Social Sciences and Law

Abstract.

Water and rivers have played an essential role in the existence and development of mankind ever since the most ancient times. The first great civilizations emerged along the great rivers: along the Jordan, the Tigris–Euphrates and the Nile in the Middle and East North Africa (and elsewhere, such as along the Ganges-Brahmaputra system). While nowadays this very same region is exposed to probably the most severe water shortage and even scarcity, declining water resources are expected to cause major issues in the region due to the population increase and the effects of climate change. This may soon result in water related local or regional conflicts if not wars. The paper examines what role water plays in the rationale of regional security (sub-)complexes of the Middle East and North Africa, respectively.

Összefoglalás.

A víz és a folyók a legrégebbi idők óta alapvető szerepet játszottak az emberiség létében és fejlődésében. Az első civilizációk a nagy folyók mentén alakultak ki, a Közel-Keleten és Észak-Afrikában a Jordán, a Tigris-Eufrátesz, illetve a Nílus mentén (a világ más térségeiben pl. a Gangesz vagy az Indus mentén). Míg ma ugyanez a térség a legnagyobb vízszűkösségnek, sőt, vízhiánynak van kitéve, a népességnövekedés és a klímaváltozás következtében fogyatkozó vizek hamarosan konfliktusokhoz, szélső esetben vízháborúkhoz vezethetnek. A jelen tanulmány azt vizsgálja, hogy milyen szerepet játszik a víz a Közel-Kelet és Észak-Afrika regionális biztonsági komplexumainak létrejöttében.

Bár a Közel-Kelet és Észak-Afrika régióját számos különböző keretben lehet kijelölni – a történelmi, vallási, kulturális és/vagy politikai jellemzőktől a természeti kincsekig, vagy azok hiányáig –, a három nagy folyamrendszer, a víz és a klímaváltozás következtében egyre növekvő vízszűkösség és vízhiány magukban hordozzák mind az együttműködés, mind a konfliktusok, illetve háborúk (vízháborúk) lehetőségét.

A saját – akár belsőnek is tekinthető – földrajzi jellemzők mellett azonban a térségre gyakorolt külső hatások, elsősorban az európai gyarmatosítás alatt meghúzott államhatárok, azaz a területi állam fogalmának bevezetése, a sok helyen ma is érvényes vízmegosztási egyezmények tovább bonyolították a helyzetet. Az immár száz éve megállapított határok között az államok saját érdekei versengést eredményeztek, ami – az időközben zajló népességrobbanás következtében – egyre súlyosabb érdekellentétekhez vezettek/vezethetnek. Ezek egyik legfontosabb kérdésévé a víz és a vízhez való hozzáférés válik. Így bár a víz nem feltétlenül az elsődleges oka a regionális biztonsági komplexumok kialakulásának, a jövőben egyre fontosabb meghatározóvá válik.

Ugyanakkor a Közel-Kelet és Észak-Afrika három folyamrendszerének mint biztonsági komplexumoknak a hátterében a víz különböző aspektusai állnak. A Jordán-folyó esetében a vízmegosztás problémái és együttműködései alapvetően Izrael Állam megalakulásához, az arab-izraeli háborúkhoz és békefolyamathoz kapcsolódnak. A Tigris-Eufrátesz esetében az 1990-es években a víz elsősorban mint stratégiai szállítási útvonal jelentett biztonságpolitikai kihívást, amennyiben Irak háborúiban az olaj kijuttatása a világtengerekre volt a cél. A Nílus esetében azonban – tulajdonképpen az ókor óta változatlanul – az egyiptomi lakosság vízzel és élelemmel való ellátása, életének biztosítása a cél, miközben Etiópiában – emellett – az ország áramellátása az elsődleges. Azt mondhatjuk tehát, hogy bár a jövő konfliktusainak egyik fő oka valószínűleg a víz lesz/lehet, a víz különböző fenyegetéseket és lehetséges konfliktusokat idézhet elő: az élet és megélhetés veszélyeztetésétől a közlekedésen és szállítmányozáson keresztül az áramellátásáig.

