Browse Our Latest Applied Sciences Journals
In applied sciences, researchers use particular scientific methods to achieve practical goals. You can think of applied sciences as a broad, integrated area of various scientific fields that involve agronomy, agriculture, food science, medicine, engineering, computer science, and many other natural and social science disciplines. The main goal of applied science is to provide more knowledge and practical applications
Materials and Applied Sciences
Abstract
This study analyzed the impact of storing Golden Delicious apples at 3 °C with a relative humidity of 85 ± 5% in two environments, namely a darkroom (D03) and a lightroom (L03), on the fruit quality. The research evaluated weight loss (Δm) and color metrics (a*, b*, L*, ΔE, C*, hue angle). The number of apples used for each storage was 12. Weight loss was calculated by measuring the changes in mass during storage. Color differences (ΔE), chroma (C*), and hue angle were determined based on the L*a*b* scale values. Apples stored at 3 °C in D03 experienced a minimal percentage of weight loss of 7.02%. The results indicated that compared to the D03 storage, the L03 storage had a more significant increase in Δm and color variation. The non-destructive method of measuring color characteristics facilitates the assessment of the storage conditions for Golden Delicious apples.
Abstract
The sodium hydroxide (NaOH) molarity in Self-compacting geopolymer concrete (SCGC) is essential for activating the precursor and aggregate to develop strength, workability, and microstructure. In this study, SCGC mixes prepared with 50% fly ash (FA) and 50% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) to investigate fresh and hardened properties with NaOH molarities (M) ranges from 8 to 16, the ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH kept constant at 2.5 and ratio of alkaline solution to the binder at 0.45 with 2% SP for the polymerization process. SCGC workability studies indicate the NaOH concentration increased, the slump flow decreased, and 14 M was the optimum molarity. The compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength results showed 39.4 MPa, 4.72 MPa, and 5.91 MPa at 28 days. The C–S–H gel enhanced the strength qualities studied from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The scanning electron microscope showed microstructural densification of the entire system, which improved with the NaOH concentration, and the strength increased with the degree of polymerization and polycondensation. Hence, based on workability, the optimized NaOH concentration is 14 M with binder contents of FA (50%) and GGBS (50%). This study helps to improve the microstructure and strength properties with potential cost implications of SCGC.
Abstract
Nutritional information on packaging is becoming increasingly important in the food industry. Currently, labels are seen not only on the back of the packaging but also on the front. As there are many versions of front-of-pack labels (FoPLs), the research aims to determine which helps consumers the most in making decisions about which food to include in a healthier lifestyle. Nutri-Score, Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) and Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL) FoPLs on cereals were compared using eye-tracking (ET) and choice-based conjoint analysis (CBCA). CBCA was used to assess consumer preferences and the labels and products were also ranked. Based on the results, GDA type FoPL proved to be the most useful based on conjoint analysis, ranking and the analysis of ET parameters. This label helped participants the most in choosing the product that best fits into a healthier lifestyle. The Nutri-Score label, which offers little information on a product's nutritional content, was not favourably received by the Hungarian sample, who preferred more detailed FoP labels.
A vízpótlás talajvízszintre gyakorolt hatásának értékelése egy délnyugat-magyarországi példán keresztül
Evaluation of the water supply’s impact on groundwater levels, with an example from South-West Hungary
Az Európát is érintő jelenlegi, napjainkban zajló éghajlatváltozás statisztikailag szignifikáns felmelegedési tendenciával jellemezhető. Az éghajlatváltozás hatása a csapadékviszonyok és az evapotranszspirációs folyamatok megváltoztatásán keresztül érinti a vízkörforgalmat, így a csapadék eloszlásának és mennyiségének várható változásai a folyamatosan emelkedő hőmérséklettel együtt a növények nagyobb vízfelhasználását eredményezhetik, ami változásokat indukálhat a talajnedvességben, a talajvízben és ennek következtében a vízmérlegben. Az emelkedő hőmérséklet hatására a jövőben a növekvő transzspirációs igény valószínűleg a növényi közösségek fokozott talajvízfelvételét eredményezi, ami a talajvízszint további csökkenését is magával vonhatja. Ha ez bekövetkezik, a talajvízfüggő erdei közösségek regenerálódása ezeken a területeken kérdésessé válik, mivel a fiatal fák gyökérzete nem fogja tudni elérni a vízforrást. Következésképpen a Kárpát-medence sík vidékein és vizes élőhelyein a nagy vízigényű erdők fennmaradása kérdésessé válhat. A fás vegetáció számára kiemelten fontos a talajvíz szerepe a vegetációs időszakban, éppen ezért a talajvízszint változását régóta, rendszeresen monitorozzák.
Konkrét megoldás lehet az árhullámok visszaduzzasztásából származó vízpótlás. A pozitív vízpótlási beavatkozásokra példa a Kaszó LIFE projekt. A projekt célja a leromlott élőhelyek rehabilitációja volt, ami a kedvező ökológiai állapot stabilizálásával teszi lehetővé a hosszú távú megőrzést. A megvalósítás eszközeként tórehabilitációt és folyó-mederbordákat alkalmaztak, biztosítva a Szentai-erdő (Nyugat-belső-somogyi kistérség) erdeinek, kis lápjainak és gyepterületeinek vízellátás javítását.
Jelen kutatás célja pedig a Kaszó LIFE projekt vízpótlási beavatkozásai után, azok felszín alatti vízszintre gyakorolt hidrológiai hatásainak elemzése volt. A meteorológiai adatok és a monitoring adatok alapján elmondható, hogy a Szentai-erdőben 30 éves szárazodási tendencia volt tapasztalható, amelynek elsődleges mutatója a talajvízszint csökkenése. Kiemelendőek a 2016–2017-es vizsgálati időszak évei, amikor az alapvetően lefolyástalan vizsgálati területen nem volt elegendő csapadék a talajvíz szintjének fenntartásához. Kutatási eredményeink azonban azt mutatták, hogy a vízpótlást célzó beavatkozások (mederbordák és tározótavak) összességében a talajvízszint emelkedését biztosítják.
