Browse Our Latest Psychology and Behavioral Science Journals
Psychological journals are peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary journals that publish original work in some areas of psychology. The most common publications include cognitive, health and clinical psychology, applied, developmental, biological, social, experimental, and educational psychology, and psychoanalysis.
Behavioral Sciences
Abstract
Background and aims
People with Gambling Disorder (GD) often make risky decisions and experience cognitive distortions about gambling. Moreover, people with GD have been shown to be overly confident in their decisions, especially when money can be won. Here we investigated if and how the act of making a risky choice with varying monetary stakes impacts confidence differently in patients with GD (n = 27) relative to healthy controls (HCs) (n = 30).
Methods
We used data from our previous mixed-gamble study, in which participants were given the choice of a certain option or a 50/50 gamble with potential gains or losses, after which they rated their confidence.
Results
While HCs were more confident when making certain than risky choices, GD patients were specifically more confident when making risky choices than certain choices. Notably, relative to HCs, confidence of patients with GD decreased more strongly with higher gain values when making a certain choice, suggesting a stronger fear of missing out or “anticipated regret” of missing out on potential gains when rejecting the risky choice.
Discussion
The current findings highlight the potential relevance of confidence and “regret” as cognitive mechanisms feeding into excessive risk-taking as seen in GD. Moreover, this study adds to the limited previous work investigating how confidence is affected in value-based risky contexts.
Abstract
Background and aims
Because psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) is likely to be provided by interdisciplinary professional teams comprised of social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists, understanding the acceptability of this treatment approach among these professional disciplines is essential as the treatment advances through approval processes at the Food and Drug Administration.
Methods
The study includes data from three separate survey studies investigating the attitudes and beliefs about PAT among national samples of social workers (n = 309), psychiatrists (n = 181), and psychologists (n = 366). The combined sample (n = 856) was predominantly female (64.3%), with a mean age of 49 (SD = 16.13), and 17 (SD = 13.56) years of professional experience.
Results
There were no significant differences between groups in confidence that PAT would be effective. However, there were significant between-group differences in psychiatrists' understanding of PAT compared to social workers. Next, psychologists' mean ratings of the acceptability of PAT were significantly greater than social workers' ratings. Mean ratings about believing that PAT was a reasonable treatment approach were higher among psychologists compared to social workers and psychiatrists. Additionally, mean ratings regarding the disadvantages of PAT were significantly greater among social workers compared to psychologists and psychiatrists. Lastly, social workers' ratings that PAT could permanently improve clients' lives were significantly lower than psychiatrists and psychologists.
Conclusions
Findings help elucidate overall impressions of PAT among disciplines likely involved in providing this treatment should it be approved and suggest the need for education and training across professions. However, given the inconsistencies across disciplines, more research is needed to inform successful interdisciplinary training programs and better understand potential barriers to dissemination of this new treatment.
Abstract
Background
Psilocybin, the psychoactive compound in magic mushrooms, is increasingly discussed in terms of its psychotherapeutic potential; however, little is known about community attitudes towards psilocybin assisted therapy (PAT).
Aims
To address the question: What are the public's attitudes towards psilocybin and psilocybin-assisted therapy? And what factors explain these attitudes?
Methods
This study investigated the attitudes of 118 young adults in the Australian Capital Territory through an online survey.
Results
Participants who were more open to experience and who had used recreational drugs were more likely to have positive attitudes towards all aspects of PAT. Additionally, psychedelic drug use and agreeableness was positively associated with attitudes towards psilocybin safety, legality, and research; and psilocybin use was positively associated with attitudes towards psilocybin knowledge and acceptability.
Conclusions
This convenience sample of young adults was generally positively disposed towards PAT. People who were more open to experience and who had used recreational or psychedelic drugs had more favourable attitudes towards PAT.
Abstract
Background
Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are one of the most harmful forms of gambling at an individual level. It is unclear whether restriction of EGM functions and accessibility results in meaningful reductions in population-level gambling harm.
Methods
A natural policy experiment using a large (N = 15,000) national dataset weighted to standard population variables was employed to compare estimates of gambling problems between Australian residents in Western Australia (WA), where EGMs are restricted to one venue and have different structural features, to residents in other Australian jurisdictions where EGMs are widely accessible in casinos, hotels and clubs. Accessibility of other gambling forms is similar across jurisdictions.
Results
Gambling participation was higher in WA, but EGM participation was approximately half that of the rest of Australia. Aggregate gambling problems and harm were about one-third lower in WA, and self-reported attribution of harm from EGMs by gamblers and affected others was 2.7× and 4× lower, respectively. Mediation analyses found that less frequent EGM use in WA accounted for the vast majority of the discrepancy in gambling problems (indirect path = −0.055, 95% CI −0.071; −0.038). Moderation analyses found that EGMs are the form most strongly associated with problems, and the strength of this relationship did not differ significantly across jurisdictions.
Discussion
Lower harm from gambling in WA is attributable to restricted accessibility of EGMs, rather than different structural features. There appears to be little transfer of problems to other gambling forms. These results suggest that restricting the accessibility of EGMs substantially reduces gambling harm.
Abstract
Background and Aims
Both Peyote and San Pedro cacti contain mescaline, a classical psychedelic eliciting mystical and visual effects, but only Peyote is a vulnerable species. We sought to address the questions 1; do people who use Peyote substitute with San Pedro, and vice versa, and; 2. how popular is the use of wild harvested mescaline cactus compared with the use of cultivated plants?
Methods
Data were collected as part of the 2022 Global Drug Survey, a self-report survey distributed internationally in 11 languages. We asked mescaline cacti consumers about consumption practices, preferences and conservation and conducted chi square tests of associations comparing all motivations by preferred mescaline source.
Results
Of participants who reported using mescaline in the last 12 months (N = 284; 73.2% male, 21.8% female, 5.0% other gender; mean age 36.3, SD 12.5), 20.0% reported consuming Peyote collected from native habitats. Of participants specifying Peyote as their preferred source of mescaline, 82.2% had consumed Peyote in the past 12 months. Indigenous cultural traditions (57.8%), availability (40.0%) and environmental sustainability (33.3%) were the most commonly reported motivations for Peyote preference (n = 45), whereas for San Pedro (n = 86), availability (54.7%), potency (45.3%) and indigenous cultural traditions (44.2%) were most the commonly reported San Pedro preference motivations. Price and potency were significantly more likely to be chosen by those preferring San Pedro compared with Peyote. Less than 7% of participants who consumed San Pedro in the past 12 months had consumed San Pedro from native habitats. Of the participants who specified San Pedro as their preferred source of mescaline, 96.5% had consumed San Pedro in past 12 months. San Pedro was the most commonly reported source of mescaline product consumed (56.1%) with Trichocereus bridgesii being the most reported preferred San Pedro species. Mescaline cacti consumed in the last 12 months rarely deviated from mescaline cacti of preference.
Conclusions
Wild Peyote is not the most popular mescaline source, but consumption of related products remains unsustainable. Promoting San Pedro as a Peyote substitute may act as an intervention to reduce Peyote consumption.
Abstract
Background and Aims
Loot boxes are digital containers of randomised rewards available in many video games. Individuals with problem gambling symptomatology spend more on loot boxes than individuals without such symptoms. This study investigated whether other psychopathological symptomatology, specifically symptoms of obsessive-compulsive behaviour and hoarding may also be associated with increased loot box spending.
Methods
In a large cross-sectional, cross-national survey (N = 1,049 after exclusions), participants recruited from Prolific, living in Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, and the United States, provided self-reported loot box spending, obsessive-compulsive and hoarding symptomatology, problem gambling symptomatology, and consumer regret levels.
Results
There was a moderate positive relationship between loot box spending and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and hoarding. Additionally, greater purchasing of loot boxes was associated with increased consumer regret.
Discussion and Conclusion
Results identified that those with OCD and hoarding symptomatology may spend more on loot boxes than individuals without OCD and hoarding symptomatology. This information helps identify disproportionate spending to more groups of vulnerable players and may assist in helping consumers make informed choices and also aid policy discussions around the potentialities of harm.
Abstract
Background and aims
Despite the inclusion of Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB) as a diagnostic entity in the ICD-11 and the increasing number of studies addressing psychological factors leading to its onset and maintenance, little is known about the role of hormonal factors when accounting for this clinical condition (especially in women). This study aimed to provide insights into the association between testosterone levels (i.e., the androgen more intimately linked to sexual desire and arousability) and CSB in both men and women.
Methods
A total of 80 participants (40 men [Mage = 22.31; SD = 2.93] and 40 women [Mage = 21.79; SD = 2.06]) provided a saliva sample for the estimation of the level of free testosterone and completed a battery of measures assessing CSB and other related sexual domains (sexual sensation seeking and online/offline sexual behavior).
