálásuk eddig még nem történt meg. A leletek a magyarországi késő vaskor kutatásának egyik kulcsfontosságú lelőhelyéről kerültek napvilágra, éppen ezért a rövid tanulmány célja az eredeti dokumentációk áttekintésén és a modern digitális módszereken alapuló szakszerű közlés, valamint az újabb adatokon és jelenlegi kutatási eredményeken alapuló kontextusba helyezés.
In the focus of this paper stand three remarkable vessels with characteristic decorative elements of the late Iron Age, associated with the La Tène material culture of Central and Eastern Europe. The finds from one of the key sites of the late Iron Age research in Hungary were brought to the Hungarian National Museum from the cemetery of Szob. These pots are not unknown to the scientific community, they have been dealt with in various aspects in the past. However, the full details have not yet been published. The aim of this short study is to publish these vessels precisely, based on a review of the original documents and using modern digital methods. It also examines and contextualizes these important findings in the light of recent data and research.
A tihanyi altemplom régészeti kutatása
The archaeological research of the medieval crypt of Abbey of Tihany
Absztrakt
A tanulmányban a tihanyi bencés apátság középkori altemplomának és az ott található temetkezéseknek a régészeti jellegű kutatásait és a legújabb, 2021. évi ásatás eredményeit mutatjuk be, különös tekintettel az alapító, I. András király sírhelyére.
In this study, we present the archaeological research of the medieval crypt of the Benedictine Abbey of Tihany and the burials there, and the results of the latest excavation in 2021, with a focus to the tomb of the founder, King Andrew I.
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the application of surveying methodologies aiding the management of heritage properties, especially for UNESCO World Heritage sites. The objective of the current study is to provide an overview of the historical background of surveying a particular field of engineering and the related social environment. In Europe, all types of historic streets and avenues share a centuries-long common history. Investments financed by governments, capital or residential sources relating to these streets have provided opportunities for interesting architectural experiments. This study demonstrates the intensity of these investments and the morphological and functional changes in relation to their distance from the CBD. To achieve this objective, based on an on-line database of housing features and values, apartments (n = 1,031) from the range of Residential Real Estates in Teréz Town Budapest were collected. Data statistics tools included a Decision Tree and an Artificial Multi-layer Neural Network employed in order to analyse inequalities in price according to the condition of the property and available conveniences. The characteristics of monocentricity/polycentricity are shown to be adaptable elements that have been used historically in urban landscapes and can be implemented in urban design to enhance green spaces and improve the overall quality of urban life. As good examples, the Andrássy/Hübner - Court and the ICOMOS prize-winning renovation of the Wahrmann Palace are presented. Real estate can carry both real and philosophical meaning. Sometimes buildings express physical reality in the environment, at others, they have a symbolic meaning, e. g. an urban idyll, harmony with the habitat, local community, heritage property, wealth or poverty, integration or segregation of people or families. Functional changes support long-term decision-making for investors and city residents in search for better locations within global cityscapes.
Abstract
At the center of the study is the motif spread in Italy and Greece, in the Middle Ages and in folklore, of Mary's search for Jesus during the Passion. The historiographical and philological reconstruction of the motif takes its cue from a medieval Italian text, the “Pianto delle Marie marchigiano”, and first investigates modern Italian songs, to show their continuity with the Middle Ages; then the observation expands to the Hellenic “moirologia”, to highlight the strong resemblance to the Italic counterparts; we therefore try to bring these similarities back to historical unity, showing that we are dealing with two forms in which a long-lasting cultural memory persists.
Abstract
This article sets out to explore different roles that the mention of zoophytes can play into some texts of Plato, Aristotle and byzantine commentators. Thus, the staging of the life of the marine lung in the Philebus represents a possible horizon of regression to be kept in mind, and not, as in John Philopon, a stage of man's formation that will necessarily be surpassed. For the latter, as for Aristotle, evoking zoophytes is a way of resolving the question of the frontier between living animals and plants by postulating the continuity between the plant and animal orders.