A két beavatkozási típus talajvízszint emelkedésére gyakorolt hatását vizsgálva arra a következtetésre jutottunk, hogy míg a tavak építése jelentősen befolyásolja a környező kutak vízszintjét, addig a mederbordák esetében kisebb mértékű a hatás.
Abstract
This paper explores innovative and contemporary approaches to preserving and repurposing Mongolian temples, with a focus on maintaining their cultural and historical significance while adapting to modern needs. It examines the unique architectural and cultural aspects of these temples, the challenges they face, and presents design and preservation strategies that can ensure their continued relevance.
Abstract
This study examines the impact of various external shading devices on key lighting metrics, such as spatial daylight autonomy, annual sunlight exposure, and mean illuminance in classrooms. By comparing the performance of different shading options, the study offers insights into optimizing natural lighting, enhancing visual comfort, and improving sustainability in educational buildings in warm, humid climates. The findings provide valuable guidance for architects, designers, and school facility managers aiming to improve energy efficiency and occupant comfort in educational environments.
This study explored the effects of salicylic acid on the growth and biochemical responses of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under different soil salinity levels, a major challenge in agricultural productivity. The experiment was conducted using a factorial design with salicylic acid applied at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 50 ppm, combined with sodium chloride-induced salinity at 0, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 mg kg–1 soil. Results demonstrated that increasing soil salinity negatively impacted plant growth, reducing plant height, leaf number, and the dry weight of aerial parts. Salinity stress also led to reduced nutrient uptake, particularly for essential elements like calcium and potassium, while increasing sodium levels in plant tissues. However, the foliar application of salicylic acid, especially at 50 ppm, significantly improved growth parameters and mitigated the detrimental effects of salinity. Notably, at the highest salinity level (3,000 mg kg–1), salicylic acid enhanced plant height by 11.1% and leaf number by 30.9% compared to untreated plants. Salicylic acid also boosted biochemical responses, such as increasing total phenolic and flavonoid content, which are critical for stress tolerance. This study underscores the potential of salicylic acid as a stress mitigator, promoting better growth and physiological resilience in peppermint under saline conditions, offering valuable insights for improving crop performance in salinity-affected regions.
Abstract
This study examines the connection between repository structure, productivity, and management practices in software development collaboration. Analyzing open-source projects, it finds higher collaboration in Multi repository teams than in Mono repository teams, implying a nuanced interaction with team size. Effective management and well-structured architectures correlate positively with productivity, emphasizing strategic management's importance for optimizing collaboration and efficiency in software projects.
Abstract
Geothermal energy is increasingly promising for residential use due to rising energy costs and environmental awareness. This work experimentally examines the impact of pipe distribution on the heat pump's performance at varying temperatures for both the incoming water and the ground. The pipes are buried in the soil, distributing them on layers of varying depths up to a depth of 2 m, separated by insulating layers. The quantities of heat gained in the evaporator and released in the condenser are calculated to determine the coefficient of performance of the heat pump. It was found that at the same temperature, the total heat loss in the soil is larger in the case of water entering from the bent pipe towards the great depth compared to water entering from the direct pipe, but the heat gain is larger in the case of water entering from the direct one.
Abstract
Milk kefir is gaining popularity due to its high probiotic content. This study focuses on fortifying milk kefir with date syrup to enhance its sensory attributes, with the goal of encouraging consumption among the younger generation. Date syrup was added to milk kefir in specific proportions (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% per 100 mL of milk). The selection of the most suitable percentage (10%, 74 °Bx) was determined based on sensory preferences indicated by the panellists. The newly developed fermented beverage underwent physicochemical and biochemical analyses over a 14-day fermentation period. Results revealed that the addition of date syrup led to a significant (P ≤ 0.001) decrease in pH and total soluble solids (TSS) content, accompanied by a noteworthy increase in total phenolic, flavonoids, condensed tannins contents and antioxidant activity (almost 2-fold). Liquid chromatography - heated electrospray ionisation - mass spectrometry (LC-HESI-MS/MS) results identified the presence of a newly formed and important antifungal compound, p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (HPLA), showing a progressive increase in quantity during the fermentation process (13.8-fold on the 14th day of fermentation). Hence, the outcomes of this study offer compelling evidence that a novel category of functional beverage can be developed by employing milk kefir as an appropriate starter with the incorporation of date syrup.
Abstract
The demand for gluten-free food products is expected to grow in the coming years. Quinoa's versatility allows it to replace traditional grains and adds high nutritional value to grain blends and processed food items. The present study was designed to prepare and evaluate gluten-free cookies by substituting rice with quinoa and keeping pearl and foxtail millet constant. A significant increase in protein (8.0–13.2 g/100 g), crude fibre (2.9–6.2%), ash (0.5–1.7%), and hardness (928.9–1736.9 g) was observed with increasing quinoa supplementation. A positive correlation of crude fibre with protein, hardness, and fracturability was observed at P ≤ 5%. Organoleptic evaluation indicated that cookies with 30% quinoa were overall accepted by the consumer. Also, these cookies had lower acid and peroxide values, thus, had longer shelf-lives. This is the first report for the use of quinoa with the mixture of rice and millet, which could be a decent alternative ingredient for gluten-free cookies formulations.