Results
In men, salivary testosterone had a positive and significant correlation with three scales assessing CSB (r between 0.316 and 0.334). In women, these correlations were small and non-significant (r between 0.011 and 0.079). In both men and women, the level of salivary testosterone had small non-significant correlations with the other domains of sexual behavior assessed.
Discussion and conclusions
Individuals' level of testosterone may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of CSB, but only in men. In women, alternative psychological –i.e., motivational, behavioral, or cognitive– processes may be playing a more central role in the expression of this condition.
Abstract
Objectives
When individuals recover from gambling disorder, their involvement in other potentially addictive substances and behaviors may also subsequently increase (substitution) or decrease (concurrent recovery). The objectives of this study were to identify and compare recovery processes associated with substitution and concurrent recovery in gambling disorder.
Methods
A mixed-method study was conducted with 185 people who were recovered from gambling disorder. Semi-structured interviews were used to: (i) establish onset and recovery of gambling disorder as well as other substance and behavioral addictions; and (ii) assess processes (e.g., reasons, emotional state, helpfulness) associated with addiction substitution and concurrent recovery. Participants also completed a survey assessing demographic characteristics, gambling behaviors, and psychological characteristics to compare demographic and clinical differences between participants who engaged in addiction substitution, concurrent recovery, or neither (controls).
Results
The most frequently reported reason for engaging in addiction substitution was as a substitute coping mechanism. The most reported reason for engaging in concurrent recovery was due to the addictions being mutually influenced. Negative emotional states were common when engaging in both addiction substitution and concurrent recovery. Although the three groups did not differ on gambling characteristics, addiction substitution was associated with greater underlying vulnerabilities including childhood adversity, impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and, maladaptive coping skills.
Conclusion
Transdiagnostic treatments that target the underlying mechanisms of addictions may reduce the likelihood of engaging in addiction substitution.
Abstract
Background and aims
Research into the social aspects of set and setting have demonstrated that race is a significant factor in psychedelic experiences for racially marginalized populations. Yet, many studies of psychedelic-induced experiences continue to proceed without collecting data on or considering the influence of race or other social categories. These approaches abstract subjectivity from its embodied and historical conditions, isolating consciousness in ways that do not accord with lived experience.
Methods
This article draws on critical phenomenology, anthropology, and treatments of race in the field of psychedelic studies to outline how social categories mediate subjective experience in historically specific ways through the framework of embodiment.
Results
I argue that consciousness is fundamentally intersubjective, including during psychedelic-induced experiences. Intersubjectivity is an existential condition that makes possible meaning, communication, and socialization, processes which rely on and are perpetually (re)enacted through social categories. Therefore, studies of psychedelic-induced experiences must account for the foundational role that social categories play in constituting such embodied experiences and their effects.
Conclusions
This approach makes embodied differences matter to the study of psychedelic-induced experiences, opening new avenues of inquiry that foreground identity, power, and context in both clinical and naturalistic research.
Abstract
Background
The neurobiological mechanisms of gambling disorder are not yet fully characterized, limiting the development of treatments. Defects in frontostriatal connections have been shown to play a major role in substance use disorders, but data on behavioral addictions, such as gambling disorder, are scarce. The aim of this study was to 1) investigate whether gambling disorder is associated with abnormal frontostriatal connectivity and 2) characterize the key neurotransmitter systems underlying the connectivity abnormalities.
Methods
Fifteen individuals with gambling disorder and 17 matched healthy controls were studied with resting-state functional connectivity MRI and three brain positron emission tomography scans, investigating dopamine (18F-FDOPA), opioid (11C-carfentanil) and serotonin (11C-MADAM) function. Frontostriatal connectivity was investigated using striatal seed-to-voxel connectivity and compared between the groups. Neurotransmitter systems underlying the identified connectivity differences were investigated using region-of-interest and voxelwise approaches.
Results
Individuals with gambling disorder showed loss of functional connectivity between the right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and a region in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (P FWE <0.05). Similarly, there was a significant Group x right NAcc interaction in right DLPFC 11C-MADAM binding (p = 0.03) but not in 18F-FDOPA uptake or 11C-carfentanil binding. This was confirmed in voxelwise analyses showing a widespread Group x right NAcc interaction in the prefrontal cortex 11C-MADAM binding (P FWE <0.05). Right NAcc 11C-MADAM binding potential correlated with attentional impulsivity in individuals with gambling disorder (r = −0.73, p = 0.005).
Discussion
Gambling disorder is associated with right hemisphere abnormal frontostriatal connectivity and serotonergic function. These findings will contribute to understanding the neurobiological mechanism and may help identify potential treatment targets for gambling disorder.
Az Italozásra vonatkozó Visszautasítási Énhatékonyság Kérdőív Módosított változatának (DRSEQ-R) pszichometriai vizsgálata magyar mintán
A psychometric analysis of the Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Revised (DRSEQ-R) in a Hungarian sample
ABSZTRAKT
Elméleti háttér: Az italozásra vonatkozó visszautasítási énhatékonyság az egyén saját magára vonatkozó vélekedése azzal kapcsolatban, hogy bizonyos helyzetekben mennyire lesz képes ellenállni az alkoholfogyasztásnak. A konstruktum egyik leggyakrabban használt mérőeszköze az Italozásra vonatkozó Visszautasítási Énhatékonyság Kérdőív Módosított változata (Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire – Revised, DRSEQ-R). Cél: A tanulmány célja volt (1) a DRSEQ-R elméleti faktorstruktúrájának tesztelése magyar mintán, (2) az italozásra vonatkozó visszautasítási énhatékonyság együttjárásának a vizsgálata az alkohollal kapcsolatos elvárásokkal és a káros alkoholhasználattal, valamint (3) az italozásra vonatkozó visszautasítási énhatékonyság közvetítő hatásának a vizsgálata az alkoholelvárások és a káros alkoholfogyasztás között. Módszerek: A keresztmetszeti kutatás során a résztvevőknek egy önbeszámolón alapuló, online kérdőívcsomagot kellett kitölteniük. A kényelmi mintavétel révén nyert végső mintát 579, az elmúlt év folyamán alkoholt fogyasztó felnőtt személy alkotta (a férfiak aránya 50,6% [n = 293], átlagéletkor: 25 év [SD = 7,99 év, terjedelem: 18–69 év]). Mérőeszközök: Italozásra vonatkozó Visszautasítási Énhatékonyság Kérdőív Módosított változata, Alkoholkövetkezmények Elvárása Kérdőív, Alkoholhasználat Zavarainak Szűrőtesztje. Eredmények: A megerősítő faktorelemzés eredményei szerint kiváló illeszkedés volt látható a DRSEQ-R kérdőív háromfaktoros modellje (szociális nyomás, érzelmi megkönnyebbülés, italozásra való lehetőség faktorok), illetve az azzal statisztikailag ekvivalens alternatív, másodrendű faktort is tartalmazó modell esetében is (χ2 = 138,539, df = 149, p = 0,720; RMSEA = 0,00; CFI = 1,00; TLI = 1,00). A DRSEQ-R teljes skálája és alskálái egyaránt szignifikáns, negatív irányú és gyenge–közepes együttjárást mutattak a káros alkoholhasználattal (r S = –0,231 – –0,440; p < 0,001), illetve a pozitív és negatív alkoholelvárásokkal (r S = –0,303 – –0,474; p < 0,001). A mediációs elemzés eredményeképpen kimutatható volt az italozásra vonatkozó visszautasítási énhatékonyság közvetítő hatása a pozitív alkoholelvárások és a káros alkoholfogyasztás között (indirekt hatásméret: b [95% CI] = 0,051 [0,033–0,071]). Következtetések: A DRSEQ-R magyar változata megbízható és érvényes mérőeszköznek bizonyult, így javasolt lehet a kérdőív felhasználása a hazai klinikai és kutatási gyakorlatban. Az italozásra vonatkozó visszautasítási énhatékonyságnak fontos szerepe lehet – az alkoholelvárások mellett – az alkoholfogyasztás és az abból eredő problémák magyarázatában.
