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In the broadest sense, social sciences encompass society, human behavior, and its influence on the world. Social sciences help understand how society works, ranging from the causes of unemployment, economic growth, what makes people happy, and so on. The information it provides is vital for governments and policymakers, non-governmental organizations, and local authorities.

Social Sciences and Law

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DORA.

Dilemmák a kutatás értékelésében

DORA: Dilemmas in Research Assessment

Educatio
Author:
Tamás Kozma

Idén tízéves a DORA, a San Franciscó-i természettudósok nyilatkozata a kutatások értékeléséről. A tanulmány bemutatja ennek a szervezetnek a keletkezését, tevékenységét, eredményeit és törekvéseit. A DORA az egyre szélsőségesebben kvantifikálódó kutatásértékelés helyett/mellett a kvalitatív értékelés fontosságát hangsúlyozza, bemutatva annak lehetőségeit és előnyeit. Hároméves projektje alternatív értékelési eljárásokat dolgoz ki; esettanulmányai pedig válogatott egyetemek értékelési gyakorlatát ismerteti a kutatások értékelésében. A DORA hálózata több tízezer személy és intézmény együttműködését fogja össze, amelyek valamennyien a kutatásértékelések és a pályázati bírálatok reformjára törekszenek, illetve azt sürgetik.

Open access

A felsőoktatás és a tudomány értékelése körüli harcok Franciaországban

The Struggles in France over the Evaluation of Higher Education and Science

Educatio
Author:
Iván Bajomi

A II. világháború után a francia állami kutatóhálózat égisze alatt a tudományos tevékenységek értékelésére olyan rendszert hoztak létre, amelynek működtetésében az oktatók és kutatók közösségei játszottak meghatározó szerepet. Az USA-béli egyetemek mintájából kiindulva az 1980-as években egy elkülönült értékelési szervezetet hoztak létre. A felsőoktatás területén működő szervezet által végzett, a SWOT-elemzések módszertanát középpontba állító értékelések az intézmények működésmódjának fejlesztését voltak hivatva elősegíteni. Két évtizeddel később viszont egy olyan, az akadémiai szféra valamennyi szférájában működtetett értékelési ügynökséget állítottak fel, amely nemcsak SWOT-elemzéseket készített, hanem különféle indikátorok alkalmazásával a kutatóhelyek rangsorolására is vállalkozott. Más, korabeli franciaországi tudománypolitikai intézkedésekhez hasonlóan az új ügynökség működése is komoly tiltakozásokat váltott ki az akadémiai szférában. Ezek hatására a 2012-es kormányváltást követően az egyetem- és tudományértékelési ügynökség működéséből kiiktatták az intézmény-rangsorolást, amely a kutatási támogatások elosztása terén elősegítheti az intézmények közötti egyenlőtlenségek növekedését.

Open access

A finn felsőoktatási értékelőrendszer

The Finnish Performance-based Research Funding System

Educatio
Authors:
Péter Sasvári
and
Anna Urbanovics

2015 óta Finnországban is megjelenik a Publication Forum nevű minősítési és osztályozási rendszer, amely a kvantitatív kimutatások mellett támogatja a kutatási eredmények minőségi értékelését is. A rendszer a „norvég modellhez” hasonló, és a teljesítményalapú kutatási finanszírozás elemeként játszik szerepet az országban. A modell négy kategória között differenciál és helyezi el az egyes tudományos megjelenési felületeket. Kutatásunk célja rámutatni, hogy a finn rendszer hogyan és milyen mértékben orientálja kutatóit a tudományos kiválóság felé. Az elemzés módszertanát tudománymetriai adatokon alapuló leíró statisztika adja, amely elsősorban a folyóiratkiadók és országaik megoszlására fókuszál.

Eredményeink azt mutatják, hogy a topkategóriában dominálnak a nemzetközi szinten vezető hagyományos kiadók (elsősorban a Big Five: Elsevier, Springer Nature, Taylor and Francis, Wiley és Sage), illetve azt is láthatjuk, hogy a regionális lapok, valamint a megafolyóiratok ezzel szemben leértékeltek. Megfigyelhetjük a nyugat-európai – főleg a brit – folyóiratok felértékelődését is. A tanulmány érdekessége, hogy a finn értékelési rendszer szerint vizsgáljuk a hazai intézmények (16 egyetem) teljesítményét is.

Open access

A hallgatók közötti tudásátadás vetületei egy gazdasági felsőoktatási intézményben

Aspects of Knowledge Transfer between Students in a Business Higher Education Institution

Educatio
Authors:
Aidana Kusmangazynova
,
Tímea Juhász
, and
Csilla Czeglédi

A tudásátadás fontossága és tanulmányozása napjainkban a kutatások középpontjába került. A felsőoktatási intézmények e folyamat bástyái. Empirikus vizsgálatunk elméleti megalapozása során a bevett fogalmak tisztázását követően Magyarország egyik legnagyobb gazdasági intézményében végeztünk kutatást. A hallgatói tudástranszfer egyes elemeire fókuszáltunk. Elemzésünkben nem a hatások azonosítására törekszünk, hanem a tudásátadás intenzitásának bemutatására egy felsőoktatási intézményben, nemcsak az oktató-hallgató, hanem a hallgató-hallgató dimenziójában is. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy szükség van rá, hogy a tanulókat arra ösztönözzük, hogy aktívan osszák meg egymással tudásukat az órák után is. A jelenlegi rendszerben a hallgatók egymás közötti tudásátadása ugyan nem aktív része az intézményinek, de a kialakított ösztönzési rendszerek és az oktatók már hatnak a hallgatók egyetemen belüli és kívüli tudásmegosztására.