Abstract
Kudzu root (Pueraria lobata), known for its dual role as a medicinal herb and food ingredient, has proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study explored the effects of P. lobata extract (PLE) on D-galactose/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced liver inflammation and oxidative stress in mice, along with its impact on gut microbiota. The in vivo studies indicated that PLE significantly reduced hepatic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. It also lowered serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, indicating reduced liver damage, and mitigated oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde levels while restoring superoxide dismutase activity. Western blot analysis revealed that PLE inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB pathway proteins (p65 and IκB) and suppressed TLR4 expression, highlighting its role in this inflammatory pathway. Additionally, PLE ameliorated D-GalN/LPS-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, reducing Proteobacteria abundance and promoting beneficial genera such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia. These findings suggest that PLE protects against liver inflammation and oxidative stress, while improving gut microbiota composition, offering potential therapeutic strategies for liver-related diseases.
Abstract
Corrosion of steel tubes represents a major challenge for various industries, leading to significant economic and environmental impacts, such as material losses, operational interruptions and safety risks. This study focuses on the metallurgical, chemical and mechanical characterization of corroded steel tubes operating in mining installations using metallographic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS studies, chemical analysis and micro-hardness measurements. The results reveal the existence of a considerable extent of corrosion, of which, the main corrosion products are magnetite – 72% and goethite – 18.1 associated with corrosion. The corroded tubes measured 0.128% carbon, against 0.23% in new tubes, indicating a loss in weight and mechanical strength properties. The observed tensile strength for the new tubes was 481 MPa while the same for the corroded tubes was to a large extent lower. Furthermore, metallographic examination indicates that indeed the structure is ferrite pearlite as to the composition. This study indicates that 304 L or 316 L stainless steels may be utilized which have better corrosion-protecting coatings thus prolonging service life and reducing maintenance activities.
Abstract
This study conducts an in-depth numerical analysis of debonding behavior in composite structures, with a particular focus on the critical role of thermal effects. Utilizing a frictional contact cohesive zone model, the research characterizes the debonding process while sequentially integrating thermal analysis to assess the impact of thermal loading. A thermomechanical coupled model is developed and implemented using the finite element software ABAQUS. The model's accuracy is validated through the Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) test, ensuring reliable results. The methodology involves a detailed finite element analysis, where thermal loads are applied to composite specimens, followed by mechanical loading to simulate debonding. The frictional contact cohesive zone model accurately captures the interface behavior under varying thermal conditions. Quantitative results indicate that thermal loading significantly affects the debonding process, with a noticeable increase in debonding initiation and propagation rates, highlighting the critical influence of thermal effects on structural integrity.
Abstract
This study aimed to perform lactose hydrolysis using free and immobilised β-galactosidase in cow and sheep milk with different fat levels, followed by lactulose synthesis through the isomerisation of glucose to fructose using immobilised glucose isomerase. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in lactose hydrolysis (>95%) using the free enzyme in the different types of milk. In contrast, significant differences were observed for the hydrolysis of whole cow milk (WCM) and skimmed cow milk (SCM) with the immobilised enzyme (IE). WCM required a longer hydrolysis time (43 h). Thus, the fat content may have affected the lactose hydrolysis of bovine milk with immobilised β-galactosidase. No difference was observed for whole sheep milk and skimmed sheep milk hydrolysed by IE, possibly due to the presence of smaller fat globules, which did not affect the lactose hydrolysis. No significant differences were observed for lactulose synthesis in whole milk from the different species evaluated. The lactulose synthesis in cow and sheep milk by the enzymatic route may be a promising alternative, though further studies are required to optimise the production of this prebiotic in situ.
Abstract
The relevance of the subject under study is conditioned by numerous technological problems of providing livestock enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan with quality equipment for animal feeding and the associated need to develop and implement dosers for the preparation of compound feed mixture. This study introduces an innovative approach through the development and analysis of a novel dosing auger with an active return channel, which distinguishes itself from existing models by enhancing the precision and efficiency of feed preparation processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the key parameters of the dosing auger with an active return channel for its further use in agricultural enterprises for preparation of compound feed. The findings of this study emphasise the significance of compliance of current trends in the improvement of prepared feed with the established zootechnical requirements from the standpoint of optimising the technological equipment used in this process. The key aspects of feed dosing sequence when using volumetric and mass dosing methods were considered. The main advantages of auger-in-auger dosers that distinguish them from all other types of dosers were described.
Abstract
Paste formulations of Volvariella volvacea (VV) were developed for its shelf-life enhancement. Egg stage fruiting bodies of mushrooms were used for preparation of salted, spiced, and their fermented pastes. Fermented paste formulations were developed using inoculation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG at 0.5% (w/w) and incubation for 2 days at 35 ± 2 °C. The unfermented VV paste was preserved with sodium benzoate of 0.065%, while fermented formulations were kept devoid of any chemical preservative. All formulations were packed in glass jars and retort bags, and thereafter treated in boiling water bath for one hour. The spiced, fermented VV paste scored highest in sensory evaluation and maximum crude protein and moisture contents, while lowest in contents of ash, fat, crude fibre, and carbohydrates. The fermented (salted and spiced) VV pastes showed variation in pH at 4 °C. Shelf life of 56 days was observed for fermented VV paste stored in glass jars under refrigerated conditions. The antioxidant analysis revealed that DPPH radical scavenging activity of fermented paste formulations increased significantly up to 21 days followed by gradual decrease until the 56th day, while total phenolic content of all paste formulations decreased with storage time. Hence, fermented spiced paste showed enhanced nutritive and antioxidative potential and shelf life up to 56 days.