Abstract

The Roman Empire covered a large area, including parts of present-day Hungary. There are many still visible remains in the landscape or in museums. In addition to written sources, there are monuments ranging from objects to architecture, pictures and sculptures. This makes it possible to question and compare the significance of the individual sources. In addition, there is the interdisciplinarity, for many insights are only gained by applying scientific but also linguistic and other reference disciplines. Many things from Roman antiquity seem familiar to us at first glance, especially when it comes to concepts such as the state and the republic, but also to things of everyday life. But on closer inspection, the familiarity disappears when it comes to social rules, behaviour and norms. Therefore, there are lots of opportunities to interest and motivate pupils of different ages to learn about history. Selected examples will show how attractive the Roman period in Hungary can be for pupils.

Abstract

Around the western world various activist groups confront controversial monuments and other mnemonic infrastructures of historical culture representing contested histories and equally contested visions of the future. This article presents an original model for analyzing controversial issues of commemoration in the context of history education. Relying on the theory of historical consciousness, it first presents monuments as a distinctive type of mnemonic infrastructures of historical culture. It then delineates a conceptual model for making sense of various “types” or ways of engaging with these infrastructures: preservational, analytical, hypercritical, and reflexive. These ways of engaging are then analyzed in reference to four competencies of historical consciousness in relation to Jörn Rüsen’s recognized typology (inquiry, historical thinking, orientation, and narrative). The article explains how this new model can be transposed to the context of education so as to help students analyze past and current memorial controversies and ultimately develop more complex ways of engaging with mnemonic infrastructure in society.

Abstract

This paper examines the education of the Hungarian aristocracy in the period from 1790 to 1848. Since the progressive-minded members of this social class, which was highly qualified by European standards, played a significant role in promoting culture and education, especially since the Reform Era, I wanted to find out what educational characteristics underpinned their education. I explored the question of what trends prevailed in the different directions of home education and how the political, social and intellectual challenges and changes in the first half of the 19th century affected private education. In the course of the research, I applied the traditional method of educational history, source and document analysis and the analytical (deductive) research strategy. After studying the Hungarian, German and English literature on the subject, I examined and evaluated the primary sources available in Hungary - diaries, memoirs, journal articles, autobiographical writings, records of foreign travellers, archival and manuscript sources. In addition to asserting their primary power interests and their role as patrons, a small but crucial group of aristocrats took an active role in raising the level of national culture and education. They championed the cause of education, founded educational institutions and thus became mediators of culture for other strata of society. Their education, enlightened thinking and European erudition undoubtedly contributed to their recognition of this role and task and their commitment to it.

Abstract

The international situation of history didactics as an academic discipline is characterized by the fact that many basic disciplinary concepts often differ considerably: The same or similar terms denote different concepts or vice versa comparable concepts not only have various names but also hold different positions in the respective disciplinary framework. The best example of this is history didactics, which is understood as the practical methodology of history teaching in the Anglophone community and an academic subdiscipline of historical science in Germany. This is a considerable obstacle to international research. Since the school subject of World History is taught in many countries, an international comparison of curricula and textbooks deserves great scholarly interest. Therefore, this article tries to deal with the terminological clarification of the concepts of World History, Global History and Big History for the discipline of history didactics. The four most important reasons behind the need for world history teaching are connected to transnational, anti-Eurocentric, decolonisation- and anthropogenic-focused history teaching. The paper discusses different approaches and relationships between world history and national historical viewpoints with the method of curricula comparison. The study programs assigned to national history are usually not explicitly referred to as ‘national history’, but simply as ‘History’. Tacitly equating the respective national history with ‘history’ as such indirectly makes ‘world history’ appear as the history of the ‘others’ rather than as a comprehensive or integrative concept.