Abstract
The second part of Psellus’ poem on grammar is a glossary compiled from rare words (270–490), where the lines are ordered and linked according to the Greek alphabet. The first part (1–269) is not – as it might be expected of a didactic poem – a systematic descriptive Greek grammar, but rather a loose collection of teacher’s comments lacking a definite logical structure. The didactic comments set in verse are organised to some extent by words (e.g. ἔγκλισις, μεσότης) that refer to several different grammatical phenomena functioning as cues and thus connecting the subsequent sections. At the time the novelty of this otherwise ordinary poem might have been that Greek grammar was set in political verse (versus politicus) in order to make it easy to memorise and the fact that it discusses Psellus’ views on koine.
Abstract
This paper explores the problem of the source value of charters from the point of view of research in linguistic history. Charters written in Latin often contain elements of the vulgar language (in this case, Hungarian). Only four authentic Hungarian charters have survived from the 11th century in their original form. Therefore, we have also included the non-authentic and non-original charters of the 11th century in our research over the recent decades.
These charters may contain 4–5 chronological layers, and so our task is to separate them. Charters of uncertain status cannot be analysed using the same methodological principles as the authentic and original charters. This paper discusses the methodological principles that may facilitate the identification of the source value of these charters for historical linguistics. Although these principles are defined based on charters from Hungary, due to their universal nature a significant portion of them may also be used successfully in other regions of medieval European charter research.
Abstract
In this work we contend that studying dance syntax systematically is essential to gain a deeper understanding of dance practices. The reason is that syntax has to do with an essential aspect of dance, music and action in general, namely possibility. To the best of our knowledge, the efforts towards a systematic method to study dance syntax are scarce. Therefore, this work proposes the method of Finite-State Automata, borrowed from computer science, and presents three case studies of progressive complexity were the method is applied: (1) learning the basics of salsa, (2) diachronically comparing hip-pushing action in Afro-Ecuadorian Bomba del Chota, and (3) characterizing improvisation in Afro-Peruvian zapateo. While the first case is didactic and introduces the method progressively, the second and third cases are based on several years of fieldwork conducted by the authors with the Afro-Ecuadorian and Afro-Peruvian communities. The precondition for the application of the method we propose is structural analysis itself; that is, that the dance can be analyzed into small movement units that are combined progressively into more complex units. In regards to syntax, however, structural analysis is only the first step. The goal is a synthesis that brings forward the possibilities that arise from structural analysis; that is, the possibilities that are available to dancers and agents in a dance event. We trust that the approach to syntax this work presents will stimulate a renewed interest for researchers in dance, music and movement in general.
Abstract
The Hungarian Playwrights' Association was founded on 7 January, 1904, with the aim of providing moral and financial protection to theatre authors and the developing Hungarian stage. In its first incarnation it lasted until March 1919, and was subsequently re-established in December 1920. Like so many associations at that time, the Association was dissolved by ministerial decree on 8 December, 1950. The legal situation of playwrights at the time, along with the lack of adequate representation of their interests, prompted the Hungarian cultural sector to protect their rights by setting up an appropriate body of self-representation, following the examples of foreign countries. The association is of great importance in the history of the self-organisation and interest representation of Hungarian artists, as it was the first such independent Hungarian representative body.
Abstract
The research project Chapters from the History of 20 th Century Hungarian Operetta: The Operetta Art of Ákos Buttykay has as its subject the operetta art of Ákos Buttykay (1871–1935), who was unjustly disqualified from the operetta canon. The subject is highly topical and necessary since the reconstruction of the history of 20th-century Hungarian operetta has been complicated by the fact that, with the exception of a few popular and well-known operetta composers – including Pál Ábrahám (Paul Abraham), Imre Kálmán (Emmerich Kálmán) and Ferenc Lehár (Franz Lehár) – the oeuvre and biography of the composers who were instrumental in the development of the Hungarian operetta style have yet to be reviewed. This shortcoming became evident to me during my research into the history of 20th century Hungarian operetta and the reconstruction of Buttykay's career and operetta works – using archival sources and contemporary press sources – is the first step towards filling this gap. I chose Buttykay mainly on the basis of my preliminary research and findings, as a composer who had written dozens of operettas and whose name was associated with the most successful operettas of the Hungarian musical stages in the first half of the 20th century.