Termálvíz-visszasajtolás és fenntarthatóság – a visszasajtolási potenciál előrejelzési lehetőségei homokkő rezervoárok esetén
Thermal water reinjection and sustainability – predicting the reinjection potential for sandstone aquifers
A termálvizek visszasajtolása az országos és települési szintű hosszú távú energiabiztonság szempontjából kulcsfontosságú: hozzájárul az energiaforrás fenntartható felhasználásához, megnövelve a beruházások élettartamát. Bár számos potenciális nehézség merül fel, ez nem jelenthet mentséget a visszasajtolás hiányára. A kidolgozott eljárással, a problémák előrejelzésével a visszasajtolási lehetőségek értékelhetők, és – a geotermikus potenciálbecslés részeként – kijelölhetők az arra legalkalmasabb területek. A kutatásban eddig a Zalai-medence mintaterületén regionális hidraulikai, formáció és rezervoártest léptékű értékelést végeztük el: a zalai pannon képződményeknél a nyomásviszonyok nem okoznak problémát, míg a rezervoárlépték jelentős heterogenitást mutat, ami befolyásolja a visszasajtolás hatékonyságát.
Vegyi, biológiai, radiológiai és nukleáris események áldozatainak kezelése a biztonság tükrében
Victim management in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents, in light of safety
A vegyi, biológiai, radiológiai és nukleáris (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear – CBRN) káreseményekben az életüket vesztett áldozatok kezelése számos elméleti és gyakorlati kérdést felvető terület. Az elhunytak azonosításához, boncolásához, a tetemek szállításához, tárolásához szükséges ismeretek nélkül a biztonságos munkavégzés elképzelhetetlen. Szintén kérdéses, hogy mely szakmaspecifikus post mortem műveletek hajthatók végre szennyezett tetemek esetében, illetve mely eljárások befolyásolják a nyomozati vagy személyazonosítási érdekeket. Kutatásomban ezekre a problémákra keresem a szükség esetén gyakorlatban alkalmazható, a nemzetközi szakirodalmi ajánlásokkal és a hazai, már meglévő eljárásrendekkel összehangolható megoldásokat.
Abstract
Gallnut honey, a typical Chinese medicinal commodity, is produced from the nectar of Rhus chinensis Mill. Gallnut honey is very popular with consumers because of its health effects and nutritional value, but its specific nutritional composition and medicinal components are not clear. Free amino acids are important nutritional components of honey, and can provide relevant information about the honey, such as geographical and botanical origin, as well as adulterations. The aim of this paper was to explore the free amino acid characteristics of gallnut honeys in different areas. 18 free amino acids from 17 places in China were determined by automatic amino acid analyser analysis, and the geographical characteristics were studied by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results showed that gallnut honey is rich in free amino acids. A total of 12 types of free amino acids were detected in all honey-producing areas, and the total amino acid content was 0.132–0.292 g/100 g. Due to its free amino acid content gallnut honey has high nutritional supplement potential, and exhibits good pharmacodynamic activity and special taste characteristics. Flavour-related free amino acids were primarily aromatic free amino acids and umami free amino acids. Pharmacodynamic free amino acids accounted for 61.22–83.85%. Results also showed that free amino acids contribute to the geographical tracing of honey, and samples of gallnut honey at different altitudes can be distinguished by cluster analysis.
Abstract
Penaeus vannamei is an important farm-raised shrimp species in China. However, the shrimp deteriorates quickly and has a short shelf life. The surface colour will change with the increase of spoilage, which can reflect its freshness. Therefore, a method for predicting Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N) content using a combination of a chromatic value and Near-Infrared (NIR) spectra is provided. This study explores which chromatic parameter is most efficient for freshness prediction from a data analysis perspective. The Levenberg–Marquardt Optimized Artificial Neural Network (LM-Optimised ANN), the Quadratic Support Vector Machine (Quadratic SVM), and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) algorithms verified the idea. The combination of spectra and chromatic value b* can achieve a more accurate prediction of TVB-N content with RMSEP of 1.660 in Quadratic SVM, 1.337 in PLSR, and
Abstract
The study aimed to analyse the nutritional and antioxidant potential of corn silk based formulated tea. Four corn silk tea formulations were developed, one with corn silk only and three using different flavouring herbal/spicing agents, namely lemongrass, green cardamom, and cinnamon. Microwave dried corn silk powder and corn silk tea infusions were analysed for chemical composition. Organoleptic evaluation was also done for tea infusions. The results of chemical evaluation showed that corn silk powder is rich in protein (20.78%), dietary fibre (48.93%), calcium (139.5 mg/100 g), magnesium (163.9 mg/100 g), potassium (1,406 mg/100 g), total phenols (1,365 mg GAE/100 g), and flavonoids (370.8 mg QE/100 g). The antioxidant activity of corn silk powder was observed as 84.95% DPPH inhibition. Maysin content of corn silk powder was 3.65 mg/100 g. Chemical analysis of corn silk tea infusions showed that the addition of flavours significantly enhanced the minerals, total phenols, and flavonoids contents and the antioxidant activity as compared to the tea formulated with only corn silk powder. Results of organoleptic evaluation showed that all four corn silk tea formulations were highly acceptable. Overall improvement in nutritional and antioxidant contents was found in corn silk tea with added flavours.
