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Arts and Humanities
Abstract
In my paper I analyze contemporary works of children's literature in which linguistic choices as well as the alternating and mixing of languages in the narrative play particularly important roles. Such children's books either present the same narrative in alternating languages or switch between multiple languages within a single narrative. Examples include the string of children's stories Benőke és Hanga. A kétnyelvű testvérek – Benőke a Hanga. Dvojjazyční súrodenci [Benőke and Hanga. The Bilingual Siblings] (2021) by Diána Marosz and Lucia Molnár-Satinská, which relates the same plot side by side in Hungarian and Slovak, or the children's crime story Winter-vakáció. Nyári kaland Pöstyénben [The Winter's Vacation. A Summer Adventure in Piestany] (2021) by Ágnes B. Mánya, which also contains sections in Hungarian, Slovak, English, German and Latin. In my analysis, I focus on interpreting the function of using multilinguality and opting for the use of a certain language, and also on exploring the effects the mixing of languages and multilinguality can have on the decoding of the narrative.
This article aims to reconstruct the relationship between the poet and literary critic Vladislav Felicianovič Hodasevič (1886–1939) and the city of Paris, where he spent the final years of his life. The French capital was his ultimate residence as an émigré and the primary centre of Russian emigration following the 1917 Russian Revolution. Hodasevič’s status as an émigré, along with his time in Paris – where he settled permanently in 1925 after wandering across the European continent – profoundly influenced the final phase of his literary career and ultimately led him to cease writing poetry.
Hodasevič emigrated to Europe with his third wife, the poet Nina Aleksandrovna Berberova (1901–1993), in order to escape the repressive policies and cultural environment of the newly formed Soviet Union, which regarded art merely as a tool of propaganda and systematically silenced artists who either did not support the regime or avoided political themes in their work. However, Hodasevič never fully adapted to the European literary and social scene, of which Paris was one of the most prominent representatives. Indeed, as Western culture itself faced the threats of modernity and the violence of emerging political powers, the European cultural landscape only heightened the poet’s sense of rootlessness and pessimism.
Having fled the “darkness” of the Soviet regime, Hodasevič found himself trapped in the “European night.” Evropejskaâ noč (European Night) is, in fact, the title of his last collection of poems, published in Paris in 1927 as part of the collection Sobranie Stihov (Collection of Poems). In this work, he underscores the impossibility of writing poetry in modern Europe.
To fully explore Hodasevič’s relationship with Paris, the first part of this article provides a brief account of his life in Europe, highlighting the difficulties that ultimately led him to abandon poetry. The second part examines some of the most significant poems he wrote in Paris and its suburbs. Many of these are included in Evropejskaâ noč, while others, composed between 1925 and 1938, were published posthumously.
Through a thematic analysis of the most significant examples, it becomes evident that the poems written during Hodasevič’s émigré period vividly reflect the stylistic evolution marking the final phase of his poetic career. These poems represent his last attempt to reconstruct his identity after the trauma of emigration fractured his self-image, conveying his despair, loss of faith in art, and profound inability to adapt to Western customs and values.
Универсальное и «национально-специфическое» в лексике, обозначающей внутренние качества человека (на материале славянских языков)
Universal and “nationally specific” in vocabulary denoting person’s internal qualities: A study of Slavic languages
В настоящей статье рассмотрен ряд лексем, входящих в лексико-семантическую группу «Качества характера, ментальные характеристики человека». Данную ЛСГ по своему функциональному и прагматическому (в частности, эмоционально-оценочному, экспрессивному, стилистическому) зна-чению в целом можно считать одной из наиболее значимых в языке, т.к. именно с помощью входя-щих в состав этой ЛСГ лексических единиц, обладающих богатой палитрой значений и их оттенков, обозначаются различные ментальные качества, свойства и особенности человека в самом широком смысле (способности мышления, особенности характера и поведения и т.п.).
Помимо лексических универсалий, обозначающих общие явления и свойства природы человека, среди лексики, характеризующей качества характера, ментальные способности человека, особен-ности его поведения, обнаруживаются и слова, которые в определенной степени можно отнести к «национально-специфическим»: выражая в целом универсальное по своему значению понятие, они оказываются маркированными определенными коннотациями, возникающими в сознании носите-лей данного языка; подобные лексемы отражают важные с точки зрения носителей данного языка и менталитета черты характера и манеры поведения в общекультурологической системе ценностей и картине мира (в качестве примера можно привести такие уже ставшие «классическими» русские характеристики и понятия, как душевный – душевность, женственная – женственность, смекали-стый – смекалка, халатный – халатность, пошлый – пошлость и т.п.).
В семантике подобных слов, как правило, сочетается сразу несколько качеств, объединенных общностью значения. Иногда эти качества непосредственно связаны с национальными концептами и заключают в себе важные морально-нравственные критерии, поведенческие нормы, религиоз-но-философские взгляды и другие важные этно- и социокультурные характеристики, формирую-щие языковую картину мира нации (речь, в частности, идет о таких концептуальных понятиях, как, например, русские «душа» и «совесть», сербское и хорватское «obraz», украинские «свiдомiсть» и «щирість» и т.п. Нередко такие лексемы представляют собой межъязыковые лакуны: они или безэквивалентны, или переводимы лишь частично, в основном описательно или же близкой по зна-чению и смыслу характеристикой. Немаловажную роль при этом играет контекст: его коммуника-тивно-прагматические свойства, характеристики коммуникативной ситуации (иногда с учетом и экстралингвистических параметров). Затрагиваемая в статье проблема требует комплексного из-учения в рамках межславянских языковых (resp. концептуальных лингвокультурных) параллелей.
Анализ проводится на лексическом материале трех групп славянских языков: восточнославян-ские (русский, украинский), западнославянские (чешский, словацкий, польский), южнославянские (сербский, хорватский).
Abstract
This article will analyze some Estonian examples of increasingly popular contemporary rituals for creating spiritually meaningful ecocultural bonds. As one example, it offers a case analysis on contemporary beliefs and spiritual approaches related to the fly mushroom, providing an overview of shifts in its meaning compared to older folklore. The author will exemplify how the interest in using the fly mushroom for spiritual purposes has triggered a contested public image: practices related to the fly mushroom tend to be called “dangerous” in public discourse but are viewed by the practitioners themselves as a means to achieve a more holistic, spiritual, and healthy self. Thus, negotiated vernacular representations and media rhetoric that involve elements and keywords like ancient wisdom, divinity, intimate embodied connections with nature and self-development on the one hand, and stupidity, alienation from nature, addiction and danger on the other hand will be discussed. As another case analysis, the article scrutinizes the practice of attributing supernatural characteristics to real-life animals or pets and ways of communicating with them for spiritual guidance and wellbeing. The author concludes that rituals for creating or keeping such ecocultural bonds are in line with contemporary trends for experimenting with ritualized life and supernatural meaning-making but also with pursuits for coping better with insecurities and traumas and escaping boredom in the complicated liquid and technologized modern world.
The Chinese perception of Daqin – widely accepted to denote the Roman Empire in pre-6th century texts – has been at the center of scholarly attention for a substantial time now. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of previous analyses focused on standard dynastic histories. Besides these texts compiled at the imperial court, however, numerous other sources, including geographical treatises, religious texts, and encyclopedias also mention Daqin, and provide differing accounts of the distant land. Therefore, the present paper provides a comprehensive analysis of these non-dynastic accounts of Daqin including a completely new translation of the Chinese texts and an in-depth comparison of dynastic and non-dynastic accounts providing valuable additions to the previously known picture of Daqin.