Open access

Kalandozások Tudománymetriában

Wandering in Scientometria

Educatio
Author:
Attila Zsoldos

Az esszé bemutatja, miként hatolt be a tudománymetria a bölcsészettudományok korábban érintetlen világába az elmúlt közel másfél évtizedben. Magyarországon a tudománymetriai teret 2016 óta az impaktfaktor használatát felváltó „szakterületi folyóiratrangsor” uralja. Az előbbit a bölcsészettudományok esetében nem alkalmazták, az utóbbi használatát azonban a bölcsészettudományokra is kiterjesztették a tudományos teljesítmény értékelése, s így a tudományfinanszírozás terén. A döntés indokolatlan, szakszerűtlen és méltánytalan volt, mivel a „szakterületi folyóiratrangsor” éppúgy összeegyeztethetetlen a bölcsészettudományok hagyományos publikációs szokásaival, miként az volt az impaktfaktor is. A „szakterületi folyóiratrangsor”-ra alapozott teljesítményértékelés során a bölcsészettudományok művelői esetében a valóságos teljesítménynek csupán töredéke kerül a vizsgálat látókörébe, így annak eredménye szükségképpen torz lesz. A „szakterületi folyóiratrangsor” használata hátrányos helyzetbe hozza a bölcsészettudományokat más tudományterületekkel szemben, hosszú távon pedig kártékonyan befolyásolja a bölcsészettudományok fejlődését.

Open access

A kulturális és gazdasági tőke jellegzetességei a Szegedre járó, magyar állampolgársággal is rendelkező szerbiai hallgatók körében

Characteristics of Cultural and Economic Capital Among Serbian Students with Dual Hungarian Citizenship

Educatio
Author:
Anita Hegedűs

A határon túli magyar hallgatók egyedi csoportot alkotnak a magyar felsőoktatási szektorban: lakhelyükhöz képest külföldön folytatják tanulmányaikat, azonban hasonló kulturális környezetbe érkeznek, anyanyelvükön tanulnak. A Szegedi Tudományegyetem határon túli hallgatói között legnagyobb arányban Szerbiából érkező diákokat találunk a határ közelsége miatt. Tanulmányunkban a szegedi egyetemen tanuló, nappali tagozatos, kettős magyar állampolgárságú hallgatókat vizsgáló kutatásunk eredményeinek egy szeletét mutatjuk be: a gazdasági és kulturális tőkéjük mellett magaskulturális fogyasztásukat is vizsgáljuk. Célunk bemutatni, hogy a korábbi vizsgálatokhoz képest milyen jellegzetességekkel bírnak, magas(abb) kulturális és gazdasági tőkével rendelkeznek-e.

Open access

„A mindenséggel mérd magad!”

Kritikai gondolatok a tudományos teljesítmény méréséről

“Measure Yourself with the All”: Critical Reflections on Assessment of Academic Output

Educatio
Author:
László Csaba

A tudományos teljesítmény mérésére és az ezen alapuló értékelésekre egyre nagyobb a társadalmi igény szerte a világon. Ez összefügg a kutatás jelnetőségének felismerésével, az oktatásra és kutatásra fordítható összegek korlátosságával, és a kutatással foglalkozó állami és magánszervezetek körének bővülésével. Az egyre inkább globálissá váló rendszerben az objektívnek tűnő mércék és mutatók alapján létrehozott rangsoroknak növekvő szerepük van a hallgatók és a kutatók tájékoztatásában, valamint a kutatás anyagi feltételeinek biztosításában. E helyzetben a sajnos rendkívüli méreteket öltő szakszerűtlenség veszélyei megsokszorozódnak.

Open access

A professzori egyetemtől a menedzseri egyetemig

From the Professorial University to the Managerial University

Educatio
Author:
Tamás Kozma
Open access

A számok bűvöletében.

Bevezetés a Tudományértékelés számhoz

Under the Spell of Numbers.

Introduction to the Scientific Performance Measurement Issue
Educatio
Author:
István Polónyi

A tanulmány először áttekinti a tudománymetria kialakulását és annak hatásait. Rámutat az írás arra, hogy olyan tudományos teljesítménymérésre van szükség, amely túllép a vulgáris, a minőségre és a tudományági sajátosságokra nem tekintő tudománymetrián. Ezután az írás bemutatja a hazai tudománymetria kialakulását, majd elemzi a magyar publikációs teljesítményt nemzetközi összehasonlításban, rámutatva, hogy a tudománymetriában mért teljesítmények alapvetően a forrásnagysággal vannak kapcsolatban. A minőségi mutatók esetében pedig elsősorban az egy kutatóra vetített KF ráfordításoknak látszik szerepe lenni. Végül a tanulmány felvillantja a hazai felsőoktatási intézményi teljesítménymérés néhány jellemzőjét. Az írás zárásként rámutat, hogy az elmúlt több mint tíz év magyar tudomány- és felsőoktatás-politikája voluntarista teljesítménykövetelményeket és értékelést próbál meghonosítani ahelyett, hogy egy differenciált felsőoktatás-politikával és felsőoktatás-értékeléssel igyekezne a hazai felsőoktatás fejlődését előmozdítani.

Open access
Educatio
Authors:
Péter Kádár-Csoboth
and
Gergely Kováts

2021-ben egyszerre három fontos külső tényező is arra ösztönözte a magyar felsőoktatási intézmények egy részét, hogy kialakítsák, illetve, ha korábban létezett, akkor megújítsák teljesítménymérési és ösztönzési gyakorlatukat. Egyrészt megújult a finanszírozási rendszer, amely konkrét mutatószámokhoz és célértékek teljesítéséhez rendelte az elérhető állami támogatások jelentős részét. Másrészt jelentős, 2026-ig tervezhetőnek ígért, szabadon felhasználható többletforrás jutott az egyetemekhez, amelyet a bérrendezésen túl akár ösztönzésre, jutalmazásra is fordíthattak. Harmadrészt átalakult az egyetemek fenntartói-irányítási struktúrája, mégpedig a hatékonyság, a minőség és a teljesítményelv hangsúlyozása mellett. Tanulmányunkban vizsgáljuk, hogy ezek a tényezők várhatóan hogyan hatnak az intézményi teljesítménymenedzsment-rendszerek fejlődésére – beleértve az egyéni szintű teljesítményértékelési rendszereket –, és milyen alapvető dilemmák jellemzik az implementációs folyamatokat.