Abstract
Fused filament manufacturing (FFF), also known as 3D printing, is one of the most commonly used additive manufacturing techniques for creating high-quality materials. This process demonstrates the intricacies and challenges involved in choosing appropriate manufacturing parameters to achieve the desired outcomes. Among these critical parameters is the nozzle temperature, which can be adjusted to enhance the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) parts. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the printing temperature on the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of 3D printed polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) parts during impact testing. To do this, a series of simple and repeated impact tests were carried out on printed PPS samples in the nozzle temperature range (320–350 °C). CHARPY tests were carried out on the samples manufactured with different sequences for the optimal orientation of the filaments. Furthermore, the impact energy absorption capacity and the induced damage as a function of nozzle temperature were evaluated. CHARPY test results showed that samples with stacking sequence (0/0) had the best impact resistance and specific absorbed energy (SEA). This sequence, printed horizontally, was used to test different print temperatures in single and repeated impact tests. Furthermore, the results indicated that samples printed with a nozzle temperature of 340 °C exhibited higher CHARPY impact resistance and specific absorbed energy (SEA), with a percentage difference of 45.57%, 41.95% and 44.21% compared to samples printed with nozzle temperatures of 320 °C, 330 °C and 350 °C respectively. For repeated impact tests, the results also show that samples printed with a nozzle temperature of 340 °C have a higher initial energy absorption rate and a greater number of impacts before complete failure of the sample. This result proves also that the changing of nozzle temperature does not have a significant effect on the induced damage after CHARPY and repeated impact.
Abstract
The investigation of the effect of petrography and diagenetic features on the geomechanical properties of the sandstone and their relationship to rock failure are of vital importance for different construction projects. The present study involves analyzing multi-vertical lithofacies profiles around the region of Wadi Halfa, North Sudan. The sandstone is dominantly composed of monocrystalline quartz grains (60%) accompanied by some polycrystalline quartz, feldspars, lithic fragments, micas, and heavy minerals. Iron oxides are the main type of cementing materials (14%), with some (2%) of carbonates and clay minerals. The average porosity of all studied samples is 12%. The compressive strength ranges widely, influenced by weathering, grain size, cementing materials, and bedding planes. The uniaxial compressive strength is more influenced by wetting when the load is parallel to bedding planes. Sandstone anisotropy is suggested by a U-shaped curve, with lower values at 45° and higher values at 90° and 0°. The geomechanical behavior of rocks masses in Wadi Halfa was evaluated through a combination of field and laboratory analyses which revealed a variable Rock Mass Rating (RMR) ranging from 58 to 92 and a Geological Strength Index (GSI) ranging from 33 to 61.
Abstract
This research investigates the complex interplay between stress impact, concrete shrinkage, and its implications on crack development. Utilizing theoretical and computational methods, the study analyzes the detrimental effects of structural cracks caused by stress variations. A distinctive behavior of long-term shrinkage concerning stress levels was observed. It was found that, positive stress enhances the mean Young's modulus, while negative stress reduces modulus under negative stress conditions, heightened susceptibility to crack propagation under negative stress and improved resistance under positive stress. Temperature's uniform impact on long-term shrinkage is demonstrated, highlighting differences among various cement classes.
Abstract
In the confectionery industry large quantities of palm fat in the fillings of chocolate products are used. Based on today's nutritional science results, it is desirable to replace palm oil with healthier fats. Oleogels can provide a kind of solution for this replacement. In our work the rheological, textural and thermal properties of oleogels containing high oleic sunflower oil, beeswax and monoglycerides were determined. In the samples we examined, the gelator concentrations were: 20% beeswax, 15% beeswax and 5% monoglyceride, 10% beeswax and 10% monoglyceride, 5% beeswax and 15% monoglyceride, and 20% monoglyceride. Based on our results, the oleogel containing 15% beeswax and 5% monoglyceride seems an eutectic crystal of beeswaxes and monoglyceride. It has relative high hardness, high storage modulus and high viscosity therefore it can replace the Chocofill filling fat, which contains mainly palm fat, used in large quantities in sweets.
Abstract
To highlight the systemic interdependencies in office building design, this paper dives into the complexities of converting old structures into modern workspaces. The study addresses the challenges of adaptive reuse by concentrating on case studies and design issues and provides insights into how to maintain historical integrity while satisfying the demands of contemporary workplace needs. The research concludes with a real-world example that shows how design concepts derived from the analysis may be successfully used.
Abstract
The paper focuses on describing the developed low-cost mobile mapping system for the purpose of automated mapping using simultaneous localization and mapping techniques. The paper also focuses on testing the light detection and ranging that form that system. The mobile mapping system consists of a combination of multiple sensors, including a trio of 2D and 3D light detection and ranging a stereo camera, an inertial measurement unit, and rotary encoders.
The components make up three subsystems, which are detailed described. A section of the paper is dedicated to the light detection and ranging tests performed in the accuracy of measured distance and measured geometry. In the final section of the paper, planned tests for the remaining components of the mobile mapping system are described.
A Birodalom visszavág – A természetben bekövetkező egyes változások hatása a turizmusra
The Empire strikes back – The impact of certain changes in nature on tourism
Az ökoturizmus egyensúlyának fenntartása lényeges, többek között azon kérdések megválaszolásában, hogy vajon síelhetnek-e még az unokáink, és meddig láthatunk ép korallzátonyokat, vagy élvezhetjük egy közeli erdő békés nyugalmát. A fogyasztók mértékletességgel vagy időszakos lezárásokkal adhatnak időt a természetnek a megújulásra. Jelen cikk másodlagos adatelemzéssel arra keresi a választ, hogyan reagál a környezet a nemzetközi és a hazai turizmusra, milyen lépéseket tehet az ember, hogy a biodiverzitás helyreálljon, valamint a természeti folyamatok milyen hatással vannak a természetet fogyasztó turizmusra. A turista döntése általában összetett információelemzési és értékelési folyamat eredménye. A szabadidős turizmus bizonyos szegmenseiben az utazás bekövetkeztét és célját meghatározhatják olyan „last minute” tényezők, mint a pillanatnyi időjárás vagy az elkövetkező néhány napra vonatkozó meteorológiai előrejelzés. A klíma mint külső tényező globális változása alapvetően átalakíthatja a nemzetközi turisztikai piac keresleti és kínálati jellemzőit. A turizmus egyszerre okozója és elszenvedője a természetben bekövetkező változásoknak. Az ember által előidézett negatív externáliákra a természet is reagál, helyenként visszavág – éghajlati és domborzati változásokkal, járványokkal, természeti katasztrófákkal, illetve az állat- és növényvilág átrendeződésével, amelyek átrajzolják a turisztikai térképeket is.