The present article aims to analyse and contextualise a poem by Laza Kostić, published in 1865 in the magazine Srbski letopis [Serbian Chronicle] under the title Beseda. Both its title and the definition of its genre – an “allegorical drama without dialogues” – were seen as unusual by its contemporaries, provoking a lively debate in the press. This article attempts to analyse the poem in the context of the ambitions of young Serbian intellectuals to reform radically Serbian self-representation and entertainment in the age of national Romanticism. The paper relates the structure and topics of the poem Beseda to the so-called Serbian beseda [srpske besede] festivities, continuously organised since 1862. These events included music, choral performances, recitations, and dances, their ticket proceeds were donated to charitable goals. This study traces how this genre arrived from Prague through Vienna to Pest and travelled onward to Novi Sad, and other cities within the Habsburg Empire with sizeable Serbian populations.
The textual analysis of the poem focuses on the allegory of Beseda, its meanings and metamorphoses throughout the acts and scenes. The symbolism of the “allegorical drama” connects contemporary music, recitations, and dances from nineteenth-century bourgeois salons with (purportedly) ancient Serbian folk poetry. Beseda, as a fairy or muse, introduces various scenes from mythical medieval history, incorporating female figures of Emperor (Tsar) Dušan’s ‘golden age’, the episodes from the Kosovo cycle and the subsequent downfall of the Branković dynasty. The analysis pays special attention to the tragic figure of Mara Branković and the intertextual parallels with Károly Obernyik’s historical tragedy, Brankovics György. Like many beseda festivities of the 1860s, Kostić’s text promotes the Serbian National Theatre as a crucial Serbian national issue. The poem and the author’s commentary can be seen as part of an intensifying discourse on forms of urban entertainment which are suitable for national self-representation. The paper briefly reflects on this aspect of Kostić’s work, presenting Beseda as a cultural paradigm, which was adopted by the United Serbian Youth movement, one year afterward.
Abstract
I argue that the system of Standard Yoruba vowels and their harmonic behaviour follow directly from the internal structure of vowels assumed in Government Phonology 2.0, a theory which reinterprets aperture (openness) as empty structure. I address a common connection between aperture and [−atr] and propose that while aperture is empty structure in general, [−atr] is a particular position within that empty structure. As a result, both Yoruba vowel harmony as well as other typical limitations of [−atr] (e.g. in high vowels) become derivable. What is more, the same reasoning (and the same solution) can be applied to the representation of consonants, in languages as diverse as French, Swedish, and Arabic, allowing me to unify (at least) aperture, [−atr], lowering, emphaticness, and retroflexion.
Abstract
This article examines an episode in Austrian-Saxon relations and the diplomatic career of Count Nikolaus Esterházy that resulted in a brief disruption to bilateral relations in 1747. The Dresden court, which was regarded as a potentially advantageous ally for the belligerent powers of Austria and France, was compelled to take sides in the ceremonial conflict that had arisen on the eve of the dynastic wedding of Elector Frederick August II's daughter and Bavarian Elector Maximilian III. As an expression of exceptional benevolence, the recently elected Emperor Francis, who was not yet officially recognized by France, elevated the status of his minister to that of ambassador for the duration of the festivities. This symbolic gesture served to dismantle the diplomatic hierarchy, humiliate the French ambassador, and exacerbate the already strained relations between Saxony and France, which had been meticulously cultivated in the preceding months. One of the instruments utilized in this conflictual dynamic was the language of correspondence, which was initially employed to convey respect but ultimately transformed into a means of asserting power, disciplining, and exerting control. Nikolaus Esterházy was confronted with a dilemma: he could either obey the imperial rescript and ostentatiously withdraw from the Dresden court, or avoid confrontation by declining to participate in the festivities. He ultimately opted for the former, a decision that would lead to his reputation as a selfish and inflexible diplomat.
Abstract
This study presents the findings of a study of the use of the mother tongue by Hungarian-speaking secondary school students in Slovakia who are members of a minority group. In the course of our questionnaire survey, we investigated the use of two varieties of the Hungarian language, the standard Hungarian variety and the regional Hungarian varieties spoken in Slovakia. The results of the survey, conducted with the assistance of 13 educational institutions and 793 respondents, demonstrate whether Hungarian secondary school students in Slovakia perceive a distinction between the Hungarian varieties used in Hungary and Slovakia, in which communicative contexts they perceive themselves to employ them, and to what extent they self-report their familiarity and recognition of the varieties.
This paper examines the Manchu conceptualization of ‘tongshi 通事’, whose Manchu equivalents being ‘tungse’ and ‘hafumbukū’ diachronically, as interpreters and their role in shaping the discourse on multi-lingual governance through interpreting in early Qing China from the early 17th century to late 18th century. Philological research of Manchu and Chinese archives from this period shows a process of acculturation, where the Chinese concept of tongshi and the established Chinese translation tradition on which it was based were adapted into a dynamic and multifaceted Manchu terminological system driven by Manchu rulers’ language policies and their practical needs for governing foreign affairs and a multiethnic population.
Préface
Byzance et l’Occident IX. – Studia Byzantino-Occidentalia Colloque International Collège Eötvös József, Budapest, 20–23 novembre 2023
Онімна периферія щоденникового дискурсу української мови першої половини ХVІІІ ст.
Onymic Periphery of a Diary Discourse of the Ukrainian Language in the First Half of the 18th Century
Статтю присвячено з’ясуванню семантико-структурних особливостей онімного простору «Що- денника» генерального хорунжого М. Ханенка. Автор доводить, що всі пропріативи студійованого «Щоденника» тісно пов’язані і становлять систему, у якій будь-яка одиниця значуща. Аналіз про- пріативів дає підстави вважати, що до периферії онімного простору «Щоденника» М. Ханенка на- лежать бібліоніми (79), геортоніми (9), документоніми (8), фалероніми (3), теоніми (1). Мета статті полягала у з’ясуванні семантико-структурних особливостей онімів, що для цієї пам’ятки створюють периферійне тло.
Дослідження засвідчило, що, крім точного датування, генеральний хорунжий активно послугову- вався християнським календарем, однак головно назвами дванадесятих релігійних свят. Геортоніми цієї групи засвідчують структурну та лексичну варіантність, зрідка – фонетичну. Для зафіксованих назв релігійних свят властива однослівна репрезентація повного найменування без зміни семан- тики, що було властиво українській мові попередніх періодів. Аналізовані щоденникові записи за- свідчують поступовий відхід від «теонімної» традиції, яку продовжували українські церковники, письменники, та літописці-історіографи попередніх століть, що було зумовлено як вимогами жан- ру, так і руйнуванням дихотомії «автор» – «читач», оскільки основну площину отримувала позиція «про себе для себе». Нерозробленість нового жанру спричинилася й до обмеженого використання документонімів, хоч саме це є безпосереднім відображенням сприйняття пересічними українцями того, що відбувається в державі. М. Ханенко для номінування документів використав переважно апелятивні прийменниково-відмінкові конструкції, зрідка удокладнені топонімом, що є органічними в контексті центральної позиції авторського «я». Власні назви книг, використані М. Ханенком, – важлива складова «Щоденника», що характеризує інтелектуально-духовний вектор українства першої половини ХVІІІ ст. Бібліоніми вказують на жанр, хронотоп, дійову особу, автора, ключовий образ, засвідчують активні метонімічні процеси, лексичну конденсацію, синтаксичну синонімію в цьому розряді пропріативів. На хронологічній осі спостерігаємо функційний зсув, коли бібліо- німи, крім номінативної, виконують загалом енциклопедичну функцію, оскільки бібліонім у тек- сті «Щоденника» – це вторинна номінація, де площина писемної фіксації конденсує в собі значно більший обсяг інформації. Щоденникові записи засвідчують функціювання фалеронімів, що мають прозору мотивацію та однотипну структуру. Найменування нагород дають можливість простежити історію становлення «нагородної» сфери, а також розвиток структури та семантики онімів цього класу.