Open access

A teljesítménykormányzás és -menedzsment újragondolása a felsőoktatásban

Rethinking the Performance Governance and Management in Higher Education

Educatio
Author:
Ildikó Hrubos
Open access

Tudományértékelés – Absztraktok angolul

Scientific performance measurement – Abstracts in English

Educatio
Open access

A tudománymérés varázsa

The Magic of Scientific Research

Educatio
Author:
Gabriella Rosta
Open access

Tudománymetria és tudományszociológia

Science Metrics and Sociology of Science

Educatio
Author:
Péter Tibor Nagy

Mindig jelen volt a tudományra vonatkozó adatok számszerűsítése, de a 20. század előtt a tudományos produkciók elsöprő többségét nem hivatásos tudósok, hanem „civilek” alkották meg, így a mennyiségi jelzés mint „alkalmazási kritérium” nem használtatott – ugyanis a tudományos produktumokat megalkotók nagy részénél fel sem merült, hogy tudósként alkalmazzák őket. A tudománymetria előzményei az eredetileg civil tudomány nagyüzemszerűsödésével, „hivatali feladattá” válásával állnak kapcsolatban, a tudományszociológiai megjelenése pedig azzal – a kiemelten közép-európai élménnyel –, hogy egyetlen tudományos életpályán belül feltűnően sok „rendszerváltáshoz” kell alkalmazkodni, ez csábít a „szaktudományon kívüli” magyarázatokra, a versengő magyarázatokat pedig „validálni” kell. Az esszé második felében egy 2013-as európai kutatás az (Interco-SSH) szubjektív történetét nyújtjuk, mely egy prozopografikus tudományszociológiai adattár felépítéséhez vezetett.

Open access

Abstract

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for teachers can improve teaching and wider school practices. However, within developing country contexts, research on the CPD practices of vocational teachers remains limited. This study therefore investigated the CPD practices of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) teachers in Kenya, focusing on the content, outcomes and effectiveness of their CPD practices. Adopting a questionnaire survey approach, data was collected from 170 TVET teachers drawn from six TVET institutes in Kenya's Nairobi Metropolitan Area.

TVET teachers in Kenya were found to more frequently focus their CPD on subject content knowledge and less frequently on pedagogical knowledge. Their CPD activities are not always effective as the CPD activities often do not involve active learning and collaboration, and are not always of sufficient duration. Cluster analysis showed that for some teachers, CPD activities are rarely effective and result in limited impact on practice. However, Initial Teacher Education was found to encourage teachers to focus on broader content and to adopt more effective CPD practices.

To improve the effectiveness of TVET teacher CPD practices in Kenya, it is recommended that TVET teachers in Kenya are supported to adopt active and collaborative learning activities that are spread over extended time durations.

Open access

Az állami és nem állami szereplők újragondolt szerepe a biztonság megteremtésében és fenntartásában.

PhD kutatási jelentés

Rethinking the role of state and non-state actors in creating and maintaining security.

Research report
Scientia et Securitas
Author:
Zsolt Lippai

Összefoglalás.

A KDP keretén belül végzett kutatómunkám fókuszában a biztonság megteremtése és fenntartása állami és nem állami szereplői tevékenységének jelenkori állapotanalízise, a komplementer rendészeti szereplők rendészeti szerveket tehermentesítő, nemzetgazdasági szempontból is meghatározó jelentőségű vizsgálata áll. Jelen tanulmányomban az ezzel megegyező tartalmú PhD-kutatásom eredményeiről számolok be, kutatási jelentés formájában.

Summary.

The focus of my research within the framework of the KDP is the analysis of the current state of the activities of state and non-state actors in the creation and maintenance of security, and the analysis of the role of complementary law enforcement actors in relieving the burden on law enforcement agencies, which is of crucial importance from a national economic point of view. In this paper I report the results of my PhD research with the same content in the form of a research report.

I will point out that law enforcement, and thus the state actors in the creation of our security, and in particular the activities of the police, have been and are being dealt with in many different ways. However, only a small number of police researchers have focused their attention on non-state actors in the field of security, on the specialised bodies and ‘peripheries’ of policing, and on the use of methods other than those that might be called traditional policing. The joint work of state and non-state actors, the complementary and mutually reinforcing role of the police in creating and maintaining our common security, and the possibility of rethinking the respective roles are also areas that have been little researched. My PhD research seeks to fill this gap, bearing in mind the fact that law enforcement practitioners expect the Doctoral School of Police Studies to provide recommendations for applied research that can be used in everyday practice.

In my gap-filling research, I will explore my research questions and hypotheses in an unconventional way by drawing on what I consider to be relevant, almost half a thousand domestic and foreign source materials, personal interviews, study trips and the experience of an expert survey.

I will reflect on the significance of private security research and then move back in time to examine the development of the concept of policing over time. I will juxtapose key ideas from works that are perhaps little known to many, but which are still of great scientific value today. In a comparative analysis of state and non-state actors in the field of security, I will present the actors of complementary policing, the ‘stepchildren of policing’, and I will focus on the experience of the domestic organisation of a major sporting event, EURO2020, which attracts large crowds. Internationally, I will look at the development of the public and private security sectors in Estonia, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, Bulgaria, England and Canada, and the activities of private military companies. On the basis of all these research experiences, I will interpret the functioning of the security industry, the value added by private security and thus the new structure of policing in the light of the “Security Rethought” questionnaire survey.

Based on my research, I will attempt to unpack and explain the mechanisms of the relationship between state and non-state actors in the creation and maintenance of security. By interpreting the path to date and suggesting a possible future, I try to combine an academic approach with the knowledge that emerges from the work of practitioners. Emphasising the scientific need for change and improvement, and the fusion of dogmatics and practice, I seek, in the framework of this research, to address some of the issues that I consider controversial and, as a result of this confrontation, to stimulate further research and the development of alternative solutions for those who are open to the development of the emerging science of policing, by setting out the legislative and theoretical problems of the subject.