Élelmiszer-biztonsági kockázatok a globalizálódó turizmus és vendéglátás árnyékában
Food safety risks in the shadow of globalized tourism and hospitality
A Covid–19-világjárvány megfékezésére bevezetett korlátozások és utazási tilalmak szinte egyik napról a másikra lehetetlenítették el a turizmust. Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy az Európai Élelmiszer-biztonsági Hatóság (EFSA) jelentése alapján képet adjon az utazáshoz kapcsolódó, élelmiszer-eredetű megbetegedésekről. A Covid–19 miatti korlátozások enyhítése és a konszolidálódó turizmus következtében 2022-ben az utazással összefüggő – állatról emberre terjedő, élelmiszer-eredetű – megbetegedések száma az előző évhez képest növekedést mutatott, a két legjelentősebb megbetegedés esetében azonban a világjárvány kitörése előtti szintnek csak nagyjából felét érte el. Tanulmányunkból a négy legjelentősebb fertőzés esetében az utazással összefüggő megbetegedések és a megbetegedésekben érintettek származási országai is kirajzolódnak.
„Horgász a pácban” – A természetkárosító cselekmények és a turizmus kapcsolata
“Poacher in the net” – The relationship between environmental crime and tourism
A tanulmány a hazai helyzet értékelésén és néhány nemzetközi példán keresztül azt vizsgálja, hogy a turizmus régóta kutatott negatív fizikai hatásai közül a természetkárosítási esetek összefüggésbe hozhatók-e a turistákkal. A tanulmány tárgyalja a hazánk belföldi és nemzetközi turizmusához kapcsolódó, abból eredeztethető természetkárosítási tevékenységek jogi szabályozását. A szerzők a nyilvános adatok alapján – a turizmussal kapcsolatba hozható természetkárosítási cselekmények adatainak elemzése mellett – szakirodalom feldolgozásával vizsgálták, hogy a látogatók által (is) károsított természet milyen formában hat a turizmusra, van-e esély az egyensúly megteremtésére. Az eredmények nem túl kedvezőek, de a tudományos igényesség megkövetelné a további, mélyrehatóbb vizsgálatokat.
A klímaváltozás turisztikai célú személyközlekedési szokásokra gyakorolt hatásainak vizsgálata
Examining the impacts of climate change on passenger transport patterns and options, with a special focus on tourist mobility
A környezeti fenntarthatóság egyre hangsúlyosabb témakör valamennyi tudományterületi megközelítésben. A személyközlekedés, illetve a turisztikai célú helyváltoztatások ökológiai lábnyoma jelentős, emiatt elengedhetetlen a káros externáliák visszaszorítását elősegítő technológiai megoldások és változó fogyasztási mintázatok vizsgálata. Tanulmányunk egy szakirodalmi áttekintés keretében szintetizálja a klímaváltozást ellensúlyozó megoldásokat, feltörekvő trendeket és diszruptív személyközlekedési innovációkat. A szekunder kutatás ezáltal elősegíti a témakört érintő dilemmák rendszerezését, a szakpolitikai döntések előkészítését, valamint további, empirikus kutatások előkészítését.
Környezetbiztonsági kihívások a városi turizmusban
Environmental safety challenges in urban tourism
A városok szerepe kiemelkedő mind a kultúra, mind a gazdasági élet és a népesség koncentrációjának szempontjából, és egy város mint lakóhely, munkahely, szolgáltatási központ, közlekedési csomópont, befektetési célpont, rendezvényhelyszín és mint desztináció különösen érdekes a környezetbiztonság szemszögéből is. A városi turizmus vendégköre sokrétű, az üzleti utazók és a kulturális turisták mellett a barát- és rokonlátogatások, valamint a helyi lakosság általi szabadidős fogyasztás is jellemző. A városi desztinációk népszerűségének növekedésével a túlturizmus környezetre és életminőségre gyakorolt negatív hatásai is megjelenhetnek. Jelen tanulmány a városi turizmus sajátos környezetbiztonsági aspektusait, kihívásait és jó gyakorlatait vizsgálja hazai és nemzetközi példákon keresztül.
A környezetvédelmi jogi normák és a zöldre festés a turizmusban – A greenwashing jelenség és szabályozási háttere
The greenwashing phenomenon and its legal regulatory background
A környezet védelme mind a vállalkozások, mind a fogyasztók számára központi jelentőségű kérdéssé vált. Így napjainkban a vállalati kommunikáció egyik fontos eleme, hogy felhívják a figyelmet termékeik, szolgáltatásaik készítésének környezetet óvó, fenntartható aspektusaira. A vállalatok azonban profitorientáltak, céljuk a fogyasztók megnyerése, és nem riadnak vissza attól, hogy zöldbe burkolt, sokszor teljesen üres frázisokat segítségül hívva tegyenek szert több utasra, nagyobb bevételre.
Cikkünk célja, hogy bemutassa ezt a jelenséget a turizmus területén, és rávilágítson a „zöldre festés” szabályozási hátterének nehézségeire, miközben rövid áttekintést is adunk a környezetvédelmi tárgyú normák és kezdeményezések tekintetében.