Простое предложение в рассказах двух поколений носителей русского языка: билингвов и монолингвов
A simple sentence in the stories of two generations of native Russian speakers: Bilinguals and monolinguals
В настоящей статье рассматриваются синтаксические особенности русской речи на уровне просто-го предложения двух поколений русско-немецких билингвов: носителей унаследованного русского языка в возрасте 10–15 лет, родившихся в Германии или прибывших в нее в раннем возрасте, и их родителей в возрасте 35–50 лет, переселившихся в Германию в 1990–2010-х гг., и аналогичных по возрасту русских монолингвов, проживающих в России. Простое предложение представляет собой элементарную грамматическую единицу, обладающую структурной, смысловой и интонационной завершенностью, и в силу этого является важной коммуникативной единицей русского языка. Его структурно-семантическая организация сложна и строится по определенному формальному образ-цу, составляющему его предикативную основу. Оно как синтаксическая единица необходимо для создания монологического высказывания, так как является речеобразующим и текстобразующим средством языка. Употребление грамматически и структурно правильных предложений обогащает речь, позволяет точнее выразить мысль, аргументировать свою точку зрения. Анализ простых пред-ложений в речи билингвов и их сравнение с предложениями в речи монолингвов имеет значение как для теории билингвизма, так и для обучения русскому языку билингвов, проживающих за рубе-жом. Важность такого исследования определяет актуальность настоящей статьи. Целью данного ис-следования является выявление особенностей построения и употребления простого предложения в рассказах русско-немецких билингвов (носителей унаследованного русского языка) и их сравнение с аналогичными отклонениями от норм в рассказах русских монолингвов. В ходе эксперименталь-ного исследования выявлена средняя доля отклонений от синтаксических норм в рассказах инфор-мантов; квалифицированы и ранжированы нарушения по структурным типам: отклонения от норм употребления простого предложения как компонента связного монологического высказывания и отклонения от норм построения простого предложения. В работе установлены наиболее типич-ные отклонения: пропуск или замена предложения; неверное употребление средств связи между простыми предложениями (местоимения, наречия, частицы и вводные слова); нарушение порядка слов; употребление главных членов предложения и однородных членов предложения; нарушения видо-временной соотнесенности глагольных форм и др. В исследовании выявлены наиболее ча-стотные отклонения в речи всех четырех групп информантов; сделан вывод о том, что некоторые отклонения детей-билингвов (порядок слов) могут быть вызваны влиянием немецкого языка, речь монолингвов отличается большей нормированностью (влияние российской системы образования), дети-билингвы в возрасте 10–15 лет стремятся сохранить унаследованный русский язык, несмотря на доминирование немецкого языка.
The relationship between the *Tattvasiddhi and Madhyamaka has remained a central topic for centuries. Contemporary scholarship has predominantly focused on the philosophical commonalities between the *Tattvasiddhi and Madhyamaka. This paper, however, takes a philological approach, illuminating the relationship between the *Tattvasiddhi and Madhyamaka through the lens of Kumārajīva’s translation. Employing computational techniques to uncover phraseological and philological evidence, this paper argues that Harivarman – the author of the *Tattvasiddhi – and the pioneers of the Madhyamaka school as represented in Kumārajīva’s Madhyamaka corpus, share some literary sources, like sūtra sources and analogies, respectively indicative of the geographical proximity and shared argumentation traditions.
This essay seeks to clarify some problems that arose out of the study of a little, most likely forged work that cast serious aspersions on whether Mar pa Lo tsā ba Chos kyi blo gros had in fact met Nāropā in the flesh and thus had studied under him. Given that the authenticity of certain spiritual practices depend on and are sustained by a transmission that is unbroken, the absence of their meeting would of course shake the very foundation of the self-understanding of members of the Bka’ brgyud pa school of Tibetan Buddhism in particular and have profound doctrinal conseqences. The little work is included in the 1736 Sde dge edition of the collected works of Rje btsun Grags pa rgyal mtshan (1147–1216), the third patriarch of the rival Sa skya pa school. Strikingly, it is not registered in any of the earlier catalogs of his writings. So far, the work with its attribution to Rje btsun and a possible forgery, may have first surfaced in an analysis of its contents given by Zhwa dmar IV Chos grags ye shes (1453–1517) who rightly cast aspersions on the assumption that Rje btsun was its author. This essay draws attention to the plethora of different dates the literature has offered for Nāropā and Mar pa and to the many problems one encounters with the dates of early Tibetan scholar-yogis. Most if not all these dates were originally given in the Sino-Tibetan duodenary cycle of the twelve animal-years. Later Tibetan reader-editors recalculated these by using the sixty-year Sino-Tibetan sexagenary cycle, and the result was that mistakes of twelve years or multiples thereof often crept in the re-dating of these individuals. After all, each of the twelve animal-years of a duodenary cycle appears five times in the sexagenary one.
A European getaway for female monsters
Representations of cultural alienation in the novels of Theodora Goss
Abstract
In my study, I explore representations of otherness and alienation in the Athena Club trilogy by Theodora Goss, a Hungarian-born writer currently living and working in the United States. In the first part of the analysis, I focus on the relationship between female identity and monstrosity. I argue that monstrosity in Goss' novels can be seen in the deconstruction of traditional nineteenth-century female roles. Hence, the female monsters of the Athena Club can be interpreted as a metaphor for self-realization and a representation of otherness. In the second part of the analysis, I will examine the experience of alienation from the perspective of the protagonist (Mary), along the opposition of home and abroad. I will point out that the experience of the new cultural environment, and more specifically the positive experience with Hungarian cultural realities, means the final elimination of the experience of alienation.
A range of early Chinese texts features the term louyi 螻蟻, which modern scholars and translators often interpret as signifying mole crickets and ants. This essentially means that they understand the two characters as standing for two different words, each denoting a different animal. However, a closer look at the examples in early Chinese texts shows that this was probably a disyllabic word referring to a single insect, namely, ants, with no involvement of mole crickets. Understanding what the term actually meant is important because it demonstrates how we, basing ourselves on pre-modern commentarial and lexicographic traditions, often unnecessarily separate compound words into their constituents. Although few specialists of pre-modern China today would subscribe to the much-criticized one-character-one-word model, translations still often treat the two components of disyllabic words as separate entities, even when the context makes it clear that they probably stand for a single word. More interestingly, this phenomenon sheds light on the development of the core vocabulary of sinology, revealing its cumulative and often highly conservative trajectory.