Pszichológiai sérülékenységet mérő skálák magyar nyelvű adaptálása
Hungarian Validation of Psychological Vulnerability Scales
ABSZTRAKT
Elméleti háttér: Az elmúlt évek lokális és kollektív traumáinak tükrében különösen fontosnak tartjuk a vulnerabilitás konstruktumának részletes, pszichológiai szempontú felmérését, a pszichés és testi megbetegedés prevenciójának és szűrésének megtervezéséhez. Cél: A Glover Vulnerability Scale (GVS) és a Psychological Vulnerability Scale (PVS) magyar nyelvű adaptációja és validitásának vizsgálata heterogén, nem-klinikai mintán. Módszerek: Az online adatgyűjtést, hozzáférhetőségi mintavételt alkalmazó keresztmetszeti kutatásban 942 fő vett részt (572 nő; átlagéletkor: 29,41 év, SD = 11,5 év). Mérőeszközök: Glover Sérülékenység Kérdőív, Sinclair és Wallston-féle Pszichológiai Sérülékenység Skála, Rosenberg-féle Önértékelés Skála, Általános Énhatékonyság Skála, Rahe-féle Rövidített Stressz és Megküzdés Kérdőív, SF-36 kérdőív, Big Five Kérdőív, Lezárási Igény Kérdőív. Eredmények: Az exploratív faktorelemzés eredményei alapján a 30 tételes, magyar nyelvű GVS 17 tétele illeszkedik 3 faktorba, úgymint Társas diszkomfort, Sérülékenységérzés és Családi bizalmatlanság, amelyek a variancia 45,62%-át magyarázzák. A konfirmatív faktoranalízis eredményei szerint a 3 faktoros modell illeszkedési mutatói kitűnőek vagy elfogadhatóak (CMIN/DF = 2,94; RMSEA = 0,064; CFI = 0,89; TLI = 0,85), csakúgy, mint az alskálák belső konzisztenciája (Cronbach-α: 0,65–0,77). A 6 tételes PVS 1 faktoros modelljének illeszkedési mutatói kitűnőek (CMIN/DF = 1,49; RMSEA = 0,03; CFI = 0,99; TLI = 0,98), a skála belső konzisztenciája (Cronbach-α = 0,76) szintén kiváló. Mindkét magyar nyelvű mérőeszköz 0,8 feletti teszt–reteszt megbízhatóságot mutat 6 hét elteltével. A konkurens validitás vizsgálatának eredményei szerint a GVS alskálái és a PVS között is gyenge, illetve közepes mértékű együttjárások mutatkoznak (0,21 < r S(940) < 0,39 között). Kifejezetten erős korrelációt a PVS és a GVS Sérülékenységérzés alskálája között kaptunk (r S(940) = 0,66). A konvergens validitás vizsgálatánál a sérülékenység kifejezettebb érzelmi és társaskorlátozottság-érzéssel, alacsonyabb vitalitással, rosszabb mentális egészséggel, nagyobb stresszre adott válasszal, alacsonyabb megküzdőképességgel, énhatékonyságérzéssel és önértékeléssel, nagyobb érzelmi instabilitással, valamint alacsonyabb barátságossággal és extraverzióval járt együtt. A divergens validitásnál a lelkiismeretesség és a nyitottság, illetve a lezárási igény kérdőív legtöbb alskálájánál teljesült az összefüggések hiányára vonatkozó elvárásunk, a döntéskészség és a bizonytalanságtűrés csökkenése ugyanakkor gyengén, de szignifikánsan korrelált a sérülékenységgel. A GVS összpontszáma (U(936) = 119814,5; p < 0,01, η 2 = 0,007), és a Sérülékenységérzés alskála (U(936) = 111946; p < 0,01, η 2 = 0,009) esetében, valamint a PVS-en (U(936) = 107358; p < 0,01, η 2 = 0,016) a nők pontszáma magasabb. Az életkorral mindkét mérőeszköz szignifikáns, de elhanyagolható mértékű együttjárást mutat (0,11 < r S(923) < 0,17). A magasabb iskolai végzettségűek a GVS Családi bizalmatlanság (F(3) = 9,435; p = 0,024) és Sérülékenységérzés (F(3) = 21,2; p < 0,001) alskáláján, valamint az összpontszámnál (F(3) = 12,876; p = 0,005) és a PVS-nél is (F(3) = 9,255; p = 0,026) egyértelműen alacsonyabb sérülékenységet mutattak. Következtetések: A két sérülékenység skála érvényes és megbízható mérőeszköz. A sérülékenység komplex vizsgálatában együttes alkalmazásukat javasoljuk.
Számít-e, ha közös a cél? Párok személyes terveire vonatkozó közös értékelés, megküzdés és élmény szerepe a párkapcsolati elégedettségben
Do shared goals matter? Shared evaluations, coping and experiences in personal projects of couples and their role in relationship satisfaction
ABSZTRAKT
Elméleti háttér: A célok egyéni szintű konstruktumok, amelyek az önszabályozás és a jóllét fontos tényezői. A párkapcsolati partnerek céljai emellett egyetlen önszabályozó rendszerként is értelmezhetők. Cél: Az egyéni és a közös célok három jellemzőjének vizsgálata (a célok közösként való elismerése, a célokkal kapcsolatos pozitív élmények, és a közös páros megküzdés), illetve ezek összefüggéseinek feltárása a párkapcsolati elégedettséggel. Módszerek: A keresztmetszeti, kérdőíves vizsgálat résztvevői házas és együtt élő heteroszexuális párok voltak (n = 270 pár; átlagéletkor: 40,1 [SD = 11,2] év és 37,8 [SD = 10,9] év a férfi és női partnereknél). Mérőeszközök: Személyes Terv Kérdőív (a terv közös voltára, a közös pozitív élményekre és a közös páros megküzdésre vonatkozó kérdésekkel), Kapcsolati Elégedettség Skála (RAS-H). Eredmények: A többváltozós elemzésekben az összefüggéseket kontrolláltuk az életkorra, a párkapcsolati státuszra, a párkapcsolat hosszára és a válaszadók szubjektív anyagi helyzetére. Az útelemzés eredményei szerint a partnerek saját terveinek három közös jellemzője egymással összefüggő rendszert alkot. Minél inkább közösnek tekintik a partnerek a személyes terveiket, annál inkább alkalmaznak közös megküzdési stratégiákat a stressz kezelésére (β = 0,37 és 0,35; p < 0,001; a férfi és a női partnernél), és annál több pozitív élményt is élnek át a tervvel kapcsolatban (β = 0,40 és 0,41; p < 0,001; a férfi és a női partnernél). A párkapcsolati elégedettség előrejelzésére felállított aktor– partner interdependencia modell eredményei alapján pedig azt találtuk, hogy az elégedettséget elsősorban a saját közös páros megküzdés jelzi előre mindkét partnernél (β = 0,24 és 0,43; p < 0,001; a férfi és a női partnernél), illetve a férfiak kapcsolati elégedettségét előre jelezte a partnerük közös páros megküzdése is (β = 0,29; p < 0,001). Következtetések: Eredményeink arra utalnak, hogy a személyes tervek „kapcsolati beágyazottsága” létező és jelentős párkapcsolati tapasztalat, amelynek része a terv közösként való értékelésének kognitív, affektív és viselkedéses komponense is. A párkapcsolati elégedettség azonban elsősorban a viselkedésbeli megnyilvánulással, azaz a közös megküzdés tapasztalatával függ össze.
A Személyiségműködés Színvonala – Rövid Változat 2.0 kérdőív magyar változatának (LPFS-BF 2.0 H) pszichometriai jellemzői egyetemista mintán
Psychometric poperties of the Hungarian version of Level of Personality Functioning – Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0 H)
ABSZTRAKT
Elméleti háttér: A DSM-5-ben szereplő Személyiségzavarok Alternatív Modellje a személyiségzavarok diagnosztikai kritériumait két főbb dimenzió mentén írja le: a személyiségműködés zavarainak jellege és mértéke („A” kritérium), valamint a patológiás személyiségjegyek mintázatának („B” kritérium) konfigurációjaként. Az előbbi kritérium értékeléséhez a Személyiségműködés Színvonala Skálát (Level of Personality Functioning Scale, LPFS) javasolják. A skála átdolgozott, rövidített változata korábbi eredmények alapján nemcsak a diagnosztikai munkában, de a kutatásban is hasznosnak és megbízhatónak bizonyult. Cél: Jelen vizsgálat célja, a Személyiségműködés Színvonala – Rövid Változat 2.0 kérdőív magyar változatának (LPFS-BF 2.0 H) kidolgozása és pszichometriai jellemzőinek meghatározása, valamint értékelése, egyetemista mintán. Módszerek: A kérdőív eredeti, és más nyelvi verzióinak validálási tapasztalataira alapozva, 530 személyből (379 nő és 151 férfi) álló mintán validáltuk a magyar nyelvi változatot. A LPFS-BF 2.0 H mellett, a személyiségzavarok diagnosztikájában ugyancsak használt Temperamentum és Karakter kérdőív – Rövid Változatból (TCI-55) kiválogatott 26 állítást használtuk fel, a három releváns karakterdimenzió mérésére. A maladaptív személyiségvonások felmérése céljából a DSM-5 Személyiségleltár Rövid Változatát (PID-5-BF) használtuk, míg a Közvetlen Kapcsolatok Élményei – Kapcsolati Struktúrák (ECR-RS) kérdőívvel a kötődési elkerülésre és szorongásra reflektáltunk, amelyek a szelf- és az interperszonális működés indikátoraiként funkcionáltak. Eredmények: A megerősítő faktorelemzések igazolták a kétfaktoros struktúrát a magyar mérőeszköz esetében is (χ 2 = 117,168; p < 0,001; CFI = 0,982; TLI = 0,977; RMSEA = 0,044; RMSEA 90% CI = 0,034–0,055), amelynek mind szerkezeti validitása, mind pedig belső megbízhatósága (Cronbach-α = 0,69–0,81) megfelelőnek bizonyult. Mindkét faktor szignifikáns, pozitív irányú kapcsolatot mutatott a diszfunkcionális személyiségműködés indikátoraival, legtöbb esetben a predikciókkal egyező mértékben és irányban. Következtetések: A LPFS-BF 2.0 H mind kutatási céllal, mind pedig szűrőeszközként alkalmazható, és így a pszichiáterek és klinikai szakpszichológusok eszköztárának hasznos részévé válhat.