Weltuntergang und Doppelmonarchie •
Politische Dimensionen des Katastrophendiskurses in Kometenromanen von Maurus Jókai (1874) bis Hannes Stein (2013)
Abstract
The study mediates between two literary thematic fields: the discourse on disasters, with special attention to the comet theme, and the literature about the future or the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. In this context, we ask about the political issue of the comet material or motif. The topic will be explained using the works of Camille Flammarion, Vincenz Chiavacci, Karl Kraus, Hannes Stein and Maurus Jókai as examples.
Baroque tradition in early Romanticism •
Grounding the modern literary canon in Hungary
Abstract
The elaboration of a canon of literary tradition was a key issue within the renewal of Hungarian literature at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. The leading figures of the movement, Ferenc Kazinczy (1759–1831) and Ferenc Kölcsey (1790–1838), both saw Miklós Zrínyi's (1620–1664) poetry collection Adriai tengernek Syrenaia (Syrena of the Adriatic Sea), published in 1651, as a model that offered aesthetic value, national ideology, and an example for reforming the literary language. The present study examines the extent to which these aspirations may be linked to the poetic modernity of Zrínyi's time, the first half of the 17th century, and concludes that the Syrena volume was not simply a model for the successors, but it can be philologically proven that Kazinczy and his circle (mainly by following Francis Bacon) continued the agenda initiated by Zrínyi. In this sense, the waves of modernity do not follow one another, but are layered on top of one another in the history of Hungarian literature.
Abstract
It was in the Latin-language historical literature of medieval and Renaissance Hungary that the noble ideology was first formulated which has determined the discourse on Hungarian national and literary consciousness up to the present day. These chronicles, however, contain a great deal of information not only about the Hungarians, but also about the peoples who lived alongside them. Thus, Romanians are also important figures in this Latin-language historical literature. In the first part of this study we will discuss the depiction of the Romanians in Anonymus' and Simon Kézai's Chronicles, the Illustrated Chronicle and Antonio Bonfini's monumental work. In the second part of the study I will describe the influence of the Hungarian Reformation literature of the 16th and 17th centuries on Romanian literature. From a Hungarian perspective, the Romanian Reformation is worth studying because it is a clear demonstration of Hungarian “cultural imperialism” in the 16th to 18th centuries, so much so that Hungarian culture has been unable to repeat cultural export on such a scale ever since. This means that between 1540 and 1750 there was no other language into which so many Hungarian-language ecclesiastical works (catechisms, psalms, hymns, postulates, agendas, piety works) were translated as Romanian. In other words, no other culture has been so powerfully influenced by a Hungarian impact as was Romanian culture during these two centuries.
Die Wiener Weltausstellung 1873. •
Die Berichterstattung von Ármin Vámbéry und Max Nordau über die orientalische Abteilung sowie den Schah-Besuch in der Kaiserstadt.
Abstract
The oeuvre of the orientalist, Turkologist and traveler Ármin Vámbéry has been well researched, his long life full of adventures and his travels made him a famous personality on several continents during the Dualism-era, and so he has not succumbed to oblivion to this day. However, his creativity and work are multi-layered, so they require the approaches of various scientific disciplines, e.g. some facets of his widely ramified and not least unexplored journalistic work can be contributed to Vámbéry research. This article is devoted to Vámbéry's publication on the occasion of the Vienna World Exhibition of 1873, which also allow a comparison with the feuilletons of his friend, who later became a writer, cultural critic and Zionist, Max Nordau (1849, Pest–1923, Paris).