The Buddhist drama Maitreyasamiti-Nāṭaka is one of the most important Tocharian A texts, and the most important text about the life of Maitreya, the Future Buddha, in Central Asia. Interestingly, it has an equivalent in the Old Uyghur (prose) text Maitrisimit nom bitig. Although the Tocharian A fragments are often very small, incomplete parts of the text can sometimes be emended by comparing them with parallel passages in Uyghur. The present article for the first time provides an overview of the Tocharian A fragments from the Berlin Turfansammlung which were not included in the edition of Tocharian A texts by E. Sieg and W. Siegling (‘THT-fragments’). Some new Tocharian A materials are identified, edited and discussed here with the aid of the Uyghur parallels, which hitherto have not been published with an English translation.
Abstract
While in Modern Hungarian labial harmony is confined to short front non-high vowels, in Late Old Hungarian some suffixes including non-high long vowels were also able to undergo labial harmony. This paper discusses three of the most widely attested suffixes in question, the ablative, the delative and the elative nominal case suffixes. All the three suffixes were originally grammaticalized from case-marked nouns; their participation in both backness and labial harmony followed on their integration into the morphological structure of host nouns. Their ability to undergo labial harmony was subsequently lost. An explanation is proposed for why they stopped harmonizing in labiality, based partly on the phonological parameters of variation extant in Late Old Hungarian, partly on homophony avoidance in the changing paradigmatic space of the case system.
Abstract
The concept of resilience has been crucial in anthropological community studies over the past two decades. While it is a useful analytical tool, it also has its limitations—many studies on resilience focus on a superorganic entity, the society. By immersing in soft, qualitative data and fieldwork experience, presenting individual life paths and decision-making, anthropologists can gain a better local perspective of what resilience is about. The presentation and transmission of individual choices and intersubjective lifeworlds offer valuable insights into areas that systematic research on resilience often overlooks. In this paper, I argue that it is worthwhile to shift the focus from systemic research to emphasizing individual choices, voices, and life stories in anthropological research on resilience. This shift may gradually imbue the concept of resilience with local concepts and practices. The presentation and communication of individual choices and personal experiences shed light on those areas where systematic research on resilience seems to fall short, marking the beginning of the most exciting part of anthropological research.
Abstract
According to demographic reports, while the marriage rate fell significantly during the pandemic worldwide, this was not the case in Hungary: despite the adverse circumstances, the number of marriages in fact increased, although, at the same time, the number of divorces also rose. What was the reason behind this? Is there perhaps a correlation between the two phenomena? Marriage “fever” during the pandemic, and the rise in the number of divorces, were a direct and indirect consequence of the pandemic and of the recently introduced family loans. The popularity of marriage and, at the same time, the rising divorce rate, and the related social criticism and crisis discourse in particular, triggered reflection on the part of those planning to get married. Engaged couples and newlyweds, contemplating their own marriages, began to formulate and circulate a variety of responses and opinions, albeit with common patterns, about their reasons for marrying and what divorce means to them. Through reinterpretation and innovation, they took concrete steps towards realization and ritualization. Among the main leitmotifs in attempts to reinterpret the meaning of marriage were the duration of marriage, the issue of divorce, and the ideals of individualism and conservatism. In the present paper, I describe marriage and divorce — or rather end-of-relationship — rituals during the pandemic based on the findings of the digital anthropological research (online questionnaires, digital ethnography, and in-depth interviews) that I conducted between 2019 and 2022. My main question concerned the extent to which the practices of reinterpretation and ritualization, observed at both community and individual level, can be seen as instances of community resilience.
Abstract
Resilience, adaptation, survival, endurance, change, transformation, imbalance – these are all responses to crisis situations and social and economic stresses that are increasingly becoming the focus of academic and public interest. The Carpathian Basin is constantly exposed to strong external influences, to which the local communities, households, and individuals must respond in order to regain their balance, or to transition to a new mode of functioning. In the last three to four decades labor migration became one of the most prominent responses to economic and social pressures and a coping strategy. The convertibility of inequalities and resources between different regions is an opportunity for stabilizing the state of insecurity at home. For the last few years, it has been a common preconception in resilience theories that only strong entities are capable of resilience. Recent research shows that resilience and vulnerability are not mutually exclusive; I offer case studies which illustrate this point. I draw on 15 years of fieldwork with Central and Eastern European migrant women working as care workers in Western countries and Israel. These cases show that the experience of vulnerability and the skills and knowledge gained from it contribute to increasing flexibility, adaptability, and learning capacity, and thus practically lay the foundation for resilient behavior. My research also explores the controversial issue in resilience theories of how responsibility is constituted; i.e., whether the idea of resilience is related to the shifting of responsibility from the social classes in power to the vulnerable groups more prone to disequilibrium. In examining foreign women integrated into the low-level segment of the occupational structure, eldercare, I find that if their physical or mental condition deteriorates, and they are on their own, their vulnerability increases, and the disequilibrium resulting from systemic problems can no longer be corrected through individual resourcefulness alone.
Abstract
In this paper I explore the kind of role that herdsman traditions associated with the Great Plain of Hungary (the puszta), a feature also over-represented in Hungarian ethnographic studies, play in the contemporary national consciousness by analyzing the results of a large sample questionnaire survey. I present my topic in its geographic and historical context, primary as reflected in the processes of symbolization and stereotyping during the 19th and 20th centuries. I have concluded that herdsman traditions and, within that, particularly the puszta and its most prominent representative, the region known as the Hortobágy, played an important part in capturing a sense of “Hungarienness” as far back as the 19th century, in the field of auto-stereotypes, hetero-stereotypes and exo-stereotypes alike. This was the result of such a profound process that even 20th century modernization, which in fact swept away the actual traditional lifestyle of the puszta, failed to shake the role that the peasant tradition of the Great Plain played in the field of national symbolization. Tourism, followed by the Hungarian heritage movement, successfully conserved the related cultural elements and shifted the center of tradition to such new areas as the revival movement and experience-consumption (festivals). At any rate, Hungarian society continues to look on the herdsman traditions of the Great Plain as the most authentic source of their national heritage.
Abstract
In the following paper, based on a case study of a specific business sector comprising makers of Hungarian artisanal cheese, I examine the impact of radical changes in the external economic environment on individual economic practices. These changes are often experienced in the form of sudden shocks and crises, over which individuals have little influence. I present the complex situations these individuals face, their efforts to respond, and the potential innovations that may emerge as a result. Based on fieldwork among cheesemakers in Pest, Veszprém, and Baranya counties, the case study presents the complex impacts of two recent crises — the COVID-19 pandemic and the inflation crisis — on the different localities. Focusing on the notion of resilience, I demonstrate the varying responses of the studied cheesemakers to these diverse impacts. The fundamental differences between the two crises allow us to examine important aspects of the functioning of economic practices, including the practical benefits of the strategy of pursuing security and diversification in a crisis situation. The two crises highlighted in different ways the vitally important questions of personal contact and trust in the context of businesses that produce “local foods.” Such aspects represent an important advantage in terms of marketing, and a disadvantage when it comes to pricing. At the same time, the intensifying polycrisis makes the resilience of small-scale farms a key issue for the future.
New words are the first to signal a cultural change; they express emerging understanding of the new social reality. Vocabulary fluctuates in response to the changing reality. In the last 20–30 years, the forms of communication in Russia and the world have undergone dramatic transformations, which, in their turn, have led to the renewal of the vocabulary. The sheer number of new words entering the Russian language require significant time and effort on the part of lexicographers who hunt down these words and describe them.