Abstract
Background
Altered large-scale brain systems, including structural alterations and resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) changes, have been demonstrated as effective system-level biomarkers for revealing potential neural mechanism of multiple brain disorders. However, identifying consistent abnormalities of large-scale brain systems in behavioral addictions (BA) is challenging due to varying methods and inconsistent results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the significantly abnormal large-scale brain systems in BA.
Method
PubMed, OVID Embase, OVID Medline, and Web of Science were searched with relevant keywords to identify potential studies. A total of 52 studies including 35 rs-FC studies and 17 structural studies were examined by extracting the coordinates of seeds and target brain regions. The seeds were then categorized into predefined seven networks by their locations based on previous parcellations in rs-FC studies, followed by pooling the results in those networks.
Results
The rs-FC findings illustrated that BA were characterized as abnormal networks in response to inhibition, salience attribution, self-referential mental process, and reward-driven behaviors. Meanwhile, meta-analysis of structural studies showed decreased gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex, extending to the middle cingulate cortex and the superior frontal gyrus. Importantly, overlapping regions in the cingulate cortex and anterior thalamus projections extending to caudate regions exhibited both dysfunctions in structure and rs-FC.
Conclusions
This study highlighted substantial dysconnectivity in BA, which might result in impaired response to inhibition and salience attribution. Therefore, this study might provide novel insights of neural biomarkers for clinical diagnoses and treatment targets for BA.
Abstract
Background and aims
Concerned significant others (CSOs) can experience gambling-related harm, impacting their health and wellbeing. However, this harm varies depending on the type and closeness of the relationship with the person who gambles. We sought to determine the type and closeness of relationships that are more likely to experience harm from another person's gambling, and examine which aspects of health and wellbeing are related to this harm.
Methods
We examined survey data from 1,131 Australian adults who identified as being close to someone experiencing a gambling problem. The survey included information on relationship closeness, gambling-related harm (GHS-20-AO), and a broad range of health and wellbeing measures; including the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), the 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12), and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (PANAS-SF).
Results
CSOs in relationships where finances and responsibilities are shared were more likely to be harmed by another person's gambling problem, particularly partners (current and ex) and family members. This harm was most strongly associated with high levels of distress and negative emotions, impacting the CSO's ability to function properly at work or perform other responsibilities.
Discussion and Conclusions
Support and treatment services for CSOs should consider addressing the psychological distress and negative emotions commonly experienced by CSOs.
Abstract
Implicit cognitions may be involved in the development and maintenance of specific Internet use disorders such as problematic social network use (PSNU). In more detail, implicit attitude, attentional biases, approach and avoidance tendencies as well as semantic memory associations are considered relevant in the context of PSNU. This viewpoint article summarizes the available literature on implicit cognitions in PSNU. We systematically reviewed articles of implicit cognitions in PSNU from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases based on a targeted search strategy and assessed using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The present findings suggest that specific implicit cognitions are important in the context of PSNU and therefore show parallels to other addictive behaviors. However, the empirical evidence is limited to a few studies on this topic. Implicit cognitions in PSNU should be explored in more depth and in the context of other affective and cognitive mechanisms in future work.
Abstract
Background and aims
Increasingly, gambling features migrate into non-gambling platforms (e.g., online gaming) making gambling exposure and problems more likely. Therefore, exploring how to best treat gambling disorder (GD) remains important. Our aim was to review systematically and quantitatively synthesize the available evidence on psychological intervention for GD.
Methods
Records were identified through searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating psychological intervention for GD via six academic databases without date restrictions until February 3, 2023. Study quality was assessed with the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2). Primary outcomes were GD symptom severity and remission of GD, summarized as Hedges' g and odds ratios, respectively. The study was preregistered in PROSPERO (#CRD42021284550).
Results
Of 5,541 records, 29 RCTs (3,083 participants analyzed) were included for meta-analysis of the primary outcomes. The efficacy of psychological intervention across modality, format and mode of delivery corresponded to a medium effect on gambling severity (g = −0.71) and a small effect on remission (OR = 0.47). Generally, risk of bias was high, particularly amongst early face-to-face interventions studies.
Discussion and conclusions
The results indicate that psychological intervention is efficacious in treating GD, with face-to-face delivered intervention producing the largest effects and with strongest evidence for cognitive behavioral therapy. Much remains to be known about the long-term effects, and investigating a broader range of treatment modalities and digital interventions is a priority if we are to improve clinical practice for this heterogeneous patient group.
Abstract
Background and aims
Compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) is mentioned as an example of other specified impulse control disorders in the ICD-11 coding tool, highlighting its clinical relevance and need for treatment. The aim of the present work was to provide a systematic update on treatment studies for CBSD, with a particular focus on online CBSD.
Method
The preregistered systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021257379) was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycInfo databases. Original research published between January 2000 and December 2022 was included. Risk of reporting bias was evaluated with the CONSORT guideline for randomized controlled trials. Effect sizes for primary CBSD outcomes were calculated.
Results
Thirteen studies were included (psychotherapy: 2 open, 4 waitlist control design; medication: 2 open, 3 placebo-controlled, 2 open-label phase followed by a double-blind discontinuation phase; participants treatment/control 349/149). None of the studies addressed online CBSD. Psychotherapy studies suggest that group cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing CBSD symptoms. Pharmacological studies with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or topiramate did not indicate superiority over placebo. Predictors of treatment outcome were rarely examined, mechanisms of change were not studied at all. Risk of reporting bias was high in most studies.
Discussion
Poor methodological and low quality of reporting of included studies reduce the reliability of conclusions. There is a lack of studies targeting online CBSD. More high-quality treatment research is needed with more emphasis on the CBSD subtype and mechanisms of change.
Abstract
Background and aims
Hypersexual disorder is characterized by recurrent and intense sexual fantasies, sexual urges, or sexual behaviors that can lead to clinically relevant levels of distress and adverse consequences for affected individuals. Earlier research has established a connection between sexual phenomena, such as compulsive sexual behavior, and personality features. The aim of the present study was to gain further insights into the associations of personality maladjustment and HD.
Methods
The present study applied the dimensional approach of personality maladjustment presented in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to connect compulsive sexual behavior to personality maladjustment. We investigated 47 men suffering from HD (age: M = 36.51, SD = 11.47) and 38 matched men without HD (age: M = 37.92, SD = 12.33) regarding personality maladjustment using a 100-item version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5-BF).
Results
The men with HD showed higher levels of personality maladjustment regarding all PID-5-BF domains (negative affect, detachment, psychoticism, antagonism, and disinhibition) and significantly differentiated from men without HD in the level of subordinate facets. However, no domain of personality differentiated significantly between groups using a binary stepwise logistic regression analysis.
Discussion and conclusions
In sum, the findings of the study underline the extent of personality maladjustment in men with HD. Interpersonal difficulties which men with HD frequently experience can contribute to clinically relevant levels of distress and adverse consequences reported by affected individuals.
Abstract
While applying a diagnostic approach (i.e., comparing “clinical” cases with “healthy” controls) is part of our methodological habits as researchers and clinicians, this approach has been particularly criticized in the behavioral addictions research field, in which a lot of studies are conducted on “emerging” conditions. Here we exemplify the pitfalls of using a cut-off-based approach in the context of binge-watching (i.e., watching multiple episodes of series back-to-back) by demonstrating that no reliable cut-off scores could be determined with a widely used assessment instrument measuring binge-watching.
A vizuális tulajdonságok mentén kiugró ingerek hatása az inger- és célvezérelt figyelmi folyamatokra: szisztematikus áttekintés
The effect of visually salient stimuli on stimulus-driven and goal-driven attentional processes: a systematic review
Háttér és célkitűzések
A figyelmi megragadás ingervezérelt és célvezérelt folyamatok által szabályozott működése a mai napig számos kérdést vet fel. A kiugró ingerek szerepe a figyelmi mechanizmusokban egyértelműen fontos, de továbbra is vitatott jelenség, az ingervezérelt és célvezérelt figyelmi mechanizmusok működéséről ellentmondásos elméletek és eredmények születtek az elmúlt évtizedekben. Szisztematikus áttekintő tanulmányunk célja a témában megjelenő kutatási eredmények rendszerezése és áttekintése, illetve az eredmények alapján a figyelmi folyamatokkal kapcsolatos megfelelő következtetések levonása.