Open access

Erőművek üzemeltetése és fejlesztése, problémák vagy kihívások?

Power plant operation and development, problems or challenges?

Scientia et Securitas
Authors:
Csaba Kiss
and
Szabolcs Molnár

Összefoglalás.

Napjainkban az energetikai kérdések soha nem látott publicitást kaptak. Szinte nem találunk olyan sajtóorgánumot, melyben az energetikát érintő dilemmák ne lennének a témák fókuszában. E kiemelt szerepet az indokolja, hogy nincs már olyan emberi tevékenység, amihez ne lenne szükség energiára. Ráadásul egyre fokozódó mértékben használunk fel energiát mechanikai munkavégzésre, ipari célokra, fűtésre, világításra, s ez a mai civilizáció fejlődésének egyik igen jellemző vonása. Az energetika klasszikus műszaki szerepén túl az egyik legösszetettebb tudományág. Az energia-társadalom-gazdaság-környezetvédelem négyes fogalmi rendszere úgy biztosítja a fenntarthatóságot, mint az asztal négy lába az asztallap stabilitását. Ha bármelyik láb megsérül, szerkezeti instabilitás következik be. Vagyis az energetika „asztallábainak” stabilitására ügyelnünk kell, mert így biztosíthatjuk a fenntartható fejlődést.

Summary.

Nowadays, energy issues are receiving unprecedented publicity. It is almost impossible to find a press product that does not focus on energy dilemmas. This prominence is justified by the fact that there is no human activity that does not require energy. In addition, the increasing use of energy for mechanical work, industrial purposes, heating and electricity is a very characteristic feature of the development of civilisation today. There is a demonstrable correlation between the standard of living of the population of each country and per capita energy consumption, with productivity being a close function of the kW value per worker.

Today, it is getting increasingly important to ensure the sustainability of development, being one of the prerequisites for this is the availability of the sufficient quantity and quality of energy. At the dawn of the third millennium, society has reached the point where we cannot imagine life without the availability of different energy sources, and the use of energy, or the consumption of energy, has become part of our daily routine.

Just think it over, what we will do if we find ourselves without electricity, even for a short time - in everyday terms, “There is a power cut”. We immediately reach for our battery-powered mobile phones and call our neighbours and the electricity company to find out when we will have electricity again. We have to admit that we cannot live without energy these days.

In our article, we have summarised the main challenges for the operation and development of power plants. In the course of our work and our writing, we have made a kind of inventory. A clear direction can be seen, whereby all alternative technologies are getting more and more important in the global electricity mix.

However, we must face up to the challenges and difficulties, which must be seen not as problems but as tasks to be solved. Neither in energetics nor in other engineering fields should we delude ourselves. In our opinion, questions arising in the fields of technical sciences and engineering fields, will be answered and completed by investigations based on realities and facts, and the problems that arise will be solved and treated as challenges.

Beyond its classical technical role, energetics is one of the most complex disciplines, which is based on the knowledge of several specialized fields. The four concepts of energy-society-economy-environment ensure sustainable development such as the four legs of a table ensure the stability of a tabletop. If any one of the legs is damaged, structural instability will occur in the stability of the table. In other words, we must take care of the stability of the energy sector’s “table legs”, because this is the way we ensure sustainable development.

Open access

A vállalati biztonsági háló meghatározó tényezői

Determining factors of the corporate safety-net

Scientia et Securitas
Author:
Ágnes Kemendi

Összefoglalás.

A ma vállalata dinamikusan változó üzleti és kockázati környezetben működik, behálózzák az információs és kommunikációs technológiák. Mindez a biztonság területén is felkészültséget igényel. A sikeres vállalati működés fontos pillére a kívánt biztonsági szint megteremtése és fenntartása. Jelen tanulmány szakértői kutatás eredményeit tartalmazza, és a megalapozott elmélet módszertana alapján készült. A kutatás a nyereségorientált vállalatok szemszögéből vizsgálja a biztonság kérdéskörét, javaslatokat tesz, eszközöket mutat ebben a dinamikus és innovatív környezetben a biztonsági kérdések kezelésére, és azonosítja a vállalatot behálózó belső kontrollrendszer, az ún. vállalati biztonsági háló meghatározó tényezőit. A kutatás lényeges megállapítása, hogy a vállalati biztonsági háló kulcseleme a vezetői elkötelezettség.

Summary.

A company of these days operates in a dynamically changing business- and risk environment, surrounded by information and communication technologies; all this calls for thorough grounding in the field of security. This study contains the results of expert research and was prepared based on the methodology of grounded theory. The research examines the matter of security from the perspective of profit-oriented companies; makes suggestions and shows tools on how to ensure the smooth handling of security matters in this dynamic and innovative environment, and furthermore identifies what is the determining factor in the digital age behind the operation of the internal control system that encompasses the company, the so-called corporate safety-net. Security represents value for companies, its economic benefit must be shown to decision-makers. Resiliency is important from business and security perspective as well.

The safe operation of business processes requires the appropriate management of related risks, i.e., controlled processes, tools, or appropriate management of human risks are necessary. A network-like relationship can be identified between the key factors of corporate security. Safe operation requires safety-conscious, and rule-following behaviour of the human factors. Staying up-to-date in the digital era requires both up-to-date digital technology solutions and up-to-date users and developers of the solutions. This can be ensured through continuous learning and development. The security aspects of digital transformation projects should be diligently managed from the very beginning of the development process of the digital solution, as well as people should accept and support the changes. The design and operational testing of controls are the keys to ensure safe operation later on.

The key finding of the research is that the key element of the corporate safety-net is top management commitment that is the most important factor determining a company’s safety culture and corporate security.