Russian lexicographers have extensive experience in creating new dictionaries to encompass larger numbers of new words. As a rule, lexicographers of new words select the material according to the temporal rather than thematic criterion. In our view, however, a more productive approach would be to focus on the new forms of social interaction reflected in the language, since this vocabulary has not been systemically analyzed yet. Searching for methods of defining the new words as accurately as possible, scholars need to share their experience of structuring dictionary entries. In this article, we are going to describe our own experience of compiling a dictionary and of dealing with the questions we faced in the course of our work.
The fact that most new words exist in the liminal area between language and speech complicates the process of their lexicographic description and research. In this paper, we are going to focus on the key aspects of structuring a word entry: the choice of the headword, formulation of its definition, the use of labels, and the principles of selecting examples to illustrate how the word with this or that meaning is used. It is particularly important to capture these words because their life span has decreased significantly as words come into fashion fast and just as fast go out of fashion, stop being used and are replaced by others.
Стратификация германизмов в градищанскохорватской частной корреспонденции начала XX в.
Stratification of German borrowings in the monument of Burgenland Croatian private correspondence of the beginning of the 20th century
Основным материалом для статьи послужила частная корреспонденция начала XX в., созданная в анклавном хорватском селе Чуново, расположенном в северном Бургенланде (в настоящее время – на территории Словакии). Авторами рассматривается срез лексики определенного историческо-го периода, что открывает новые возможности для диахронного лингвистического описания тек-стов одной эпохи. Применяются следующие методы: аналитическое наблюдение над германизмами в письмах, лингвистическая интерпретация каждого случая, сопоставление полученных данных с иными эпистолярными источниками и данными южно- и западнославянских диалектов славян-ских языков в рамках Австро-Венгерской монархии. Около половины германизмов формируют приставочные глаголы и отглагольные существительные, и анализ их графической и словообра-зовательной вариативности демонстрирует, что заимствование чаще шло не по фонетическому, а по орфографическому принципу. Выявлено частотное изолированное употребление приставки по немецкой модели, в адвербиальной функции. В статье выделяется несколько групп тематиче-ских заимствований: наиболее обширными являются административные и военные термины, от-части – бытовая лексика. Сопоставление с данными других славянских языков и диалектов бывшей Австро-Венгрии показывает наличие многочисленных схождений, в частности – немецких заим-ствований из сферы обозначений ментальных процессов, экспрессивной лексики, а также наимено-ваний некоторых повседневных реалий.
Флористическая и анималистическая метафора в российском публицистическом дискурсе 2022–2023 гг.
Floristic and Animalistic Metaphors in Russian Publicistic Discourse 2022–2023
В статье проведен анализ актуализированных в российском медийном дискурсе 2022–2023 гг. наи-менований, ассоциативно связанных с военной техникой, используемых в СВО. Актуальность исследования фитонимических и анималистических метафор определяется, во-пер-вых, тем, что метафорические номинации растительного мира играют одну из важнейших ролей в нашей жизни и находит своеобразное отражение в системе знаний человека. Во-вторых, такие метафоры регулярно используются в политическом дискурсе, языке СМИ. Кроме того, важность исследования метафорических номинаций определяется тем, что метафора помогает передать ин-формацию, которую автор по тем или иным причинам не считает возможным обозначить прямо, при помощи непосредственных номинаций.
Цель исследования – проследить развитие новых значений у флористической и анималистиче-ской лексики в контексте военных действий новейшего периода. Материалом исследования послу-жили обнаруженные в текстах массмедиа 2022 года семантические неологизмы, областью-источни-ком метафорического переноса которых являются номинации, так или иначе связанные с миром растений и животных. Кроме того, эта группа лексики также была ограничена областью цели мета-форического переноса – сферой вооружения.
В медийном дискурсе 2022 году произошла активизация и актуализация анималистической метафоры, обусловленная темой используемого Украиной вооружения НАТО (FV430 «Bulldog», «Wolfhound», «Dingo ATF», «COBRA», «Cougar», «Leopard 2A6», «Leopard-1A5s», «Mastiff», «Lynx», «Husky»). Совокупность номинаций натовской военной техники, отсылающих к представителям различных животных становится поводом для обыгрывания этой группы лексики. Одной из самых частотных метафорических реализаций этой языковой ассоциации становятся номинации зоопарк и зверинец.
Принцип наименования единиц российской военной техники через названия цветов (САУ 2С3 «Акация», 2Б9 «Василек», САУ «Гвоздика», БПЛА «Герань-2», САУ 2С5 «Гиацинт», 2С7 «Пион», 2С4 «Тюльпан», 9П157 «Хризантема-С»)) послужил в российском медийном пространстве в 2022 г. ос-новой для ассоциативной реализации флористической метафоры разного уровня. В отношении к видам вооружения Российской Федерации в 2022 году в СМИ, его использованию начинает широ-ко употребляться флористическая лексика, представленная такими, например, существительными, как букет, геранька, рассада, росток, цветник, цветок; прилагательными гераневый, геранеподоб-ный, цветочный; глаголами распускаться, расти, расцветать, цвести.
Представляется, что использование авторами текстов СМИ невоинственной, заведомо неагрес-сивной флористической лексики для описания военного столкновения между Россией и Украиной, а также избегание возможных агрессивных анималистических метафор при описании стороны противника был сделан для смягчения военного дискурса, для снижения уровня напряжения при помощи образных описаний, адресатом которых является гражданское население.
Abstract
Spanish demonstratives encode speaker-referent and addressee-referent distance, displaying a sociocentric conceptualization of space. By contrast, English demonstratives encode speaker-referent distance, but not addressee-referent distance, reflecting a speaker-based egocentric conceptualization of space. To test the hypothesis that bilinguals transfer the way that space is encoded from one language into another, 41 Spanish-English bilinguals and 19 English-speaking monolinguals completed an elicited production puzzle task in which the addressee's position was manipulated: the experimenter either sat next to or across from the participant. The bilingual participants comprised two groups: 19 bilinguals who arrived in the U.S. as adults (“Adult Arrivals”) and 22 who were raised in the U.S. (“U.S.-raised”). Mixed-effects binary logistic regressions demonstrate that the Adult Arrivals were more likely to use esta ‘this’ rather than esa ‘that’ when the experimenter was across from rather than next to the participant, displaying a sociocentric conceptualization of space. By contrast, experimenter position did not impact the English monolinguals' demonstratives. Mirroring the English monolinguals, the U.S.-raised bilinguals' demonstratives were not conditioned by experimenter position – neither in English nor in Spanish – suggesting that these bilinguals transferred an egocentric conceptualization of space from English into Spanish. The findings contribute to our understanding of how bilingualism affects the cognitive processes invoked when using demonstratives and how age of onset of bilingualism and language dominance mediate such conceptual transfer.
The definition “academic onomastics” refers to an onomastic scientific field, researched at Jakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics, the branch of the Center for the Belarusian Culture, Language and Literature Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus (referred to as Jakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics hereinafter). It should be noted that at Jakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics the academic onomastic school developed in the absence of an official onomastic division. The only academic institution whose activities are directly related to onomastics is the Republican Toponymic Commission under the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. This commission was established at Jakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics in 1991. It is a special science advisory centre for various problems of toponymy.