Módszer
Kutatásunk során az APA PsycNet keresőprogram segítségével 14 angol nyelvű cikket gyűjtöttünk össze, melyek 33 vizsgálatot tartalmaztak. Az alábbi feltételek számítottak bekerülési kritériumnak: (1) tudományos (lektorált) folyóiratcikk, (2) empirikus tanulmány (nem áttekintés vagy metaanalízis), (3) fiatal felnőtt (18–30 éves) humán minta, (4) átlagos, egészséges minta, (5) a vizsgálatok viselkedéses és/vagy pszichofiziológiás adatokat közöltek a témában.
Eredmények
A szisztematikus áttekintő tanulmányunk eredményei szerint a figyelmi folyamatok alakulásában számos tényező mediálhatja az ingervezérelt és célvezérelt folyamatok interakcióját, mint például a kiugró ingerek színe, a bemutatásuk ideje és helye, a célingerrel egy időben megjelenő zavaró ingerek száma.
Következtetések
A célvezérelt figyelmi kontroll megvalósulása ugyan lehetséges, de számos feltételnek teljesülnie kell hozzá. Ha az egyszerre bemutatott ingerek száma meghaladja a négyet, illetve a célingerrel megegyező színű, vagy ahhoz hasonló zavaró inger is megjelenik a keresési mezőben, az ingervezérelt folyamatok gátlása nem lehetséges.
Abstract
Background and aims
The present study investigated processing bias for game-related cues in problematic mobile gamers (PMGs) under or above the threshold of conscious awareness.
Methods
In Experiment 1, all participants (20 PMGs and 23 casual players (CPs)) finished a masked visual probe task during a brief (17ms) masked exposure condition. In Experiment 2, an unmasked visual probe task was conducted by an additional forty participants (20 PMGs and 20 CPs) at two exposure durations (200 and 500ms).
Results
Results showed that PMGs, but not CPs, had an attentional bias for game-related cues which had been presented with two exposure durations (17 and 200ms).
Discussion and conclusion
In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that bias in PMGs could be observed both preconsciously and consciously. The results are discussed with reference to incentive sensitization theory and automatic action schema theory.
Abstract
Background
Gambling disorder is associated with increased suicidality, especially in women who also are more likely to have psychiatric comorbid disorders and more often have experiences of traumatic life events. Although suicidality is increased and several risk factors have been identified, knowledge of the suicidal process is lacking, especially for women.
Aim
To explore the lived experiences of suicidality in women with gambling disorder and to investigate potential factors involved in the development of suicidality.
Method
Semi-structured interviews were held with seven women with experiences of gambling disorder and suicidality in Malmö, Sweden between November 2021 and June 2022, when saturation was reached. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded in NVivo. Qualitative content analysis was used to build categories and themes.
Results
Several women had experienced suicidality before developing gambling disorder and gambling-related suicidality. However, for some, suicidality had appeared seemingly only due to the gambling disorder. Suicidality ranged from ideation to severe suicide attempts. Three themes of factors modulating suicidality related to gambling were found; a) guilt shame and self-stigmatization, b) loss of control/chaotic life circumstances, and c) social consequences/fear of guilt and shame from others.
Conclusion
More research on the experience of suicidality in women with gambling disorder is needed. Attempts to address self-stigmatization, guilt, and shame in women with gambling disorder and society at large as well as aiding women to regain a sense of control over their economy and gambling may be ways to reduce suicidality.
Abstract
Background and aims
Despite its inclusion in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, there is a virtual paucity of high-quality scientific evidence about compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), especially in underrepresented and underserved populations. Therefore, we comprehensively examined CSBD across 42 countries, genders, and sexual orientations, and validated the original (CSBD-19) and short (CSBD-7) versions of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale to provide standardized, state-of-the-art screening tools for research and clinical practice.
Method
Using data from the International Sex Survey (N = 82,243; M age = 32.39 years, SD = 12.52), we evaluated the psychometric properties of the CSBD-19 and CSBD-7 and compared CSBD across 42 countries, three genders, eight sexual orientations, and individuals with low vs. high risk of experiencing CSBD.
Results
A total of 4.8% of the participants were at high risk of experiencing CSBD. Country- and gender-based differences were observed, while no sexual-orientation-based differences were present in CSBD levels. Only 14% of individuals with CSBD have ever sought treatment for this disorder, with an additional 33% not having sought treatment because of various reasons. Both versions of the scale demonstrated excellent validity and reliability.
Discussion and conclusions
This study contributes to a better understanding of CSBD in underrepresented and underserved populations and facilitates its identification in diverse populations by providing freely accessible ICD-11-based screening tools in 26 languages. The findings may also serve as a crucial building block to stimulate research into evidence-based, culturally sensitive prevention and intervention strategies for CSBD that are currently missing from the literature.
Abstract
Background and aims
Gambling in adolescents is a public health concern. This study sought to examine patterns of gambling among Connecticut high-school students using seven representative samples covering a 12-year period.
Methods
Data were analyzed from N = 14,401 participants in cross-sectional surveys conducted every two years based on random sampling from schools in the state of Connecticut. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires included socio-demographic data, current substance use, social support, and traumatic experiences at school. Chi-square tests were used to compare socio-demographic characteristics between gambling and non-gambling groups. Logistic regressions were used to assess changes in the prevalence of gambling over time and effects of potential risk factors on the prevalence, adjusted for age, sex, and race.
Results
Overall, the prevalence of gambling largely decreased from 2007 to 2019, although the pattern was not linear. After steadily declining from 2007 to 2017, 2019 was associated with increased rates of gambling participation. Consistent statistical predictors of gambling were male gender, older age, alcohol and marijuana use, higher levels of traumatic experiences at school, depression, and low levels of social support.
Discussion and conclusion
Among adolescents, older males may be particularly vulnerable to gambling that relates importantly to substance use, trauma, affective concerns, and poor support. Although gambling participation appears to have declined, the recent increase in 2019 that coincides with increased sports gambling advertisements, media coverage and availability warrants further study. Our findings suggest the importance of developing school-based social support programs that may help reduce adolescent gambling.
Abstract
Background and aims
Most modern modalities of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) aim to minimize harm and maximize support by utilizing close, formalized supervision for a single participant per session. However, these substances are used naturalistically in a wide variety of settings. Our goal was to evaluate the perceived benefits and harms of naturalistic psychedelic use in diverse settings, with and without guidance/supervision.
Methods
An anonymous survey was distributed over Internet forums to solicit responses from English-speaking adults, with questions regarding the setting and perceived mental health-related outcomes of classic psychedelics. Data were analyzed to compare effects of group versus solo setting on perceived outcomes.
Results
For the goal of improving mental health, use in a solo setting was more common than in a group setting (COR 0.37 (0.20–0.68), p = 0.03) and was associated with more subjective symptom improvement (COR 0.22 (0.11–0.42), p = 0.0002). However, there was no significant difference in perceived overall mental health benefit between use in group and solo settings (p = 1). Subjective negative outcomes on mental health were rare and not associated more so with psychedelic use in any particular setting. A majority of naturalistic psychedelic use took place in an informal setting, with no significant difference between solo or group users (95% vs 91%, p = 0.3).
Conclusions
Naturalistic psychedelic users are as likely to report an overall positive outcome and no more likely to report adverse events in group settings than in solo settings. This supports further research into PAP in group settings.
Abstract
The intersection between philosophy and psychedelics is explored in the book “Philosophy and Psychedelics: Frameworks for Exceptional Experience”. The authors aim to develop a dialogue between the two disciplines and explore the various frameworks for understanding exceptional experiences that psychedelics have afforded human beings. The book delves into foundational, ontological, and epistemological questions, including the hard problem of consciousness, the metaphysical understanding of the self, and the aesthetic meaning of the sublime in psychedelic experience. The book provides valuable exploration of questions concerning prevailing metaphysical frameworks, epistemic belief structures, and modes of inquiry, and the effort made by the authors to bring into dialogue multiple dialectics and practices, perspectives and methods is commendable.
Abstract
Background and aims
Sports betting has increased markedly in recent years, in part due to legislative changes and the introduction of novel forms of sports betting (e.g., in-play betting). Some evidence suggests that in-play betting is more harmful than other types of sports betting (i.e., traditional and single-event). However, existing research on in-play sports betting has been limited in scope. To address this gap, the present study examined the extent to which demographic, psychological, and gambling-related constructs (e.g., harms) are endorsed by in-play sports bettors relative to single-event and traditional sports bettors.
Methods
Sports bettors (N = 920) aged 18+ from Ontario, Canada completed an online survey containing self-report measures of demographic, psychological, and gambling-related variables. Participants were classified as either in-play (n = 223), single-event (n = 533), or traditional bettors (n = 164) based on their sports betting engagement.
Results
In-play sports bettors reported higher problem gambling severity, endorsed greater gambling-related harms across several domains, and reported greater mental health and substance use difficulties compared to single-event and traditional sports bettors. There were generally no differences between single-event and traditional sports bettors.