A természeti erők okozta katasztrófák hatása a turizmusra: Esettanulmányok
The impact of disasters caused by natural forces on tourism: Case studies
Magyar és idegen nyelvű szakirodalmakból kiválasztott gyakorlati példák bemutatásán keresztül azt vizsgáltuk, hogy a természeti erők okozta katasztrófák milyen hatással vannak a turizmusra. A katasztrófákat két csoportba soroltuk: megkülönböztettünk belső és külső erők okozta katasztrófákat (ezek a most vizsgált, szűkebb értelemben vett természeti katasztrófák), valamint antropogén eredetű eseményeket. Az előbbiek öt nagyobb kategóriáját különítettük el: geológiai jellegű katasztrófák, geomorfológiai jellegűek, hidrológiai események, meteorológiai/klimatológiai katasztrófák és kozmikus veszélyek. Az esettanulmányok feldolgozása során pozitív megerősítést kapott az a kutatási hipotézisünk, miszerint a természeti katasztrófák igen jelentős, általában – de nem kizáró módon – negatív hatással vannak a turizmusra.
A turizmus egészséggel összefüggő környezetterhelése
The health-related environmental impact of tourism
A gyógyturizmushoz kötődő környezeti kihívások döntően a természeti erőforrások kiaknázásán és a szolgáltatásokkal összefüggő hulladékképződésen keresztül jelentkeznek. A meglehetősen kevéssé kutatott téma a fenntartható fejlődés és az utazásorvostan határmezsgyéjén helyezkedik el, alapvetően a különböző betegségekkel utazó emberek viselkedéséből és az utazási betegségekből fakadó környezetterhelés kérdéskörét fogja át. A problémára a Covid– 19-világjárvány hívta fel a figyelmet. A tanulmány célja, hogy különböző területi szinteken áttekintést adjon a turizmus egészséggel összefüggő tevékenységeinek környezetterhelésre és környezetbiztonságra vonatkozó következményeiről. Az elsősorban szakirodalmi feldolgozásra épülő vizsgálat egyúttal leíró statisztikai elemzést is magában foglal. A tanulmány olyan, eddig kevesebb figyelmet kapott egészségügyi aspektusokra hívja fel a figyelmet, amelyek számottevően befolyásolhatják az utazás és a környezet szimbiotikus biztonságát.
A turizmus környezetbiztonsági aspektusai: holisztikus megközelítés
Environmental security aspects of tourism
A környezetbiztonság a turizmusbiztonság mindeddig kevesebb figyelmet élvező azon tényezője, amely a többi biztonságfaktorra is érdemi hatást gyakorolva képes növelni az utazások észlelt vagy valós kockázatát, illetve veszélyét. Környezetbiztonság alatt értünk minden olyan tényezőt, amely alapvetően a Föld belső és külső erőivel, az élő és élettelen természettel áll összefüggésben, és puszta léte vagy annak változásai fenyegetettséget jelentenek a turizmusipar eredményes működésére. Mivel a szakirodalom mindeddig adós maradt a turizmusbiztonság környezeti aspektusainak holisztikus tárgyalásával, a tanulmány arra vállalkozik, hogy elméleti keretbe ágyazva, a jelenségek és folyamatok megértését elősegítendő modelleket alkotva és egy archetipikus esettanulmány felhasználásával rendszerszerűen mutassa be a természeti környezet és a turizmus nexusának biztonsági vonatkozásait.
Abstract
The spray is the primary method to apply pesticides to the crops. To provide enough coverage and deposition on target surfaces, the drop size produced during spray application must be precisely calibrated; nevertheless, it must not be too tiny to cause the undesirable phenomena known as “spray drift”. Spray drift is the movement of droplets in the atmosphere during or after spraying. The negative effect of spray drift can harm human health, livestock, and adjacent crops or can cause environmental pollution. To address this problem, a lot of work has been done. Previous studies on spray drift reduction approaches including factors promoting drift, drift measuring technologies, drift prediction models, and drift reduction technologies, were reviewed in this paper. Based on the literature review, future research and developments are projected. This review may provide guidance and reference to researchers for further development and improvement in drift reduction technologies.
Abstract
In this paper, a multiphase method based on the Level Set Method is employed to study the sloshing phenomenon of two-layer liquid inside a two-dimensional rectangular container subjected to horizontal excitation. Validation of the multiphase approach is conducted through a comparative analysis with existing studies. Results show a fair agreement between the numerical model and available numerical and experimental data. Initially, a series of simulations were used to compare the sloshing behaviour of a two-layer fluid with that of a single-layer fluid. Even under identical external excitation, layered fluids demonstrate different sloshing patterns compared to single-layer liquids. Furthermore, the influence of the periodic excitation frequency on the sloshing dynamics was examined. Analysis was also conducted to explore the effect of internal baffles on the oscillatory behaviour of layered liquid sloshing. The findings reveal that the baffles significantly mitigate the sloshing of the layered fluid.
Abstract
The aims of this study were to prepare butter and honey flavoured tiger nut oil oleogels with beeswax oleogelator and to compare them with the unflavoured control sample. The oleogels prepared with 10 wt% beeswax and 0.5 wt% of each flavour addition were analysed for main physicochemical, thermal, and structural properties. In addition, a trained panel described the samples with 11 sensory descriptive (hardness, spreadability, roasted, liquefaction, rancid, waxy, nutty, butter, honey, cooling, and mouth coating) terms. It was found that the oleogels melt around 52 °C and included β′ type polymorphs. The sensory data proved that the samples were quite well spreadable and had enough hardness to stay as solid-fat samples at room temperature. Further, addition of butter and honey flavours masked the waxy attribute. In conclusion, flavoured tiger nut oil-beeswax oleogels were new and successful products, and future studies with food applications are suggested.