Open access

Abstract

The peaceful settlement of disputes is one of the principles enumerated in the Charter of the United Nations, and the Security Council is entrusted with significant powers to achieve this goal. In today's world, accusations of human rights violations have become one of the primary challenges among nations in terms of upholding sovereignty. In accordance with the United Nations Charter, the Security Council may be called upon by the parties to a dispute, the General Assembly, or the Secretary-General, or it can act ex officio to seek a peaceful resolution or adjust a situation through peaceful means. If the Security Council determines that the situation or dispute in question may constitute a threat to international peace and security, it may invoke its powers under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of the Security Council's competence and the powers it possesses when carrying out its conciliatory role in cases involving human rights violations by a Member State and conflicts that may arise regarding the interpretation and application of the United Nations Charter.

Open access

Abstract

Article 6(2) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child places an obligation on countries to ensure the survival and development of the child. The right underlines the importance of ensuring that children's rights to health, an adequate standard of living, access to basic services and education are respected in all circumstances. In addition, it requires effective national and international implementation.

These provisions are included in section 4 of the Child's Right Act to ensure optimum protection for children in Nigeria. Nonetheless, children's rights have been drastically affected by the Boko-Haram insurgency. This has resulted in death, abduction, displacement of, and violence against children. Moreover, the prevalence of malnutrition, food scarcity, diseases, and lack of access to water, sanitation, health care, and education remains a challenge.

Accordingly, this paper seeks to examine the efficacy of the laws and policies in place to protect children's right to survival and development in Nigeria. It argues that despite the existing legal and policy framework for protecting children's rights, there has been little focus on the best interest standard in the attainment of the rights of the child. The paper recommends a child-centric approach to adequately provide protection for children in conflict-plagued zones in Nigeria.

Full access

Abstract

New technologies based on digitalization, automation, and artificial intelligence have fundamentally transformed our lives and society as a whole, in just a few decades. These technologies support human well-being and prosperity by enhancing progress and innovation, however, they also have the potential to negatively impact human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. Discrimination, the violation of privacy, increasing surveillance, the weakening of personal autonomy, disinformation and electoral interference are but a few of the many concerns. This paper examines the specific human rights implications of AI-driven systems through the lens of the most important international instruments adopted by the UN and regional human rights mechanisms. The paper shows how AI can affect the exercise of all human rights, not only a most obvious few. In line with major international organizations, the author calls on decision-makers to take a precautionary approach by adopting AI regulations that are consistent with the standards of fundamental human rights, and that balance the realization of the opportunities with the potential risks which AI presents.

Open access

Abstract

It is an obvious statement that children are disproportionately affected by changes in their environment, due to their incomplete maturity, evolving capacities, vulnerabilities derived from their age and special developmental needs. Changes in temperature, air and water quality, and access to proper nutrition are likely to have more severe and long-term impacts on children's health, development and well-being, since they basically determine the enjoyment of the right of the child to a healthy environment. The impacts of climate change clearly undermine the effective enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter: UN CRC) and its Optional Protocols, including the rights to life, survival and development (art. 6), to family relations and the right not to be separated from one's parents against one's will (arts. 9–10), the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), an adequate standard of living (art. 27), education (art. 28), freedom from any form of violence or exploitation (arts. 19, 32 and 34–36), the right to recreation and play (art. 31) and the enjoyment of one's culture (art. 30). The climate crisis has been declared as child rights crisis, although children bear the least responsibility for it.

The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child has clearly identified climate change as one of the biggest threats to children's health and has urged States Parties to put children's health concerns at the centre of their climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. 1 Despite data and research explicitly linking environmental harm to child rights violations, increasing knowledge of environmental crises and existing numerous international agreements, the common understanding of the clear relationship between children's rights and the environment is still questionable and obscure. 2 In this paper we have gathered the binding international documents which clearly show the close link between children's rights and climate change, and we also analyze the measures taken by the relevant treaty-monitoring body within the field of children's rights. The main outcome of this paper is to give an introduction and an extended overview of the relevant international norms adopted by the environmental ‘crossroads’ of children's rights.

Open access

Abstract

Within a framework of rights that protects children's interests and seek to balance their developing interests in welfare and agency, I consider how contexts of war impact children's lives to argue that such contexts provide opportunities to advance or set back both the development of moral powers, namely capacities for a sense of justice and a conception of the good, and capacities for autonomy. Besides an interest in satisfying their basic needs and protection, children have an interest in developing their moral powers and growing into autonomous agents. Evidence shows great variation in children's responses to traumatic circumstances, from severe psychological disorders to enhanced resiliency and moral reasoning. As moral powers and autonomy ground the permissibility for paternalistic treatment and the exclusion of children from certain rights, I argue that once the war is over children are entitled to an adequate assessment of how their interests and capacities have changed. For children whose development was set back, states should grant opportunities for recovery and further development, which suggests strengthening welfare and protection rights; while for children whose development was advanced, states should recognize such advancement and grant opportunities for the exercise of their newfound capacities, which suggests granting certain agency rights alongside welfare and protection.

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Abstract

This essay aims to compare the constitutional interpretation techniques used by the Italian Constitutional Court and the Hungarian one, facing the advancing of populist claims in Europe. After introducing the differences between the exercise of sovereignty in constitutional legal systems towards populistic regimes, the authors analyse some paradigmatic cases in which Constitutional Courts reacted to populistic waves. Through comparing the different legal instruments adopted to interpret the Constitution, this paper will therefore test the Italian and Hungarian legal system's concrete democratic evolution.

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Abstract

In the 21st century, the two administrative instruments that have the greatest impact on the legal situation of members of society, administrative enforcement and administrative legislation, have been and are being confronted with a number of social challenges (global economic crisis, refugee crisis, epidemics and pandemics). The challenges of the 21st century require public intervention to provide a rapid, accurate and effective response to the problems that arise, while ensuring legality and the protection of the rights of the citizens. The first responses to social problems are provided by sectoral regulations, which may conflict with general rules of administrative procedure. The study analyses administrative decisions of general scope in the light of special sectoral regulation and review the points of conflict with general rules of administrative procedure. The study concludes with a proposal.