Discussion
Results provide empirical support for the potential harms associated with in-play sports betting and inform our understanding of who may be at risk for increased harms associated with in-play betting.
Conclusions
Findings may be important for the development of public health and responsible gambling initiatives to reduce the potential harms of in-play betting, particularly as many jurisdictions globally move towards legalization of sports betting.
Abstract
Background and aims
Individuals with gambling disorder (GD) often suffer from psychiatric comorbidities. Previous studies demonstrated greater severity of GD among gamblers with psychiatric comorbidities. However, evidence on the association between psychiatric comorbidity and course of GD severity during and after outpatient treatment is sparse. This study analyses data from a longitudinal one-armed cohort study on outpatient addiction care clients over three years.
Methods
We investigated the course of GD severity using data from 123 clients in 28 outpatient addiction care facilities in Bavaria using generalized estimation equations (GEE). We applied time* interaction analyses to examine different development profiles in participants with and without (1) affective disorders, or (2) anxiety disorders, and (3) to account for the co-occurrence of both.
Results
All participants benefitted from outpatient gambling treatment. Improvement in GD severity was poorer in participants with anxiety disorders compared to participants without anxiety disorders. The co-occurrence of affective and anxiety disorders was linked to a less favourable course of GD than the presence of affective disorders alone. However, the combined occurrence of both disorders was more favourable than the presence of anxiety disorders alone.
Discussion and conclusions
Our study suggests that clients with GD, with and without psychiatric comorbidities, benefit from outpatient gambling care. Psychiatric comorbidity, especially comorbid anxiety disorders, seems to be negatively associated with the course of GD within outpatient gambling care. Addressing psychiatric comorbidity within the treatment of GD and offering individualised help are required to meet the needs of this clientele.
Abstract
On February 2023, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) released a document to the legal team representing the Church of the Eagle and the Condor (“CEC”). This disclosure came two years after the church, in conjunction with Chacruna Institute, submitted two FOIA requests to the DEA and the Department of Justice requesting all records pertaining to ayahuasca. This report, titled “Ayahuasca: Risks to Public Health and Safety,” was issued in July 2020. In the present article, we challenge a number of claims made in the DEA report and highlight significant factual omissions, theoretical biases, and misinterpretations of existing data. We will demonstrate that the DEA report severely downplays the safety profile and therapeutic potential of ayahuasca and overemphasizes the risks. It also fails to include current research on ayahuasca demonstrating its potential benefits.
Abstract
Background and aims
Problematic use of the internet (PUI) among adolescents has become one of the public problems around the world. Understanding the developmental trajectory of PUI may be beneficial to develop prevention and intervention. The current study aimed to identify the developmental trajectories of PUI among adolescents, considering individual differences over time. And also explored how familial factors contributed to the identified trajectories, and the relationship between PUI changes over time and social, mental health, and academic functioning.
Methods
A total of 1,149 adolescents (Mage = 15.82, SD = 0.61; 55.27% girls at Wave 1) participated in assessments at four time points, using 6-month assessment intervals.
Results
Based on a latent class growth model, three trajectories of PUI were identified: Low Decreasing, Moderate Increasing, and High Increasing groups. Multivariate logistic regression analyses suggested that inter-parental conflicts and childhood maltreatment served as negative familial predictors for the risk trajectories of PUI (i.e., Moderate Increasing and High Increasing groups). Additionally, adolescents in these two groups displayed more estranged interpersonal relationships, more mental health difficulties, and poorer academic functioning.
Discussion and conclusions
It is important to consider individual differences in understanding the developmental patterns of PUI among adolescents. Identifying family predictors and the behavioral outcome associated with groups with different developmental trajectories of PUI, which may help to understand better risk factors related to specific developmental patterns of PUI and its adverse correlates. The findings highlight a need to develop more specific effective intervention programs for individuals displaying different problematic developmental trajectories with PUI.
Történeti tabló a pozitív pszichológiai jóllét és mentális egészség elméletekről és előzményeikről
Historical tableau of positive psychological well-being and mental health theories and their antecedents
Az elmúlt két évtizedben terjedelmes irodalom gyűlt össze, amely fel szeretné tárni azt a számtalan, egymással összefüggő tényezőt, amely a boldogságot egyéni és kollektív szinten is befolyásolja. Az elméletek nehezen különböztethetők meg egymástól, ezért a jelen tanulmány a pozitív pszichológia főbb irányvonalainak és előzményeinek felvázolásával szeretne egyértelműséget nyújtani ebben. Egy történeti tabló segítségével integrált keretet és „útmutatót” adunk a pozitív pszichológiában fellelhető jóllételméletek és -modellek értelmezéséhez. Az egyes koncepciókhoz mérőeszközöket is kapcsolunk, melyek példaképp illusztrálják a szóban forgó elméletek megjelenését. Végül azonosítjuk azokat a kérdéseket, amelyek tisztázást és további alapos vizsgálatot igényelnek a területen.
Előrejelzés a kommunikációban – Áttekintés
Prediction in communication – A review
A szemtől szembeni kommunikáció mindennapi életünk meghatározó része, mégis keveset tudunk a sikeres kommunikációt lehetővé tevő kognitív és idegi folyamatokról. Az egyik folyamat, amely több megközelítés szerint is fontos a kommunikáció sikerességének szempontjából, a kommunikációs partner viselkedésének előrejelzése (predikciója). Jelen tanulmányban áttekintjük az előrejelzés és a kommunikáció kapcsolatának főbb modelljeit, különös tekintettel a szimulációs-prediktív megközelítésre, valamint a beszédfordulók időbeli koordinációjának kérdésére. Az empirikus bizonyítékok áttekintése alapján amellett érvelünk, hogy bár az előrejelző folyamatok teszik lehetővé a gyors beszélőváltásokat szemtől szembeni helyzetekben, nem tisztázott, hogy az előrejelzés közvetlen hatással bír-e a kommunikáció kimenetére.
A mentalizáció multidimenzionális kérdőívének (MMQ) magyar nyelvű adaptációja serdülők és fiatal felnőttek körében
Hungarian validation of the Multidimensional mentalization Questionairre (MMQ) among adolescents and young adults
Háttér
A mentalizáció a társas együttműködés optimalizálásának sajátos, többdimenziós eszköze, harmonikus működése jelzi az interperszonális és önszervező készségek megfelelő működését. A Mentalizáció multidimenzionális kérdőívének eredeti olasz nyelvű változata a serdülőkori mentalizáció színvonalát vizsgálja. Célunk egy olyan kérdőív validálása volt, amely lehetőséget ad a mentalizálás pozitív aspektusainak, személyes erőforrásainak feltárására.
Módszer
A vizsgálatban összesen 1477 fő vett részt, serdülők (N = 850, M életkor = 16,42, SD = 1,54) és fiatal felnőttek (N = 627, M életkor = 23,75, SD = 3,43), ebből 39% férfi és 61% nő, az átlagéletkor 19,53 év (SD = 4,41). A résztvevők kitöltötték a Mentalizáció multidimenzionális kérdőívének magyar változata mellett a Multidimenzionális Társas Támogatás kérdőívet, Az általános énhatékonyság és a Rosenberg Önértékelés Skálát. A szegényes mentalizáció vizsgálatához bevontuk a Torontói Alexitímia Skálát és a Barratt-féle Impulzivitás Skálát. Ellenőriztük a kérdőív szerkezetét és megbízhatóságát, illetve a többi demográfiai és pszichológiai változóval való kapcsolatát.
Eredmények
Vizsgálatunk megerősítette az eredeti hatfaktoros, bifaktoros szerkezetet, amelyet a reflektivitás, énerő, kapcsolati összehangolódás, kapcsolati diszkomfort, bizalmatlanság és érzelmi diszkontroll skálák alkotnak, a teljes kérdőív 33 tételt tartalmaz. A többszempontú varianciaanalízis szignifikáns főhatást mutatott ki a korosztály tekintetében, ugyanakkor a korosztály és a nem kereszthatás is szignifikánsnak bizonyult. A mentalizáció sikerességét jelző alskálái pozitív irányú összefüggést jeleznek az énhatékonysággal és az önértékeléssel, és negatív irányú kapcsolat látható az impulzivitás és az alexitímia skáláival. A szegényes mentalizációt jelző alskálák esetén ezek az összefüggések fordított irányúak.
Következtetések
Az eredmények alapján a kérdőív alkalmas a serdülők és fiatal felnőttek mentalizációjának vizsgálatára. A Cronbach-alfa-mutatók alapján a kérdőív belső megbízhatósága megfelelő mértékű, alkalmas további kutatásokban való alkalmazásra.
Abstract
Background and aims
The Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) effect is a phenomenon that Pavlovian conditioned cues that could influence one's instrumental behavior. In several substance and behavioral addictions, such as tobacco use disorder and gambling disorder, addiction-related cues could promote independently trained instrumental drug-seeking/drug-taking behaviors, indicating a specific PIT effect. However, it is unclear whether Internet gaming disorder (IGD) would show a similar change in PIT effects as other addictions. The study aimed to explore the specific PIT effects in IGD.