Abstract
In recent years, the number of road traffic crashes showed a decreasing trend in Hungary, but this cannot be stated about crashes at road-railway level crossings. The Hungarian Railways has repeatedly called attention to the dangers of rail transport. The main goal of this paper is to develop a new safety inspection method for road-railway level crossings based on the existing road safety inspection method. Based on the experiences of road safety inspections completed at ten locations suggestions were given for the adaptation of the method to railway crossings. The most important findings of the safety inspections are also presented in the paper.
Abstract
Based on air quality index data for the period 2018–2022, Hungary ranks as the 80th most polluted country in the world. Given the air pollution data measured in Hungary and the health impact of air pollution, it is of utmost importance to measure air quality in Hungary focusing on PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants. One possible solution for high-density measurement is to utilize low-cost sensors at the population level. The calibration procedure has to be carried out in a way that does not incur extra costs and maintenance at the physical level. A potential solution is the development of an algorithm to perform the calibration with remote access. This publication presents a fragment of this development, where we attempted to implement the procedure using a neural network and performed a comparative analysis with official data.
Abstract
In the presented research, oleosomes were obtained from unroasted hazelnuts in an aqueous environment with a pH of 9.5, adjusted using sodium bicarbonate. Model emulsions were then prepared to contain oleosomes in proportions of 15, 25, and 35%. Rheological and viscosity analyses were conducted on these model emulsions, focusing on elastic and viscous modulus values. The results of the analyses, which revealed that an increase in the oleosome content in the model emulsions correlated with a concurrent increase in emulsion viscosity as well as in the elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) moduli, demonstrate the significant impact of oleosome concentration on the rheological properties of the emulsions. All samples exhibited a G′ > G″ relationship, indicating their semi-solid nature. Moreover, an increase in the oleosome content was found to result in a higher consistency index for the product, while the flow index remained largely unchanged.
Abstract
Blends of germinated maize and germinated lentil (100:0, 85:15, 70:30, 55:45, and 40:60) were utilised for preparation of chips by air frying. Higher contents of protein, ash, total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were confirmed in germinated flours through analysis of FTIR spectra. Doughs from blends containing higher amounts of germinated lentil flour showed improved viscoelastic behaviour indicating better protein network as compared to maize dough. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) variation was observed in colour and hardness of air fried chips prepared from various blends. The 70:30 blend was found most acceptable based on sensory evaluation. Chips from this formulation were found superior to ungerminated maize chips in terms of protein digestibility and mineral composition.
Abstract
Lightweight steel framing is one of the modern construction technology systems. This system is mostly used for low to mid-rise buildings. The lightweight steel framing system has many advantages, including lightness, ease of installation, high execution speed, and being more cost-efficient. Since the manufacturers of cold formed steel frames use bricks in an unprincipled way to cover these structures and because of less laboratory research in this regard, in the present research to principled use of this structure, the effect of the middle stud was evaluated on seismic behavior of brick shear wall in cold formed steel frame with brick face. For this purpose, four cold formed steel frames were made in two different configurations (without middle stud and with middle stud) using cement sand mortar, wire mesh, and brick shear walls. Based on the results, the middle stud would cause weakness in the permissible deformation of the brick walls, and in shear walls without middle stud, deformations occur along with the acquisition of resistance to larger deformations. Accordingly, the presence of the middle stud increases the average shear strength by 30%, and this increase in resistance causes a decrease in the behavior factor and ductility of the walls, which practically indicates the seismic behavior of the frames with the middle stud.
Abstract
Iraqi buildings consume high-level electrical energy for air conditioning purposes to provide the standard human comfort condition. This paper adopted an experimental study by using Styrofoam adhesive or white cement as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement to manufacture building blocks with dimensions of 200 × 200 × 200 mm containing an internal core with dimensions of 90 × 130 × 130 mm, which were filled by using corrugated scratch-up or closed air gap. The samples were divided into two sets: the first had an aluminium foil layer applied to the external surface of the samples (reflective surface), while the second was without any layer (ordinary surface). The samples were tested under the climatic conditions of Baghdad city during the summer months (May to September) of 2021. These blocks were also evaluated by different structural tests. It can be seen from the test results that the use of Styrofoam adhesive with a reflective surface with panels of corrugated scratch-up increased the thermal insulation of the wall. It leads to reduce thermal leakage and the electrical energy consumed to provide comfortable thermal conditions by 52.7%, in addition to decreasing the mass density by 14.1% while compressive strength decreased by 21%.
Abstract
The research was conducted for three types of houses, including a panel house built before 1991, a brick house built in 2006, and a brick house built in 2022. It was established that the temperature difference, which is decisive when assessing the sanitary and hygienic condition of the premises, does not exceed the normative values for buildings built after 2006. In the building since 1991, the sanitary and hygienic indicators of the heated room deteriorate when the outside air temperature drops below −3 °C. At the same time, the fulfillment of the first condition of comfort in the room occurs at indoor air temperatures higher than the standard value, therefore, under the calculated conditions, residents feel discomfort when staying in such a room.
Abstract
In this study, a numerical simulation technique is employed to predicate the temperature distribution and velocity profile data of cold and hot nanofluids within a T-mixer was studied. The mixing of nanofluid flow with Al2O3 nanoparticles of 50 nm flows at Φ = 0.4 vol.% in a T-shaped mixer. The present numerical problem has been solved using the COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.4. Six angle of inclination was studied (θ = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90°) of the gate and evaluated its effects on the temperatures and velocity contour in the T-junction. The study's findings indicated that the presence of a gate in a stationary, non-rotating flow regime has a noteworthy impact on the stationary vortex flow. Also, the mixing occurs more quickly at angles of 45 or 60°. Mixing at a 30° or 90° angle took longer.