The title of the founder of the Belarusian academic onomastic school is generally given to Mikalaj Biryla (1923–1992), a famous Belarusian expert in the field of anthroponymy. Another prominent representative of the Belarusian academic onomastic school is Valiancina Liemciuhova (1935–2018), whose works are mainly devoted to issues of toponymy. Since 2011, the activity of the Belarusian academic onomastic school has been connected primarily with Ihar Kapyloŭ, the current director of Jakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics. According to the collected data, the majority of candidate and doctoral dissertations on onomastics, related to the Belarusian academic onomastic school, analyse toponyms. This allows us to speak about the toponymic profile of the activity of this school. This fact is also confirmed by comparing the number of books on anthroponymy and toponymy produced by the staff of Jakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics.
The history of Belarusian academic onomastic school started almost 60 years ago, with the publishing of the very first book on onomastics prepared at Jakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics (titled Dictionary of Personal Proper Names and published in 1965). Over the years, representatives of this school authored or supervised 20 candidate and doctoral dissertations on onomastics, which accounts for about a third of all such dissertations in Belarus today. Over the period of almost 60 years representatives of the Belarusian academic onomastic school prepared 20 books and 7 collections of papers and conference proceedings, and hosted 3 scientific conferences. All this allowed Jakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics to be regarded as one of the largest onomastic centres in Belarus.
Translating culture-specific items is a difficult task for translators, because they usually do not have equivalent terms in the target language. In the recent literature of translation studies, there are many categorizations of these items with descriptions of the procedures to translate them. However, there is a lack of description of these procedures from Slovak literary translations of the 19th century. A significant Slovak translator of this period is Bohuslav Tablic (1769–1832). Most of the existing literature on his work concentrates on his writing rather than his translations.
This research paper focuses on the translation techniques Tablic used when translating culture-specific items from the poem The Hermit of Warkworth (1771) by Thomas Percy. Tablic’s translation titled Poustevník z Warkworthu (1809) played a significant role not only within his own body of work, but also in the broader context of Slovak literature and literary translation. Serial comparisons of the English source text (The Hermit of Warkworth by Thomas Percy) and two target texts: a Czech translation called Poustevník z Warkworthu (1809) by Tablic and Der Einsiedler von Warkworth (1774) by an unknown German translator, led to the identification of the culture-specific items in the source text and different translation strategies employed by Tablic to translate them.
The paper shows that Tablic’s choice of translation strategies depended on the type of culture-specific items being translated: proper names or common words. For proper names, he mostly transfers them with the modification of their spelling to apply the pronunciation rules of the Czech language. The most used translation strategies were preservation techniques: transference with or without changes in the spelling to fit the rules of the Czech language, usage of standardised terms as recognised exoticisms, or functional shifts combined with classifiers for two-words toponyms. Only rarely did he use deletion strategy for proper nouns. Common expressions connected with culture or nature were translated by cultural equivalents or general words and were more frequently left out.
Maintaining personal proper names and toponyms only with inevitable spelling changes foreignized the text, but informs its readers about the new places mentioned in the poem. Conversely, employing replacement and omission techniques for translating common expressions describing the nature and culture of the depicted area, led to the forfeiture of information and the domestication of the text, so it could seem more familiar and understandable to Slovak/Czech readers in the 19th century.
Современный автор/читатель через призму текста в интернет-издании
Modern Author/Addressee through the Prism of Online Media Text
Изучение проблемы читателя (адресата) как текстообразующего фактора современной медиаком-муникации наряду с очевидным практическим выходом имеет важное теоретическое значение, способствуя развитию лингвистической науки (напр., установление характера взаимодействия участников коммуникации посредством текста, выявление причин ее удач/неудач). Так антропо-центричность проявляется в медиадискурсе, что делает его привлекательным объектом исследова-ния в аспекте проблемы «автор – читатель». Стремительное развитие информационных технологий неизбежно влечет за собой изменения в жизни общества. Их внедрение и быстрое распространение привело к тому, что социальные сети стали значительно уступать мессенджерам по информацион-ному обеспечению. Среди последних выделяется мессенджер Telegram, на платформе которого легко можно создать собственный канал и привлекать аудиторию. Достижение максимального эффекта от коммуникации в этой сфере невозможно без выявления целевой аудитории и нахождения с ней общего языка, что актуализирует в современных медиатекстах фактор «адресата» (читателя). По наблюдениям авторов, новостные заметки Telegram-канала Mash пользуются популярностью у чи-тателей, что обусловило обращение к текстам, представленным на платформе. Позиционирование каналом себя в качестве «паблика новостей» определяет целеустановку автора(-ов) текстов – пере-дать читателю новую, актуальную, социально значимую информацию. Прагматическая составля-ющая категории адресата реализуется через содержание текста и его языковое наполнение. Темы новостных заметок разнообразны, и создается впечатление, что зачастую тексты определенной те-матики сориентированы на конкретного читателя, будучи и в языковом отношении когерентны его тезаурусу личности и языковой картине мира. Залог успешной коммуникации с аудиторией состоит в том, что авторы текстов на канале ориентированы на читателей разных возрастных категорий и социальных групп и используют различные приемы и языковые средства, привлекающие их внима-ние. Одним из заметных приемов является прецедентный феномен. Они разнообразны и «работа-ют» на разную аудиторию. Благодаря структуре, прецедентным единицам и экспрессивной лексике создается текст, сходный по духу с анекдотом. Рассказанная история может показаться комичной или саркастичной, грустной и трагичной; в ней текст часто имеет подтекст, понятный не всем чита-телям. Такая усложненная структура на первый взгляд простой новостной заметки создает эффект полифоничности текста, и это способствует тому, что он оказывается одинаково интересным раз-ным группам читателей, основные профили которых выделены в статье.
Abstract
This study examines the impact of the agricultural cooperative currently operating in Csanálos (Urziceni), a Swabian settlement in Szatmár (Satu Mare), on the local economy and society. Agricultural cooperatives played an important role at the beginning of the process of agrarian transformation after the regime change in Romania. Established on a voluntary basis, the successor organizations to the socialist agricultural collectives were able to offset the impoverishment brought about by re-peasantization or forced peasantization during the long transition period, provided a stable financial basis for communities in the difficult periods following the regime change, and, often taking over state responsibilities, represented social cooperation and trust-based social localism. On the other hand, they took advantage of their monopolistic position to hinder the emergence of individual and family farmers. The risk-averse, self-reliant economic model of the cooperatives evokes the self-sufficient organization of peasant farms. Cooperatives can thus be seen as a very specific form of post-socialist post-peasant production system.
Із спостережень над динамікою лексичного складу говірок центрального Поділля
From Observations on the Dynamics of the Lexical-Semantic System of the Central Podollian Dialects
Динаміка мови увиразнюється в говорах завдяки їхній некодифікованості, усній формі існування, складності історії кожної говірки та соціуму, який користується відповідною говіркою, через що зростає вага позамовних чинників у формуванні й функціонуванні говірок.
Метою нашої розвідки є спостереження над динамікою лексико-семантичної системи сучасних центральноподільських говірок, яку зіставляємо з відповідними лінгвальними фактами, кодифіко-ваними в лексикографічних та лінгвогеографічних працях. Також апробована методика польського дослідника Є. Сероцюка, який обґрунтував можливості вивчення динамічних процесів не лише на діахронному зрізі, а й на синхронному. Задля цього опитані мешканці сучасного села трьох поколінь за єдиною програмою. Зібрана емпірика засвідчила динамічні процеси на всіх структурних рівнях говірки.