Abstract
Parallel with the emergence of modern national identity and culture, from the late 18th to the early 20th century an emphasized consciousness underlined the attempt to create a ‘national’ dress. In the court cultures of Europe, a shift in the style of representation from ‘international’ to ‘regional/ethnic’ and ‘national’ served the aim of updating the monarch's role. Royals reaffirmed their sense of belonging to their own ‒ or adopted ‒ nations through the conscious introduction of national elements into the dress code of the court. Royal courts also played a leading role in the myth-making process surrounding the so-called national style. The connection between power, prestige, and the dynamics of costume as a fashion statement is obvious in this process.
O Bojničićevoj Gramatici madžarskoga jezika iz drugoga kuta: uzroci i narav mijena izdanja gramatike na razmeđu dvaju stoljeća
On Bojničić’s Hungarian Grammar from Another Angle: The Causes and Nature of Changes in its Editions at the Turn of the 20th Century
U sjeni Bojničićeva rada, obilježenoga iznimnim prinosom hrvatskoj kulturnoj povijesti i pomoćnim povijesnim znanostima, ostala je Gramatika madžarskoga jezika (1888., 1896., 1905., 1912.) koja je na razmeđu dvaju stoljeća, u vrijeme smjene filoloških škola (zagrebačke školom hrvatskih vukovaca), doživjela nekoliko izmijenjenih izdanja. Gramatiku je – točnije njezino prvo izdanje – kao udžbenik odobrio Odjel za bogoštovlje i nastavu Kr. ugarskoga ministarstva, potom ju nagradio 1889., a naposljetku je ipak negativno ocijenjena, i to u službenom glasilu istoga Odjela koji ju je i nagradio, u Nastavnom vjesniku, a gotovo jednako ocijenit će ju i neki mađarski izvori početkom 20. stoljeća.
Pritom je riječ o kritikama koje su se mahom odnosile na (hrvatski) metajezik gramatike, donošenje netočnih pravila te na njezino, po sudu određenih kritičara, nesustavno oblikovanje, a samom se Bojničiću zamjerala nedostatna filološka naobrazba. Upravo ju stoga ti kritičari između ostaloga opisuju kao priručnik neprikladan za nastavnu uporabu. Od navedenih četiriju izdanja gramatike – iako konzultirani hrvatski i mađarski izvori ustvari ne donose nedvosmislen podatak o tome koliko je točno izdanja gramatika doživjela – spomenutoj je filološkoj ocjeni također podlegnulo samo prvo, a autor je poneke ispravke uklopio u kasnija izdanja svoga gramatičkoga priručnika.
U ovom se radu uspoređuju četiri izdanja Bojničićeve gramatike, utvrđuju se jezične, nazivoslovne i leksičke mijene njezina polaznoga (hrvatskog) jezika te se propituje u kojoj su mjeri potaknute objavljenim kritikama te koliki je odraz smjene filoloških škola vidljiv u pojedinim izdanjima. U sklopu tumačenja mijena što ih izdanja gramatike sadrže, posebice se ističu jezične osobitosti svojstvene normi zagrebačke filološke škole, čime se pak nastoji potkrijepiti činjenica kako je riječ o obilježjima koja su prisutna u svim četirima izdanjima gramatike neovisno o vremenu njihova izdavanja te jezično-političkim okolnostima i utjecajima pod kojima su nastala.
U konačnici se nastoji potvrditi (ne)opravdanost negativne recepcije koju je gramatika imala u dijelu filološke javnosti svojega vremena. Drugim riječima nastoji se dati odgovor na pitanje valja li Bojničiću pridružiti epitet autora čiji rad – pa tako ni njegova gramatika – u odgovarajućoj mjeri nije stručno potkovan ili mu pak, bez obzira na njegovu naobrazbu i upućene kritike, valja odati priznanje zbog neospornih prinosa što ih je dao u području hrvatsko-mađarske gramatikografije.