Összefoglalás.

Háborús helyzet, pandémia, nem mindig rendelkezésre álló energiahordozók és alapanyagok, infláció, szakképzett munkaerő hiánya és ingadozó rendelésállomány határozza meg a termelő vállalatok külső és belső környezetét. A változások sokszor szinte lehetetlenné teszik a nyereségességet és likviditást elváró vállalati tervezést. Válsághelyzetben, korlátosan rendelkezésre álló és gyorsan változó árú erőforrások esetén előtérbe kerül a működőképesség fenntartása és az üzleti partnerek túlélése. A tanulmány néhány menedzsmenteszközt és trendet vesz számba, amelyek segíthetnek a nehéz helyzetbe került gazdálkodó szervezeteknek.

Summary.

War situations, pandemics, limited availability of energy and raw materials, inflation, shortage of skilled labor, and fluctuating stock order, all determine the external and internal environment of manufacturing companies. Hectic changes often make classical corporate planning, which is based on meeting economic objectives (profit, liquidity), almost impossible. In a crisis situation, with limited resources and rapidly changing prices, the focus is on maintaining functionality, taking into account the survival of business and technological partners. The paper will take stock of some industrial management tools and trends that can bail out seemingly hopelessly distressed business organizations. In addition to articles and textbooks on enterprise and process security, a number of management standards and recommendations for resilience and control business and technology processes have been included in the bibliography. Managers have a triple challenge in this area; to select, integrate and implement management systems that meet the expectations of business partners and help optimize and flexibly transform internal value-creating and service-providing processes on demand. Process management that has been developing in recent decades is not a miracle set in crisis situation. The application of management methods, standards, and the recognition of business and technological trends do not guarantee that substitute resources will be sufficient in the right place and time, and that profitable operations will remain sustainable. However, process-oriented companies with controlled resource allocation and business continuity in mind are more likely to survive times of crisis. Their built-in process control systems bring faster reactions to disadvantageous changes.

Complex production systems are moving towards error-free production. Failures, production and logistical disruptions can be detected more quickly and the root causes localized. Industry 4.0 has several technological components, the integration of which is exploited by these modern industrial production systems. Industry 5.0 focuses on human-machine collaboration and relies on the tools of Industry 4.0. Skilled workers with robots create unique products in the division of labor. Industry 5.0 does not mean the automatic, immediate replacement of old technologies. Previous equipment and production systems can also be integrated into a network using sensors. The coordination of standardised management systems with the technological shift of Industry 4.0 is not a bypass.

Abstract

The study discusses the legal governance of historical memory through the presentation of the phenomenon of memory laws. It reflects on the appearance of these laws in the legal system, emphasizes their different definitions and classifications, at all the levels (constitutional, statutory and quasi-legal), and among various areas of legislation. The paper further points out the context and development of Hungarian memory laws, highlighting the special importance of this legislation in the current political and legal situation as well as potential lessons in the wider European context.

Összefoglalás.