Methods
We administrated a PIT task to individuals with IGD (n = 40) and matched health controls (HCs, n = 50), and compared the magnitude of specific PIT effects between the two groups. The severity of the IGD symptoms was assessed by the Chinese version 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale (IGDS) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT).
Results
We found that: (1) related to the HCs group, the IGD group showed enhanced specific PITgame effects, where gaming-related cues lead to an increased choice rate of gaming-related responses; (2) in the IGD group, the magnitude of specific PITgame effects were positively correlated with IAT scores (rho = 0.39, p = 0.014).
Discussion and Conclusions
Individuals with IGD showed enhanced specific PIT effects related to HCs, which were associated with the severity of addictive symptoms. Our results highlighted the incentive salience of gaming-related cues in IGD.
Abstract
Background and aims
Gaming disorder (GD) is a mental health concern that has been heavily contested by experts. This scoping review synthesizes the literature to identify the structural features of video game design that can contribute to GD. Furthermore, a taxonomy of the structural features implicated with GD is proposed, revised from earlier work.
Methods
Seven databases, in addition to Google Scholar, were searched. Peer-reviewed studies were included if they assessed a link between gaming structural characteristics and GD or a proxy. The final pool included 105 articles.
Results
Avatar creation and customizability, multiplayer characteristics, and reward and punishment features were highly represented in the literature. There was no evidence for three categories in the original taxonomy: support network features, sexual content, and explicit language. Furthermore, structural feature sub-categories emerged that were absent from the previous taxonomy, such as general socialization features, type of virtual world, and in-game currency. Manipulation and control features and presentation features were less represented than social features, narrative and identity features, and reward and punishment features. The reviewers propose two broad classes of addictive gaming structural features: ‘features enhancing in-game immersion and realism’ and ‘gambling-like features’.
Discussion and conclusions
Numerous studies found a relationship between social, narrative and identity, and reward and punishment structural characteristics with GD. Two broad classes of gaming structural features were associated with addiction. The first, ‘features enhancing in-game immersion and realism,’ including social gameplay, avatar creation, storytelling, and graphics/sound. The second, ‘gambling-like features,’ included different mechanisms of rewards-and-punishment.
Abstract
Background and aims
Self-exclusion in gambling disorder (GD) is considered a measure to decrease the negative consequences of gambling behavior. Under a formal self-exclusion program, gamblers request to be banned from accessing to the gambling venues or online gambling.
The aims of the present study are
1) to determine sociodemographic characteristics of a clinical sample of seeking-treatment patients with GD who are self-excluded before arriving at the care unit; 2) to identify personality traits and general psychopathology of this clinical population; 3) to analyze the response to treatment, in terms of relapses and dropouts.
Methods
1,416 adults seeking treatment for GD, who are self-excluded completed screening tools to identify GD symptomatology, general psychopathology, and personality traits. The treatment outcome was measured by dropout and relapses.
Results
Self-exclusion was significantly related to female sex and a high sociodemographic status. Also, it was associated with a preference for strategic and mixed gambling, longest duration and severity of the disorder, high rates of general psychopathology, more presence of illegal acts and high sensation seeking rates. In relation to treatment, self-exclusion was associated with low relapse rates.
Conclusions
The patients who self-exclude before seeking treatment have a specific clinical profile, including high sociodemographic status, highest severity of GD, more years of evolution of the disorder and high emotional distress rates; however, these patients' presents better response to treatment. Clinically, it could be expected that this strategy could be used as a facilitating variable in the therapeutic process.
Abstract
Background and aims
The study aims to thoroughly understand the causal and precedent modifiable risk or protective factors for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD), a newly defined and prevalent mental disorder.
Methods
We performed a systematic review on quality-designed longitudinal studies based on five online databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they addressed IGD, adopted longitudinal, prospective, or cohort study designs, presented modifiable factors of IGD, and reported the effect sizes for correlations. Pooled Pearson's correlations were calculated using the random effects model.
Results
Thirty-nine studies with 37,042 subjects were included. We identified 34 modifiable factors, including 23 intrapersonal factors (e.g., gaming time, loneliness, etc.), 10 interpersonal factors (e.g., peer relationship, social support, etc.), and 1 environmental factor (i.e., school engagement). Age, the male ratio, study region, and study years were significant moderators.
Discussion and conclusions
Intrapersonal factors were stronger predictors than interpersonal and environmental factors. It may imply that individual-based theories are more powerful to explain the development of IGD. Longitudinal research on the environmental factors of IGD was lacking; more studies are warranted. The identified modifiable factors would help to guide effective interventions for IGD reduction and prevention.
Acute mental benefits of aquatic exercises in middle-aged women
A vízitorna akut mentális előnyei középkorú nőknél
ABSTRACT
Background and aims: Aquatic exercises are popular leisure activities worldwide, primarily among women. These activities are especially beneficial for aging people and individuals having difficulties performing land-based exercises. Their physical health benefits have already been documented in the academic literature, but research on their mental health effects is still non-existent. However, leisure exercises promoting mental health are advantageous in a fast-paced and often stressful world. Therefore, in this in-situ (natural life setting) field study, we examined the acute mental benefits of aquatic exercises in 30 voluntary consenting women having a mean age of 57.57 (SD = 12.67) years. Methods: Using a within-participants research design, the subjectively perceived feeling states and felt arousal, along with positive and negative affect, were recorded before and after exercise. Moreover, the personal expectancies regarding the expected feelings after exercise were assessed before the workout to determine the influence of anticipation effects. Results: The findings revealed that core affect and positive affect improved substantially from before to after exercise (p < .001), as confirmed by the large effect sizes (Cohen’s d > 0.80). Negative affect decreased nonsignificantly (p = .062), but it was already low before exercise. Although expectancy scores were high before the exercise class, they did not correlate (p > .05) with the dependent measures’ magnitude of changes (pre-class – post-class scores). Conclusions: These findings suggest that women who participate in an aquatic exercise class report experiencing significant positive changes in their feelings, demonstrating this popular exercise’s acute mental health benefits. Although further controlled research is needed in this area, the current results have promising implications for middle-aged women’s mental health preservation and promotion.
Az Etnikai Csoportok Identitása Kérdőív (MEIM-H) validálása és pszichometriai jellemzői magyarországi roma mintán
The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM): Psychometric properties and validation on a Hungarian Gypsy/Roma sample
ABSZTRAKT
Elméleti háttér: A Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) kérdőív az etnikai identitással kapcsolatos kutatások egyik leggyakrabban alkalmazott módszere. Cél: A tanulmányban bemutatjuk a MEIM 12 tételes változatának magyar fordítását (Etnikai Csoportok Identitása Kérdőív, MEIM-H), valamint a kérdőív validálása során szerzett eredményeket, összefüggéseket és néhány pszichometriai jellemzőt. Módszerek: Az elemzéshez használt adatfelvételt 2019-ben 574 fős, nem-reprezentatív hazai mintán a Kutatópont Kft. végezte. A megkérdezettek magukat roma nemzetiségűnek valló személyek, akik a három legnépesebb magyarországi roma/cigány csoporthoz tartoznak (romungro: 209, oláh: 194, beás: 171 fő). A kérdőívcsomagban a MEIM-H mellett a Reziliencia Skála (CD-RISC), a WHO Jól-lét Index (WBI), valamint az életminőség leírására és a minta demográfiai összetételére vonatkozó kérdések is szerepeltek. Eredmények: A MEIM-H faktorelemzése néhány módszertani kiegészítéssel igazolta (χ 2(48) = 203,748; RMSEA = 0,076; NFI = 0,952; TLI = 0,948; CFI = 0,962) a kérdőív eredeti kétdimenziós szerkezetét. MEIM-H kérdőív belső konzisztenciája egydimenziós mérőeszközként kezelve kifogástalan volt (Cronbach-α = 0,92). Hasonlóan magas megbízhatósági adatokat mutat a két alskála, az Identitáskeresés (Cronbach-α = 0,93), és az Identitás megerősítés (Cronbach-α = 0,80) is. A MEIM-H egydimenziós értéke mérsékelt erősséggel, pozitívan korrelált a CD-RISC-pontszámaival (r s = 0,49; p < 0,001), de nem jelzett sem a WBI, sem az egészségi állapot itemeivel említésre méltó kapcsolatot. Ugyanakkor néhány szociodemográfiai tényező (iskolai végzettség, etnikai hovatartozás, lakóhely típusa és etnikai összetétele stb.) kategóriái között szignifikáns (p < 0,05) különbségeket találtunk a skálapontszámokban. Következtetések: Az eredmények alapján a MEIM kérdőív magyar változata (MEIM-H) érvényes és megbízható mérőeszköznek bizonyult a magyarországi romák körében.