In the shadow of Bojničić’s work marked by exceptional contributions to Croatian cultural history and auxiliary historical sciences remained the Hungarian Grammar (1888, 1896, 1905, 1912), which at the turn of the century, at the time of change of philological schools (Zagreb philological school was supplanted by the school of Croatian Vukovians), saw several modified editions. This grammar book (to be exact, its first edition) was approved as a textbook by the Royal Hungarian Ministry of Worship and Education and awarded by the same institution in 1889. Eventually, the grammar was nevertheless negatively reviewed in Nastavni vjesnik, the official gazette of the same Ministry, which had previously awarded the grammar, and was almost equally evaluated by some Hungarian sources at the beginning of the 20th century.
The criticism mostly concerns the grammar’s metalanguage (Croatian), deriving incorrect rules, and its unsystematic format (according to certain critics), and Bojničić himself was criticized for his deficient philological education. This is exactly the reason why those critics, amongst other things, describe it as a handbook inadequate for school use. Of the four above-mentioned editions of the grammar – although the consulted Croatian and Hungarian sources do not explicitly state exactly how many editions the grammar had – only the first edition received the above-mentioned philological evaluation, and the author made some corrections in the later editions of his grammar book.
This paper compares the four editions of Bojničić’s grammar, identifies linguistic, terminological, and lexical changes in its source language (Croatian), and examines the extent to which they had been motivated by the published criticism and the extent to which the change of philological schools is reflected in individual editions. Within the interpretation of the changes made in the different editions, linguistic features characteristic of the norm of the Zagreb philological school are highlighted, in an attempt to corroborate the fact that these features are present in all four editions of the grammar irrespective of the time of their publication as well as the linguistic-political circumstances and influences under which they came into existence.
Ultimately, the present paper seeks to confirm the (un)justification of the negative reception the grammar had in a part of the philological public of its time. In other words, we seek to answer the question of whether Bojničić is to be given the epithet of an author whose work – including his grammar – is to a certain extent not professionally grounded, or, regardless of his education and the criticism toward his work, he has to be given credit for his indisputable contribution to the field of Croatian–Hungarian grammaticography.
Морфосинтаксические особенности русского языка в закарпатском Солотвине и приднестровском Тирасполе
Morphosyntactic Features of the Russian Language in Transcarpathian Solotvyno and Transnistrian Tiraspol
Данная работа представляет результаты нашей полевой работы, проведенной с 2004 года по 2011 год в двух трехъязычных городах: Солотвино (Закарпатская область, Украина) и Тирасполь (При-днестровье, Молдова) и направленной на выявление функционирования русского языка как язы-ка-посредника между национальными меньшинствами этих населенных пунктов: между венграми и румынами в Солотвине и между молдаванами и украинцами в Тирасполе. Мы делали письменные заметки, записи спонтанной речи, а также интервьюировали собеседников. Для выявления особен-ностей русского языка респонденты делали письменные и устные переводы, писали сочинения и заполняли тесты. Нашей целью было выявление сходств и различий между этими двумя языковыми ситуациями, а также описание местного варианта русского языка.
В первой части работы представлены изучаемые языковые сообщества, особенность которых со-стоит, с одной стороны, в том, что в обоих случаях языки национальных меньшинств относятся к разным языковым семьям. С другой стороны, русский язык в Приднестровье имеет статус госу-дарственного языка наряду с украинским и молдавским и преподается во всех учебных заведениях Приднестровья, а в Закарпатье, как и на всей Украине, он не имеет никакого официального статуса. В Солотвине еще действуют венгерская и румынская школа наряду с украинской, но русский язык уже нигде не преподается в последние 6 лет. Несмотря на это, даже местные дети продолжают поль-зоваться русским языком в общении с иноязычными соседями. Многоязычие сохранилось именно благодаря потерявшему коннотацию языка власти и ставшему «нейтральной», «сверхнациональ-ной» lingua franca русскому языку.