A szerző a két világháború közötti magyar katonai büntetőjog meghatározó jelentőségű törvényét és az ehhez kapcsolódó speciális végrehajtási kérdéseket állítja a középpontba. Az 1931-ben született jogszabály sajátos történelmi és történeti időszakban született meg, hiszen a trianoni békediktátum szinte a teljes ellehetetlenülés határára sodorta Magyarországot. Vitathatatlan, hogy az ezt követő közel egy évtizedig tartó konszolidációs folyamat és annak sikere a XX. századi magyar politikatörténet egy kiemelkedően sikeres időszakaként azonosítható. A történelmi kényszer és Magyarország nemzetbiztonsága minden tiltás ellenére megkövetelte a honi haderő életben tartását, amelynek részeként a speciális jogi környezetet is korszerűsíteni kellett. Az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia idejéből származó normarendszer revízió alá került, és minden szempontból az európai mércéket is meghaladó szabályozás született. Ezeket az anyagi jogi és végrehajtási normákat járja körül a tanulmány, érintve e legfontosabb dogmatikai csomópontokat. Rövid történeti kitekintés után bemutatjuk a katonákra vonatkozó büntetési rendszert, majd a végrehajtásra vonatkozó azon regulák számbavételére kerül sor, amelyből a korabeli katonai büntetőjogi és végrehajtási filozófia jól érzékelhetővé válik. Ennek megfelelően megjelennek többek között az infrastruktúrára, a személyzetre, az elhelyezési körülményekre, a fogvatartottak jogi helyzetére vonatkozó, vagy az intézet szélesebb körben értelmezett biztonságára vonatkozó rendelkezések. A tanulmány végén a jelenleg hatályos megoldás főbb elemeinek esszenciális bemutatása valósul meg, és elvi síkon megfogalmazódik a jövőre vonatkozó nemzetbiztonsági szempontokat is megjelenítő lehetséges irány is.

Summary.

The author focuses on the decisive law of the Hungarian military criminal law between the two World wars, which has been relatively understudied so far, and on its specific implementation issues. The legislation born in 1931 came at a particularly historic time, as the Treaty of Trianon put Hungary almost on the edge of total impossibility. It is indisputable that the process of consolidation for nearly a decade and its success can be identified as an outstandingly successful period in the 20th-century Hungarian political history. Despite all prohibitions, the historic necessity and the national security of Hungary demanded the survival of the national armed force, which required the modernization of the special legal environment. The system of standards from the period of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was revised and the legislation also exceeded the European standards in all aspects. These financial, legal, and execution standards are discussed in this paper, touching upon these key doctrinal points. After a brief historic overview, the punishment system for soldiers is presented, followed by the enumeration of the rules of execution, from which the philosophy of the time of the military penal and execution is framed well. These include the provisions on infrastructure, staff, accommodation conditions, the legal status of the detainees, or the security of the institution in a broader sense. The paper concludes with an essential presentation of the main elements of the current solution and a possible way for the future is formulated.

Abstract

With special focus on free speech, as well as on classroom surveillance (proliferating in the Covid-pandemic digital learning environment), the paper aims to identify contextual dimensions for academic freedom as a matured legal concept – and one to be assessed via a business and human rights approach, due to its peculiar position between the public and private spheres. The project is triggered by the fact that despite its widespread usage in international documents and domestic constitutions, academic freedom remains underdeveloped in terms of conceptual tools, operationalizing mechanisms, monitoring methods and benchmarking schemes. There are also competing notions on how to best conceptualize it: as an individual right, a set of requirements for autonomous institutional design, a field to be regulated for market service providers or public commodities, a tool for international policy making, or academic ranking – not to mention the challenge of how to incorporate challenges brought by social justice movements. These considerations all require different policy tools and adjacent legal targeting.

Abstract

Investigating disadvantaged children is a priority area concerning education and health. However, little attention has been paid to pandemic-specific research in recent years. In the present study, we aim to explore the attitudes toward distance education in a sample (N = 305) of 7–8th grade students studying in disadvantaged settlements concerning the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic. Attitudes towards distance education were measured using a 16-item tool. Factor analysis was applied to detect the factors of attitudes towards distance education. Variables influencing these factors were measured by linear regression analysis including well-being, perceived stress and support, academic achievement, and sociodemographic background. The results indicate that four factors (learning difficulties, poor health, time saving and safety, and distance learning preference) can be distinguished. The effects of gender, type of settlement, deprivation and objective financial status is significant regarding distance learning preference and perceptions of poor health. Regarding health indicators, a protective role of support from teachers and a hindering role of stress indicators were found. The role academic performance was insignificant. Overall, the factors influencing attitudes towards distance education partly follow the trends of the factors influencing perceptions of traditional education. However, it is necessary to stress the crisis nature of the pandemic.