Open access

Abstract

This paper aims to show the importance of a correct understanding of formally undefined EU labour law norms for the successful European integration of Ukraine. The analysis focuses on legal acts of the European Union. The drawbacks of the inequality of approaches to determining the content of norms with evaluative concepts are highlighted, as is the need to use doctrinal recommendations for the application of evaluative provisions with the purpose of preventing the misconception that evaluative concepts can be interpreted as, and to whom, it pleases. This article thus demonstrates the necessity of the analysis of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the EU, which is rich in the interpretation of evaluative concepts and is considered to help clarify the meaning of many terms of labour law, which, due to their undefined formulation, may cause difficulties in implementing them in the legal system of Ukraine.

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Abstract

While the complexity of the methodological and legislative-technical apparatus of conflict of laws has, in the eyes of its critics, created an aura of impermeability, they are, in fact, instruments through which a relationship to the foreign is conveyed and articulated. However, conflict of laws is not an immutable system of rules but rather a technique that undergoes varying degrees of development depending on the changing premises on which it is built. These are notably defined by different approaches to the values that frame the conflicts resolution. Depending on these values, the available instruments of conflict of laws are used to achieve different objectives. This results not only in a confluence of different methods but also in changes within a particular method. Against the backdrop of the value transformations of conflict of laws, this paper seeks to demonstrate that the abandonment of methodological purism of conflict of laws necessarily entails the abandonment of relational purism towards the foreign. By contrast, insofar as transformations within the dominant multilateral method are concerned, it is argued that the changes in value orientation have not led to a fundamental change in the nature of the relationship to the foreign.

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Abstract

The article deals with a very up-to-date issue, the ‘voice of the child’, i.e. the implementation of the child's right to be heard in parental responsibility matters and cases. My aim is to find an answer to the question of how the Hungarian codification, judiciary and academic legal literature have changed over the last decade and how they have adapted to the modern child-focused standards. The significance of the topic emerges from the fact that both the exercise and the rendering of parental responsibilities is somehow problematic in many families and this difficulty is burdened by the requirements of child-friendly justice. The issues dealt with in this paper concern the significance of the child's right to be heard, the necessity of the child's hearing, the connection between the child's protection and child's hearing, the difficulty of determination whether the child is capable of forming his or her own views, the direct and indirect hearing of the child and the difference between the child's hearing and the child's voice.

Open access

Abstract

This study aims to ascertain the research trends of articles on scientific literacy in primary schools. In the study, both bibliometric and content analysis techniques were employed. In the Web of Science database, 145 studies conducted between 1993 and 2021 and 60 studies conducted between 2002 and 2021 were included in the content analysis for bibliometric analysis. According to the findings, there is a rising interest in scientific literacy in primary schools. Bybee, R., and McCrae, B., were the most cited authors in this study. The United States was the most frequently cited country, and the Australian Council for Educational Research was the most frequently cited institution. Few mixed studies have been conducted on the topic of scientific literacy, as qualitative studies have dominated the field. As sample groups, primary school students and college graduates were favored. The study concluded that scientific literacy in primary school is mostly promoted by organizations, journals or authors in developed countries. The results of the study were discussed in light of the relevant literature, and suggestions for further studies were offered.

Open access

Abstract

In light of the debates on the “feminisation of religion” that have animated historiography, during the Restoration one can distinguish two educational strategies towards the education of women. On the one hand, we can make out a symbolic system in which women, whether religious or married, fulfilled values that the male part of society seemed to deny or have forgotten. The same period, especially through the social action of the new religious congregations, saw an activity and a visibility that could not be attributed to a political dimension, but rather to a pre-political one. The relationship between women and the sacred conferred legitimacy on the reclusion of women, that is, the need for a confinement which constituted the physical and symbolic element of the continuity between the education given in monastic institutions and that of many nineteenth-century boarding schools for young women. Women's action outside the classroom belonged more to the sphere of the symbolic than to that of the useful, and, in any case, were founded on an essentially individual type of relationship.

Open access

Abstract

The author analyses the education of aristocracy in Croatia and Slavonia from the late 18th century until 1918. Education played a vital role in the mindset and lifestyle of aristocracy, and in retaining its elite position in the political, social, cultural, economic and military aspect, to name just some. Aristocrats were trained to become the pillars of society, they had private tutors and teachers, and often finished the gymnasium but did not necessarily continue their schooling at a higher level. Reforms of enlightened absolutism, which opened career chances for lesser nobility and burghers and the rise of well-educated and economically successful modern middle class after 1848, forced the aristocracy to keep pace. However, it still preferred traditional studies of philosophy, law or, to a much lesser extent, theology and was losing its dominant role in the field of arts as well.

Open access

Case-based reasoning as a measure of constitutional adjudication

Remarks on the jurisprudence of the Hungarian Constitutional Court in defamation cases

Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies
Author:
Éva Boda-Balogh

Abstract

Case-based reasoning has high significance in constitutional adjudication. The constitutional courts of the Kelsenian model also follow their own previous decisions to develop their own case law, even if those decisions do not bind them formally. In the course of constitutional interpretation, to build coherent and predictable case law and determine constitutional principles and standards in a consistent way are also reasonable expectations of constitutional adjudication deriving from the rule of law. The paper analyses the case law of the Hungarian Constitutional Court from this perspective, regarding the criticism of public figures in defamation cases. It takes case-based reasoning as a measure of the case law of the HCC, reveals the tendencies and highlights the main problems associated with it.

Open access

Abstract

The ECHR is a general human rights convention, but it contains some provisions that have gained particular importance in the case law of the ECtHR regarding the human rights of children. Such a provision is, among others, Article 8 on the right to respect for private and family life, the interpretation of which has raised many questions in cases related to children born through international surrogacy. These questions have arisen in relation to the intended parents' standing to bring an application before the Court on behalf of the child, the criteria for ascertaining the interference of the respondent state with the child's right to respect for his private and family life, as well as the specific content of the requirements that must be met for the interference to be justified. By analysing these questions and the answers the Court gave to them, this article attempts to give an overview of the state's obligations to ensure the right of a child born through international surrogacy to respect for his private and family life in connection with the recognition of the parent-child relationship between the intended parents and the child.