Во второй части работы описаны некоторые фонетические, лексические и грамматические осо-бенности солотвинского русского языка в сопоставлении с русским языком в Тирасполе. Местный русский язык подвергается всестороннему влиянию близкородственного официального украинско-го языка и, в меньшей мере, неродственных румынского и венгерского языков, которые в сознании местных говорящих резко отделяются от языков славянской группы.
В третьей части работы мы рассматриваем результаты тестов по использованию глагольного вида школьниками данных населенных пунктов. Мы уделили особое внимание глагольному виду, так как он не имеет полноценного аналога ни в румынском / молдавском, ни в венгерском языках и правильность его использования доказывает высокий уровень владения языка. В случае употреб-ления видовых пар, интерференция с украинской грамматикой может даже оказаться «положи-тельной» по сравнению с интерференциями из румынского и венгерского субстратов. Однако зна-ния солотвинских школьников не имеют теоретической основы, и, скорее всего, свидетельствуют о «панграмматическом» подходе к вопросу глагольного вида, так как они осваивают русский язык в процессе общения и спонтанной речи.
В заключение мы приводим примеры из сочинений школьников о местных языках и даем прогно-зы по поводу возможного будущего русского языка в исследуемых регионах.
This paper presents the results of our fieldwork conducted from 2004 to 2011 in two trilingual cities: Solotvyno (Transcarpathian region, Ukraine) and Tiraspol (Transnistria, Moldova) and aimed to identify the functioning of Russian as an intermediary language between national minorities in these settlements: between Hungarians and Romanians in Solotvyno and between Moldovans and Ukrainians in Tiraspol. We made written notes and recordings of spontaneous speech as well as interviewed interlocutors. In order to identify the features of the local Russian language, respondents made written and oral translations, wrote essays, and filled out tests. Our goal was to identify similarities and differences between the two linguistic situations as well as to describe the local variant of Russian.
The first part of the paper presents the language communities under study, the peculiarity of which is, on the one hand, that in both cases, the languages of the ethnic minorities belong to different language families. On the other hand, Russian in Transnistria has the status of a state language along with Ukrainian and Moldovan and is taught in all educational institutions in Transnistria, while in Transcarpathia, like the rest of Ukraine, it has no official status. In Solotvynо, there is still a Hungarian and Romanian school along with Ukrainian but Russian has not been taught anywhere for the past 6 years. In spite of this, even local children continue to use Russian in communication with their foreign-speaking neighbours. Multilingualism has been preserved thanks to the Russian language, which has lost its connotation as the language of power and has become a “neutral” or “supra-national” lingua franca.
The second part of the paper describes some phonetic, lexical, and grammatical peculiarities of Solotvyno’s Russian language in comparison with the Russian language in Tiraspol. The local Russian language is subjected to the comprehensive influence of the closely related official Ukrainian language and, to a lesser extent, of the unrelated Romanian and Hungarian languages, which in the minds of local speakers are sharply separated from the languages of the Slavic group.
In the third part of this paper, we examine the results of tests on the use of the verbal aspect by schoolchildren in these localities. We paid special attention to the verbal aspect because it has no full-fledged analogue in Romanian / Moldovan or Hungarian, and its correct use proves the high level of linguistic proficiency. In the case of the use of aspectual pairs, the interference with Ukrainian grammar may even be “positive” as compared to the interference from Romanian and Hungarian substrata. However, the knowledge of Solotvyno’s school-children has no theoretical basis, and most likely indicates a “pangrammatic” approach to the question of verbal aspect, as they master the Russian language in the process of communication and spontaneous speech.
In conclusion, we give examples from schoolchildren’s essays about local languages and some predictions about the possible future of the Russian language in the regions under study.