Соціальні процеси закономірно є каталізатором динамічних процесів у лексико-семантичній сис-темі діалекту: реалії життя мовців актуалізують інноваційні лексичні одиниці та архаїзують ключові для конкретно-історичної ситуації слова, модифікують їхню семантику, з одного боку, а з другого – трансформують форму слова. Отож у першій частині нашої роботи зосереджено увагу на архаїзації цілих тематичних груп лексики, зокрема назв одиниць виміру, у другій частині – на динаміці семан-тики діалектного слова, а в третій – на динаміці його форми.
Мовна система не поспішає позбуватися, на перший погляд, непотрібних слів, виробляючи меха-нізм трансформації семантики слова. Так зване «друге життя слова» спостерігаємо при розширенні семантичного поля рідковживаних лексем у сучасних говірках. Семантична структура окремих лексем зазнає модифікації у зв’язку з номінативною надлишковістю, коли відбувається розподіл семан-тичного простору між репрезентантами семеми.
У формі діалектного слова динамічне виявляється в появі нових засобів формотворення, зміні фонемного складу слова або ж зміні фонетичного оформлення флексій при утворенні тих самих морфологічних форм.
Таким чином, лексика сучасних говірок може слугувати надійною емпірикою для пізнання тих тенденцій і процесів, які визначають й обумовлюють розвиток сучасних діалектних лексико-семан-тичих систем. У говірках Центрального Поділля засвідчено архаїзацію діалектних слів із власне но-мінативною функцією, якщо самі реалії на сьогодні деактуалізовані. Розвиток словника діалекта «підпорядковується» тенденції економії мовних ресурсів, а тому архаїзована лексика може в говір-ках набувати нової, трансформованої семантики й, як результат, входити до активного словника ді-алектоносіїв. Форма слова теж зазнає змін, які найчастіше спрямовані на зближення з літературним відповідником. Крім того, результатом взаємодії двох мовних систем є активізація варіативності слова в сучасних говірках – лексико-фонетичної, лексико-морфологічної або ж власне лексичної.
Abstract
One important component of our accumulated knowledge about Transylvanian villages is the (partial) autonomy of these villages, understood from a historical perspective, at the level of both households and village communities. Another important component is the marked presence of interhousehold cooperation. Based on this autonomy and cooperation, and their eradication, the present paper argues that social, economic, and political restructuring has made village communities, once heavily reliant on endogenous resources, increasingly dependent on external, exogenous resources. Drawing on research in Transylvanian contexts, mainly in Bahnea/Bonyha and Nuşfalău/Szilágynagyfalu, the paper explores the process of eradication, and its contradictions, by discussing changes in animal husbandry, household management, foraging, and time spent in nature, before placing it in a global context using historical and recent examples. The paper then addresses the question of how all these aspects can be understood in terms of resilience, sustainability, and complexity.
Lateinische, protofriaulische, friaulische Herkunft? Kritische Bemerkungen zur Etymologie vom slowenischen und kroatischen križ ‘Kreuz’
Latin, Proto-Friulian, or Friulian origin? Critical remarks on the etymology of the Slovenian and Croatian križ ‘cross’
Die Darstellung der früheren Etymologien von križ und deren Bewertung haben teilweise überholte Inter-pretationen sprachlicher Erscheinungen, Mangel an sprachhistorisch fundierten Deutungen, Fehlen von grundlegenden Methoden und Prinzipien der Kontaktlinguistik, Vernachlässigung der Ausarbeitung erwähnter Ausgangsformen und unkritische Behandlung chronologischer Fakten gezeigt. Manche, aber nicht alle, dieser Fakten lassen sich dadurch erklären, dass fast alle Aufsätze Wörterbuchartikel oder kurze Teile längerer Abhandlungen sind.
Durch die kritische Prüfung der bisherigen Etymologien von križ und die Betrachtung der Ergebnisse und Methoden in der jüngsten linguistischen und historischen Forschung stelle ich eine andere Etymologie von križ dar. Sie divergiert in mehreren Aspekten von den bisherigen Meinungen.
Da sich die Entlehnungszeit eines Wortes an sich nur auf einen Anfangspunkt bezieht, besagt sie nichts über sein Verhalten in der annehmenden Sprache. Ich habe dagegen auch die Zeitspanne betrachtet, in der sich das entlehnte Wort in der annehmenden Sprache etablierte. Meiner Meinung nach ist eine Zeitspanne von zwei Generationen, d. h. ca. 60 Jahre, dafür genügend.
Der Zeitpunkt der Entlehnung des Stammwortes und dessen Etablierung im Slawischen zeigt zeitlich und räumlich das folgende Bild: 1) Karantanien: 772–832; 2) Istrien: 788–856; 3) Kroatien: 810/820–870/880.
Die abgebende Sprache ist aufgrund des Entlehnungszeitpunkts und Banniards Einteilung das gesprochene Spätlatein der zweiten Periode.
Das Etymon ist entweder /’kroʒe/ oder /’kroze/ (< lat. cruce[m]). Aus Mangel an weiteren historischen und sprachhistorischen Belegen kann Näheres nicht bestimmt werden. Die Annahme der beiden Formen beruht darauf, dass sich in den heutigen friaulischen Mundarten /’kro:ʃ/ bzw. /’kro:s/ finden. Die erste Form (/’kro:ʃ/) lässt sich aus /’kroʒe/, die zweite (/’kro:s/) aus /’kroze/ ableiten.
Die Integration der Etyma umfasst /o/, -/k/- und -/e/.
Die Phonemssubstitution /o/ → /u:/. Das /u:/ verschmolz später mit dem seit Langem existierenden /ɨ/ zu /i/.
Die Integration von /ʒ/ bzw. /z/. Das /ʒ/ wurde ohne Hindernisse ins Slawische, das über dieses Phonem verfügte, integriert. Die Substitution /z/ → /ʒ/ beruht darauf, dass das /z/ als postalveolare Frikative [ʐ] ausgesprochen wurde. Diese wurde von den Slawischsprechern, dessen Sprache über /ʒ/ verfügte, als /ʒ/ interpretiert.
Die zur Zeit der Mission benutzten Sprachen bilden ein sehr spannendes Thema, da die Sprache(n) der Missionare auf die Sprache der lokalen Bevölkerung traf. Am Beispiel des Wortes križ ‘Kreuz’ sollen anhand konkreter Kommunikationssituationen zwischen Missionierenden und Missionierten die Beziehungen und die Abhängigkeiten dieser Sprachen geklärt werden.
Bei genauerer Betrachtung der etymologischen Deutung des Wortes križ in der Fachliteratur erzeigen sich zahlreiche widersprüchliche und bestreitbare Erklärungen. Sie zeigen teilweise 1) überholte Sprachkonzeptionen und deren Methode, 2) nicht genügende Beachtung schon vorhandener bzw. jüngster Ergebnisse im Bereich der Sprach- und Geschichtswissenschaft.
Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist, die bisherigen etymologischen Erklärungen des Lehnwortes križ zu untersuchen und die Widersprüche und Mängel aufzuheben. Dazu werden auch die Ergebnisse der jüngsten Forschung betrachtet. Dementsprechend wird 1) der Zeitpunkt der Entlehnung, 2) das fremdsprachliche Etymon festgestellt und 3) der Modus der Integration des Lehnwortes in das phonomorphologische System des Slawischen besprochen.