Open access

Abstract

This article analyses an inclusive and participatory approach to regularising ‘Non-Asylum Seeking Unaccompanied Migrant Minors’ in Spain. The terminology is multiple; in this paper, the choice has fallen on Unaccompanied Migrant Minors with the acronym UMMs instead of UAMs, to be consistent with the doctoral thesis already defended in 2021. The term UASC, specific to unaccompanied migrant minors seeking asylum, was excluded. To fully assess the process, it is necessary to account for the following factors shaping their administrative situation: (a) how they reach adulthood, (b) whether they are in regular or irregular situations, and (c) the waiting time for obtaining regularity status and citizenship. This article reviews the gap between perspectives of legal protection, good intentions, and political restrictions.

The study has been carried out considering the results of qualitative research obtained through interviews with minors, staff members at reception centres, guardians, and immigration authorities. Particular attention is devoted to the limited number of resident permits granted to the UMMs. The methodology was enriched by desk research; most sources cited in the article are legal instruments and academic papers.

The different dimensions of regularization are analysed by paying attention to (i) residence permits and political rights; (ii) the role of guardianship in administrative regularization; and (iii) vulnerability related to the legal status of unaccompanied migrant minors. A comprehensive assessment is carried out based on children's rights and the social, institutional, and organizational contexts, as well as considering the policies which condition the protection milieu concerning migrant children and the practices at both general and operative levels.

Full access

Abstract

The present study aims to identify the most productive countries, journals, authors, institutions and the most used keywords in the field of special education during 2011–2020, based on the WoS database. The widespread effects of the papers and how they are related were analyzed with the bibliometric analysis method. The findings of the study showed that the USA is inarguably the most productive country, followed by England and Australia. On the other hand, there was a very strong positive correlation(r = 0.929) between the number of papers published by countries and their h-index, a similar finding was also found to be present between the countries' h-index and GDP per capita (r = 0.790). Moreover, it was found that the journals with the highest quartile (Q1 and Q2) in the field of special education published significantly more papers than the journals with the lowest quartile (Q3 and Q4). Matson, JL (USA), Sigafoos, J (New Zealand) and Lancioni, GE (Italy) were determined as the most prolific authors, respectively. Autism, intellectual disability, and Down syndrome were the phrases most frequently used as keywords. Our findings provide key information regarding the developments that the research direction of special education field has recently taken. This study also serves a potential roadmap for future studies.

Open access

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effect of Turkish Music, which is played in the background in preschool education environments, on the intrinsic motivation levels of children in the preschool period. The study used a “quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design with retention test”, one of the quantitative research models. The study group of the study consists of 21 children aged 48–72 months, who were selected by purposive sampling method, attending the kindergartens of primary schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in the city center of Tokat, Türkiye. The “Motivation Scale for Preschool Children (DMQ18)” was employed as a data collection tool to measure the motivation levels of children. In the study, while routine training activities were applied in the experimental group, Turkish Music pieces selected in accordance with each activity were played in the background. In the experimental group, background Turkish Music was played five days a week for four weeks. In the control group, the teacher practiced only daily activities. The study found a significant difference between the control and experimental group post-tests in favor of the experimental group. The study contributed to the literature as the first study to reveal that Turkish Music, which is played in the background during activities in preschool educational environments, makes a significant contribution to the intrinsic motivation levels of children.

Open access

Abstract

In the third decade of the 21st century, the limitation of information has been replaced by the difficulty of selecting freely available information. Useful and irrelevant knowledge is available in enormous quantities on the online storage of increasingly growing server capacities. The world of education and history didactics are no exception either. Students, teachers and researchers share the need for key reference points that are solid in this field of science. As a discipline introducing sources and traces of the past and activities with higher order cognitive tasks, history didactics can be a promoter of the effective information selective process. Our study investigates the role and trends of the International Journal of Research on History Didactics, History Education and History Culture over the past decade and provides the reader with a mosaic of the most recent themes and approaches in the discipline. The most important objectives of our research are the detailed portrayal and analysis of the journal and outlining the key professional workshops, authors, current directions and issues of history didactics. As an annex to the study, we have created a thematic repertory containing the open-access online writings of the journal's archive between 2010 and 2021, thus allowing for thematic aggregation.

Open access

Abstract

In recent years, the integrated approach of STEM disciplines (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) has been adopted in the Middle East to improve students' scientific capacities and their formative thinking. Nevertheless, this approach encounters complications in the application, including many due to gender differences. Middle Eastern women's life and education is affected by conservative constraints and social norms where gender stereotypes and culture impact shared views about specific domains. Research regarding gender has frequently emphasized gender imbalance in virtually all STEM study fields and professions. This study explores STEM education's conceptual framework in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Likewise, it provides an overview of STEM teachers' practices and their gender perspectives in the classrooms. We investigate the implementations and gender differences in STEM education by scrutinizing relevant literature and studies in the selected countries. The conclusions indicate a shortage of teachers' knowledge in applying STEM education in classrooms and a need for more development programs that qualify teachers for STEM education applications. In addition, the results show that gender disparities are promoted by the education system and teachers who teach STEM subjects in schools because social norms and gender stereotypes influence them.

Open access

15 years of analyzing the Global Terrorism Database: An overview

A Global Terrorism Database elemzésének elmúlt 15 éve

Scientia et Securitas
Author:
Zsombor Hermann

Summary.

This article provides an overview of research on terrorism using the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). It is an open-source database containing over 200,000 terrorist events, both domestic and transnational. After identifying seven prominent journals of terrorism, data were gathered on 442 articles citing the GTD. All were published between 2008 and the beginning of 2023. An increasing trend was found in the number of articles over the examined period, supporting the growing popularity of the GTD. Popular databases containing control variables were identified in the second part of the analysis. Finally, the most common research topics were introduced through examples. These included spatiotemporal trends, case studies, suicide bombers, and lone-wolf terrorists.