The article suggests identifying two scenes on a Gandhara slab from Karamar with plays written by Aśvaghoṣa. One, preserved in the Berlin Turfan collection, is among the oldest known Indian theatre plays (Śāriputraprakaraṇa) focusing on the conversion of Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana, two of the most important Buddhist monks certainly belonging to the 2nd century. The second scene shows the conversion of Nanda, the half-brother of the Buddha as described in the Saundarananda attributed to the same author. Attempts shall be made to identify the art historical templates and at the same time to trace its subtle iconography.
This paper offers a reexamination of the role of Nogai (c.1237–1300) in the Golden Horde. Commonly portrayed as an almighty khanmaker appointing the Jochid khans at will, I argue that this is a creation of the secondary literature. Instead, based on a rereading of the relevant primary sources, I argue for a far more limited role of Nogai within the Horde’s politics. While influential as both a military commander (first as beylerbeyi and then tammachi) and as the elder member of the Jochid lineage (aqa), Nogai’s power over the Horde was never as great as the scholarship has consistently portrayed.
Abstract
Transformer-based NLP models have achieved state-of-the-art results in many NLP tasks including text classification and text generation. However, the layers of these models do not output any explicit representations for texts units larger than tokens (e.g. sentences), although such representations are required to perform text classification. Sentence encodings are usually obtained by applying a pooling technique during fine-tuning on a specific task. In this paper, a new sentence encoder is introduced. Relying on an autoencoder architecture, it was trained to learn sentence representations from the very beginning of its training. The model was trained on bilingual data with variational Bayesian inference. Sentence representations were evaluated in downstream and linguistic probing tasks. Although the newly introduced encoder generally performs worse than well-known Transformer-based encoders, the experiments show that it was able to learn to incorporate linguistic information in the sentence representations.
Abstract
The Word-in-Context corpus, which forms part of the SuperGLUE benchmark dataset, focuses on a specific sense disambiguation task: it has to be decided whether two occurrences of a given target word in two different contexts convey the same meaning or not. Unfortunately, the WiC database exhibits a relatively low consistency in terms of inter-annotator agreement, which implies that the meaning discrimination task is not well defined even for humans. The present paper aims at tackling this problem through anchoring semantic information to observable surface data. For doing so, we have experimented with a graph-based distributional approach, where both sparse and dense adjectival vector representations served as input. According to our expectations the algorithm is able to anchor the semantic information to contextual data, and therefore it is able to provide clear and explicit criteria as to when the same meaning should be assigned to the occurrences. Moreover, since this method does not rely on any external knowledge base, it should be suitable for any low- or medium-resourced language.
Abstract
Ernő Dohnányi, the world-renowned musician, was almost entirely forgotten during the decades between his emigration in 1944 and the change of political regime in Hungary: his name actually disappeared from public cultural knowledge. Though there may have been several explanations for the ignorance, it is not an exaggeration to state that the main reasons behind the tragic gap in his posthumous reception are of a political nature. It is widely known nowadays that during the settlements after World War II, Dohnányi – in his absence – was charged with intellectual collaboration with the Hungarian far right-wing regime. According to the present state of research, the charges were finally withdrawn as they were mostly ungrounded. Yet, the formerly adored artist and central personality in cultural life had become persona non grata for more than 40 years. After the political changes, his oeuvre seemed to be rehabilitated but without a thorough investigation of the charges and their background. This is why political prejudices are currently experienced simultaneously with a total bagatellization of the possible mistakes in his interwar activity. Thus, a systematic research into this subject has become very urgent. This study, which is intended to be a chapter of a full-length monograph on Dohnányi and politics (expected in 2023/24), was founded by the János Bolyai Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and is one of the very first publications of this project in English. It aims to give a thorough description of the first two years of the official proceeding against Dohnányi at the different investigative levels such as the justificatory committees, public prosecutor, and government ministry.