Auf die Untersuchung der Verbreitung von križ in den tschechischen und polnischen Sprachen wird hier verzichtet.
The becoming of academic Shevchenko studies began in the 1920s, after the formation of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (hereinafter – VUAN) – the centre that united the scientific forces of Ukrainians.
This paper covers the organization of research work of Shevchenko scholars in various societies and committees of the Academy. First of all, Shevchenko’s works were the subject of research by the Historical and Literary Society [Історично-літературне товариство; 1922–1928] in Kyiv as well as scientific societies of Odesa, Poltava, and St. Petersburg, which cooperated with the Ukrainian Academy. The achievement of the Historical and Literary Society was the publication of the two-volume Poetry [Поезія] book by Shevchenko in 1927. In total, the two volumes contain 246 poems.
Shevchenko’s work was investigated most intensively by the Committee for Publishing the Works of Modern Ukrainian Literature [Комісія для видавання творів новітнього українського письменства], which was headed by the academic and the vice-president of the VUAN, S. Yefremov. Its greatest achievement was the publication of two out of the planned 10 volumes of Shevchenko’s Complete Works Correspondence [Листування] and Diary [Щоденник] that was supported by 1,100 pages of comments. Separate studies about the poet appeared in the Committee for Compiling a Dictionary of the Living Ukrainian Language [Комісії для складання словника живої української мови] and the Committee for Studies of Public Currents in Ukraine [Комісія для дослідів громадських течій на Україні], etc.
We should note the general problem in philology at that time – the lack of a coherent presentation of Shevchenko’s literary and artistic heritage as well as his scientific biography. The paper outlines the contribution to the development of Shevchenko studies made by the Academy employees: S. Yefremov, V. Miyakovsky, M. Novytsky, O. Novytsky, P. Fylypovych, and others.
From the second half of the 1920s, Shevchenko studies advanced actively at the Taras Shevchenko Institute, which was opened in 1926 as an independent institution.
Shevchenko studies reached a turning point in the 1930s: academic Shevchenko studies were replaced by Soviet Shevchenko studies, subordinated to the party’s marxist-leninist ideology. Arrests and murders of patriotic-leaning Ukrainians intensified, including the Academy’s employees. Their works were removed from libraries and severely criticized. There was no way that all of this would not affect the development of Shevchenko studies.
Abstract
This paper observes the regularities of Erzya vowel-consonant harmony through the alternations and lack of alternation in inflectional suffixes. Although Erzya harmony can apparently be analysed in an autosegmental framework as the progressive spreading of a unary feature for palatalisedness and frontness, there are phenomena which are problematic for such an analysis. These are the avoidance of the alternation of sibilants, the cases of regressive assimilation and the behaviour of the inversely alternating suffixes.
Abstract
Csíksomlyó (Șumuleu Ciuc), Romania, has been the home of a Franciscan monastic community for some six hundred years, and the community has been a noted pilgrimage destination since at least the mid-17th century, centered around the miraculous statue of the Virgin Mary. The most important festive day is the Saturday before Whit Sunday. The present paper examines the way in which it is transforming into a place of remembrance in the sense in which the concept was introduced by Pierre Nora. In the first section I describe the location (locus) itself – at once a monastic community, an administrative unit, a cultural center, a traditional votive procession venue and a modern-day pilgrimage destination, as well as a source of inspiration for a whole series of texts.
The second section is a concise summary of the depositories of these memories (memoriae) such as the votive church, Mary's statue, cultic objects and emblems, as well as the history of the origin of the shrine and its powerful symbolic force. Section three goes somewhat further and explores the way in which Csíksomlyó had become a place of national remembrance (locus memoriae nationalis). The concept of the national shrine also has a clerical legal meaning, but in this case we are talking about something else: religious traditions receive a national tint due to the versatile use of their symbols and expressions of national identity become sacralized. The rich and complex phenomenon of a festivity attracting several hundred thousand visitors may be interpreted within the conceptual framework of the ritual community. This concept captures a pre-modern social and mental condition in which the foundations of a community are outlined not by national or kinship dividing lines, nor by power spheres (states), but rituals which are interpreted as going even beyond creeds and denominations and which have the power to shape the lifestyle, social mores and everyday customs and habits of communities and individuals. During Whitsun, participants arriving from every point of the Hungarian-speaking territories come with the wish not merely to profit from an experience community in the social-psychological sense – they also attach themselves, as it were, to the pre-existing traditional ritual community of the Catholic Székely population. National sentiment, now subject to “marketisation processes”, becomes a commodity.
The paper Škorpion by Josip Kulundžić in the context of Croatian expressionism will present a dramatic text Škorpion in the context of Croatian expressionism. Along with the dramatic text Ponoć, it is considered to be Kulundžić’s most significant dramatic work in terms of aesthetics and quality. Škorpion witnesses a strong expressionist genre and stylistic dramatic determination, while on the other hand it continues to implement the author’s, also specific, expressionist poetic framework. An overview of the most important features and characteristics of Croatian expressionism, the origin and duration of expressionist poetics within the corpus of Croatian literature, and the fundamental characteristics and basic elements of Croatian dramatic expressionism will be presented. Expressionist poetics dominated Croatian literary creativity until the mid-twen-ties of the 20th century and remained present until the end of that decade and in that period Josip Kulundžić was the most fruitfull expressionistic writer. The paper will provide a brief overview of the poetic principles of dramatic writing of Josip Kulundžić as well as the most important principles of his second phase of expressionist production.
His second phase begins in 1926 with the dramatic text Škorpion which symbolizes the transition from his first to the second phase of his expressionist dramatic work. In this phase of the author’s work, expression-istic features are still dominant, but they begin to intertwine in places with realistic, sometimes naturalistic dramatic properties and psychological, social and existential dramatic signals that will characterize later drama. On the level of dramatic expression and content, expressionist features still stand out, but they are no longer so extreme and radical, and the concept of original, German dramatic expressionism replaces the view of Croatian dramatic expressionism and its already mentioned, specific features that will be present in all Croatian expressionist dramatists of the third decade of the 20th century. In the second phase of his expressionist dramatic creation, his plays will increasingly take on the characteristics of national literary and theatrical expressionism, thus securing Kulundžić’s position as one of the most prominent and prolific expressionist playwrights of Croatian expressionism. The paper will present typical and paradigmatic expressionist features in all segments of the dramatic text, from the plan of expression through stylistic features to the content part of the text. Also, the paper will present the characteristics of typical expressionist characters with an emphasis on the main character, the expressionist ironic anti-hero.
Spirit in a Carafe.
Treasure Hunting Rites of a Castilian Hermit in Early Modern Catalonia
Abstract
In the early modern period, accusations of treasure hunting became increasingly common in Inquisition trials in the Principality of Catalonia. The reason for this shift was the Church's attitude towards judicial astrology, most notably after the bull of Pope Sixtus V, Coeli et terrae creator, was issued. This paper presents the facts and contexts of a treasure hunting trial that took place between 1641 and 1644 at the Tribunal of the Inquisition at Barcelona, with a special focus on various European practices of catoptromancy. Through contemporary parallels, we can see side by side the diversity of divination methods, witness the circulation and reproduction of manuscripts, and the popularization and practical use of an earlier, written body of knowledge.