Összefoglalás.

Jelen kutatás áttekintést nyújt a nyílt forrású, Global Terrorism Database (GTD) nevű adatbázis terrorizmus kutatásában történő felhasználásáról. Az adatbázist 2007-ben tették közzé, ingyenesen elérhető bárki számára. Összesen több, mint 200.000 nemzetközi és belföldi terrorcselekményről tartalmaz adatokat. Az elmúlt 15 évben világszinten az egyik legjelentősebb terrorizmussal kapcsolatos nyilvános adatbázissá vált. A kutatás során először azonosítottam a terület 7 vezető folyóiratát, majd ezekből kigyűjtöttem az összes olyan, 2008 és 2023 eleje között megjelent publikációt, melyek hivatkoznak a GTD-re (n = 442). A megjelenési dátumukat elemezve megállapítottam, hogy az évente megjelent, erre az adatbázisra hivatkozó publikációk száma növekvő tendenciát követ. Ez azonban nem volt egyenletes. 2016 előtt lassú növekedés volt megfigyelhető, 2017-re viszont egy hirtelen ugrással elkezdett meredeken emelkedni a cikkek száma.

A 442 publikáció közül 50 nem volt elérhető, az absztrakt alapján pedig nem volt egyértelműen megállapítható a felhasznált adatbázis, vizsgált változók, így ezek nem kerültek bele az elemzésbe. Szintén kivontam az elemzésből a recenziókat, bibliográfiákat, szerkesztői ajánlásokat, konferenciaelőadások összefoglalóit, illetve azokat a cikkeket, ahol a GTD csak a szerző által idézett tanulmányban szerepel. Hatvanhat esetben a szerző (1) illusztrációként használt fel adatot, (2) a GTD terrorcselekmény definícióját idézte, vagy (3) a nyilvánosan elérhető adatbázisok bemutatása során említette meg ezt.

Végezetül 207 olyan publikáció maradt, ahol a szerző a GTD-ből nyert adatokat elemzett. Ezek vizsgálata során először megállapításra került, hogy a megjelenésük a teljes mintával azonos módon mutat növekvő tendenciát. A legtöbb kutatásban több adatbázist használtak a szerzők a GTD mellett, ezek jellemzően szintén nyilvánosan elérhetők. Innen származnak általában a kontrollváltozók, melyek politikai, kulturális, demográfiai, földrajzi, biztonsági és szociökonómiai területeket fednek le. Néhányan azonban saját adatbázist építettek különböző forrásokból. Következő lépésként példákon keresztül bemutatásra kerültek gyakori vizsgált témakörök. Ezek közé tartoznak tér- és időbeli tendenciák, terrorista csoportok és azok környezetükkel és egymással való kapcsolatainak elemzései. Szintén megjelentek öngyilkos merénylők, magányos elkövetők, illetve az állam és terrorista csoportok kapcsolatának vizsgálatai. Összességében az elemzés során bizonyosságot nyert, hogy a GTD jelentős hatással van a terrorizmus kutatására.

Open access

Az erőszak kockázatértékelése – pszichológiai szempontok

Risk assessment of violence – Psychological aspects

Scientia et Securitas
Author:
István Csomós

Összefoglalás.

Jelen tanulmány célja áttekintést adni arról, hogy a pszichológiai szempontok milyen módon használhatók fel az erőszakos magatartás kockázatának felmérése során a terrorizmus elleni küzdelemben. Ezzel az elméleti vizsgálódással azt kívánom bemutatni, hogy a pszichológiának milyen szemlélete van az erőszakos cselekmények, a szélsőséges, radikális gondolkodásmód hátterének megismerésében. Számos felfogás létezik a terrorista magatartás okainak és személyiségjellemzőinek leírására, amelyek alapján megállapítható, hogy nem létezik az ún. terrorista személyiség. Nincsenek olyan tulajdonságok, amelyek alapján egyértelműen meg lehet állapítani a különbséget a terroristák és az átlagnépesség között, nem létezik egyetlen közös terrorista profil. Az erőszakos magatartás kockázati tényező megismeréséhez az előzetes felmérésnek éppen ezért kiemelt jelentősége van a terrorcselekmények megelőzése szempontjából.

Summary.

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the ways in which psychological aspects can be used to assess the risk of violent behaviour in the fight against terrorism. Through this theoretical exploration, I aim to show how psychology can be used to understand the background of violent acts against the background of extremist, radical mindsets. There are several conceptions of the causes and personality traits of terrorist behaviour, which suggest that there is no such thing as a terrorist personality. There are no characteristics that can be used to clearly distinguish between terrorists and the general population, there is no single common terrorist profile. Understanding the risk factors for violent behaviour in advance is therefore of particular importance for the prevention of terrorist acts.

The different theoretical approaches to specific cases, at the individual level, do not always provide an explanation. However, without knowledge of the research on the subject it is more difficult to understand the motives that lead people to act cruelly towards others. There are many theories about the psychology of terrorism, but relatively few controlled ones, empirical studies. Terrorism was previously considered a pathological manifestation of psychological and behavioural deviance. Based on psychoanalytic concepts, the psychopathology of terrorism was thought to be rooted in unconscious motives from childhood. However, the psychological analysis is relevant to risk assessment because the terrorist can be very diverse in temperament, ideologies, thinking characteristics and cognitive abilities. Psychological aspects are an important part of the various risk analysis methods. In developing the use of specific methods, I believe it is important to ensure that they are effective in helping to prevent terrorist acts in practice. The ideas expressed in this study perhaps demonstrate that it is a very versatile method.

It is essential that, with the spread of the Internet and globalisation, more and more potential terrorists and radicalisers are coming to the attention of the intelligence and counter-intelligence services. Psychological aspects will continue to play an essential role in the development of risk analysis methods, given that the commission of a terrorist act is always the result of extreme human violence.

Open access