A felnőtt magyar lakosság karaktererősségei – A Karaktererősségek Teszt magyar változatának (VIA-H) validálása
Character strengths of the adult Hungarian population - Validation of the Hungarian version of the Character Strengths Inventory (VIA-H)
ABSZTRAKT
Elméleti háttér: Az önmagát a boldogság és az emberi erősségek tudományaként definiáló pozitív pszichológia egyik legjelentősebb eredménye a karaktererősségek és erények rendszertanának megalkotása. Cél: Tanulmányunk célja megvizsgálni a Karaktererősségek Teszt 24 itemes, rövidített, felnőttekre kidolgozott, magyar változatának (VIA-H) reliabilitását és validitását, valamint e mérőeszköz mentális egészséggel és szociodemográfiai mutatókkal való kapcsolatát magyar mintán. Módszerek: Három önbeszámolós, kérdőíves, online keresztmetszeti vizsgálat részvevői (∑n = 10 911) kitöltötték a Karaktererősségek Teszt 24 itemes változatát, a Globális Jóllét Kérdőívet, a Diener-féle Virágzás Skálát, a Huppert-féle Virágzás Kérdőívet, a Pozitivitás Skálát és a Rövidített Pszichológiai Immunrendszer kérdőívet. Eredmények: Az összesített mintán elvégzett feltáró faktorelemzés négy faktor meglétét igazolta (sajátértékek: 10,82, 1,68, 1,21, 1,09; kumulatív magyarázott varianciaarány: 61,65%), úgymint: Emberiesség, Bölcsesség és tudás, Mértékletesség, valamint Spiritualitás és transzcendencia. A négy skála mindegyik vizsgálatban kiváló belső konzisztenciaértékeket mutatott (0,738 és 0,885 közötti Cronbach-α- és McDonald-ω-értékek). Az almintákon elvégzett konfirmatív faktorelemzések jó illeszkedést mutattak a feltáró faktorelemzés során nyert négyfaktoros modellhez. A skálák alacsonyabb diszkriminációs (43%-os egyedi rész), de kiváló tartalmi validitását sikerült igazolni (r S > 0,5). A válaszadók körében legmagasabbra értékelt erény az Emberiesség, míg a legkevésbé fontosnak tartott erény a Mértékletesség. A nők statisztikai értelemben kismértékben magasabb értékeket adtak az Emberiesség (d(3756,0) = –15,641, p < 0,001, Cohen-d = 0,378), valamint a Spiritualitás és transzcendencia erény skálákra (d(3900,9) = –12,394, p < 0,001, Cohen-d = 0,293), mint a férfiak. A Bölcsesség és tudás erény pozitív irányú kapcsolatot mutatott az iskolázottsági szinttel (r S = 0,211, p < 0,001). Az egyedül élőknél az Emberiesség erény alacsony szintje (M = 4,85, SD = 0,96; F(3; 9825) = 52,27, p < 0,001, η 2 = 0,016) minden más csoporténál szignifikánsan (p < 0,001) alacsonyabb, a házasok átlaga (M = 5,14, SD = 0,78) pedig minden más csoporténál szignifikánsan (p < 0,001) nagyobb volt. Következtetések: A Karakterősségek Teszt rövidített felnőtt magyar változata (VIA-H) megbízható és érvényes mérőeszköznek bizonyult, amely alkalmas az erények és karaktererősségek rendszerének mérésére.
A jógázó nők mentális és testi egészsége a gyakorlási paraméterekkel összefüggésben
Mental and physical health of yoga practitioners women in relation to exercise parameters
ABSZTRAKT
Elméleti háttér: Számos nemzetközi kutatás eredményei szerint a jógagyakorlás megfelelő iránymutatás mellett pozitív hatással van az egészséges emberek testi és lelki állapotára, valamint szerepet játszhat egyes betegségek kiegészítő kezelésében is. A jógázókat felmérő kutatások pozitív irányú összefüggéseket tártak fel több egészségi mutató és a jóga végzésének gyakorisága, részben pedig a jógázással töltött idő között. A női egészség tekintetében a jógázás pozitív hatásúnak bizonyult a depresszió, a szorongás, a stressz és több szomatikus tünet enyhítésében. Célkitűzés: Vizsgálatunk célja a magyar jógázó nők egészsége szubjektív pszichés és testi tünet mutatóinak felmérése, valamint ezen változók összefüggéseinek vizsgálata a tapasztalat és gyakoriság szerint elkülönített csoportok között. Módszerek: A vizsgálati mintát 457 egészséges nő alkotta, átlagéletkoruk 42,28 (SD = 11,72) év, a jógagyakorlók aránya 72,3%, a jógaoktatóké pedig 27,7%. A vizsgálat során a Depresszió Szorongás és Stressz Kérdőívet (DASS-21), a Pozitív és Negatív Affektivitás Skálát (PANAS), egy szubjektív egészségi állapotra vonatkozó kérdést és a Szubjektív Testi Tünet Skálát (PHQ-15) alkalmaztuk. A kialakított csoportok közötti különbségeket Kruskal–Wallis H- és Mann–Whitney U-próbákkal elemeztük. Eredmények: A jógagyakorlással töltött idő szerint kialakított három csoport (kezdő: 1–6 hónap, középhaladó: 7–35 hónap, haladó: ≥3 év) között statisztikailag szignifikáns különbséget találtunk a depresszió (χ 2(2, n = 457) = 23,205; p < 0,001), a szorongás (χ 2(2, n = 457) = 9,489; p = 0,009), a stressz (χ 2(2, n = 457) = 27,224; p < 0,001), a pozitív affektivitás (χ 2(2, n = 456) = 7,689; p = 0,021), a negatív affektivitás (χ 2(2, n = 456) = 46,177; p < 0,001), a szubjektív egészségi állapot (χ 2(2, n = 457) = 28,862; p < 0,001) és a Szubjektív Testi Tünetek skálán elért (χ 2(2, n = 455) = 26,022; p < 0,001) pontszámok között. A jógázás gyakorisága alapján kialakított két csoport (heti 1–2 vs. heti 3–7 alkalom) között szintén szignifikáns páros különbséget találtunk a depresszió (U(1) = 19 148,50; n 1 = 161; n 2 = 295; Z = –3,508; p < 0,001), a stressz (U(1) = 19 588,50; n 1 = 161; n 2 = 295; Z = –3,107; p = 0,002), a pozitív affektivitás (U(1) = 18 189,00; n 1 = 161; n 2 = 294; Z = –4,090; p < 0,001), a negatív affektivitás (U(1) = 18 456,50; n 1 = 161; n 2 = 294; Z = –3,894; p < 0,001), a szubjektív egészségi állapot (U(1) = 18 244,00; n 1 = 161; n 2 = 295; Z = –4,873; p < 0,001) és a Szubjektív Testi Tünetek skálán elért pontszám (U(1) = 19 777,50; n 1 = 160; n 2 = 294; Z = –2,817; p = 0,005) esetében. Közepes hatásnagyságú különbség volt megfigyelhető a negatív affektivitás esetében, és kis hatásnagyságú különbségek a többi mért változónál. Következtetések: A jógázás ajánlható a depresszió, a szorongás, a stressz és a szomatizáció tüneteinek enyhítésére, valamint egy stresszel szembeni lehetséges adaptív megküzdési stratégia az egészséges nők számára. Az eredmények azt sugallják, hogy a hosszabb ideje tartó jógagyakorlás (években), vagy a jóga fizikai gyakorlatainak (ászana) heti többszöri ismétlése (3 vagy több alkalom) adhatja a legnagyobb egészséghasznot.
Abstract
Background and aims
Impaired value-based decision-making is a feature of substance and behavioral addictions. Loss aversion is a core of value-based decision-making and its alteration plays an important role in addiction. However, few studies explored it in internet gaming disorder patients (IGD).
Methods
In this study, IGD patients (PIGD) and healthy controls (Con-PIGD) performed the Iowa gambling task (IGT), under functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We investigated group differences in loss aversion, brain functional networks of node-centric functional connectivity (nFC) and the overlapping community features of edge-centric functional connectivity (eFC) in IGT.
Results
PIGD performed worse with lower average net score in IGT. The computational model results showed that PIGD significantly reduced loss aversion. There was no group difference in nFC. However, there were significant group differences in the overlapping community features of eFC1. Furthermore, in Con-PIGD, loss aversion was positively correlated with the edge community profile similarity of the edge2 between left IFG and right hippocampus at right caudate. This relationship was suppressed by response consistency3 in PIGD. In addition, reduced loss aversion was negatively correlated with the promoted bottom-to-up neuromodulation from the right hippocampus to the left IFG in PIGD.
Discussion and conclusions
The reduced loss aversion in value-based decision making and their related edge-centric functional connectivity support that the IGD showed the same value-based decision-making deficit as the substance use and other behavioral addictive disorders. These findings may have important significance for understanding the definition and mechanism of IGD in the future.
