An Annotated and Updated Checklist of the Hungarian Dendroflora

The checklist includes tree, shrub, dwarf shrub, woody liana and epiphyte species that occur or have occurred in Hungary except the settlements and other intensively utilised objects. 437 dendrotaxa were included and evaluated in this list. This means 281 species, 22 subspecies, 128 nothospecies and 6 nothosubspecies. Based on the indigenat, 260 native, 92 alien and 9 cryptogenic dendrotaxa live in Hungary, furthermore 54 cultivated dendrotaxa and 22 dendrotaxa with questionable occurrence. Analysing the invasive status of alien species, 19 invasive or being in the early stages of invasion, 12 naturalised and 61 casual dendrotaxa can be distinguished. According to residence time status, the number of archaeophytes is 16 and that of neophytes is 76. Of the 260 native dendrotaxa, 9 were extinct or presumably extinct. 44 dendrotaxa are considered to be proven endemic, and there are 8 subendemic. Of the 134 nothotaxa on the list, 14 are artificial and 120 are of natural origin.


INTRODUCTION
The purpose of species lists, flora lists, or according to current terminology standard lists and checklists, is to provide an account of the members of the flora of a given area, taking into account new knowledge of nomenclature, taxonomy, biogeography and ecology to utilise in basic and applied research, education, and practice (e.g. forestry, agriculture, nature conservation). This study undertakes to process the dendroflora of Hungary in such an approach.
Life forms: Life forms are given based on detailed categories developed by Bartha (1999d) based on the Raunkiaer system, but only the main groups are reported here, which are: T = tree, S = shrub, DS = dwarf shrub, L = liana, E = epiphyte. Transitional types (T-S, S-L) are possible.
Status: Status is given based on several criteria, for example groups according to indigenat, invasion status, residence time status, cultivation, endemity, origin of hybrid taxa are indicated.
a. Indigenat (origin) and invasion status: The categories and definitions follow the work of Lambdon et al. (2008), which are slightly modified as follows: N = native plants (indigenous) are taxa that have originated in a given area without human involvement or that have arrived there without intentional or unintentional intervention of humans from an area in which they are native. The definition excludes products of hybridisation involving alien taxa since human involvement in this case includes the introduction of an alien parent. A = alien plants (exotic, introduced, non-native, non-indigenous) are taxa in a given area whose presence there is due to intentional or unintentional human involvement, or which have arrived there without the help of people from an area in which they are alien. Taxa can be alien to any definable area, e.g. continents, islands, bio-or ecoregions, or any political entity (e.g., countries, states, provinces). Within this category, the following can be distinguished: Cas = casual alien plants are taxa that may reproduce occasionally outside cultivation in an area, but that eventually die out because they do not form self-replacing populations, and rely on repeated introductions for their persistence. Nat = naturalised alien plants are taxa that sustain self-replacing populations for a period of time long enough to experience extreme climatic events in the UPDATED CHECKLIST OF THE HUNGARIAN DENDROFLORA area, and reproduce without direct intervention by people (or in spite of human intervention) by recruitment from seed or vegetative parts capable of independent growth. Inv = invasive alien plants are a subset of naturalised plants that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at considerable distances from the parent plants and thus have the potential to spread over a large area. The definition is not bound to a type of habitat, hence a species may be invasive in natural or human-made habitats.
In addition to the above two main categories (N and A), Carlton's (1996) interpretation also distinguishes the following category: C = cryptogenic plants are those in which it cannot be with certainty decided whether they are native or alien to a region.
The indigenate is determined by Bartha et al. (2015), taking into account the special literature on the taxon, the invasion status was granted according to Bartha (2020). b. Residence time status: The categories and definitions follow the work of Lambdon et al. (2008), which are slightly modified as follows: Arch = archaeophytes are alien species introduced to the region during the period since the beginning of Neolithic agriculture and the end of Medieval (discovery of Americas, approximately the year 1500 AD). Neo = neophytes are alien species introduced to the region after the year 1500 AD. Residence time status was determined on the basis of Gyulai (2001) and the literature on taxa.
c. Other categories: Cult = cultivated plants are taxa or nothotaxa that, regardless of their indigenat and origin, are propagated and maintained by humans for some purpose. Hung.? = taxa and nothotaxa have been given this category whose occurrence in Hungary is uncertain and needs to be confirmed.
It should be emphasised that the above categories may be combined for individual taxa and nothotaxa. Some important combinations are interpreted as follows: N / Nat or Cas = native in one part of Hungary and naturalised or casual in another (e.g. Fraxinus ornus, Alnus incana); N / Cult = native in Hungary and also cultivated at the same time (e.g. Prunus avium); N / Cult / Cas = native and cultivated in Hungary, but escaped from cultivation and casual in appearance outside the native area (e.g. Taxus baccata); Cult / Inv or Nat or Cas = cultivated in Hungary, escaped from cultivation and became invasive, naturalised or casual (e.g. Acer negundo, Juglans regia, Platycladus orientalis); Cult / Arch or Neo = only cultivated archaeophyte or neophyte in Hungary, no escape can be experienced (e.g. Prunus persica, Taxodium distichum). d. Endemity: In its own interpretation, End = endemic ("Hungarian endemic") is a taxon that occurs or has occurred only within the area of Hungary, and SubE = subendemic is a taxon that occurs or has occurred in Hungary and in a neighbouring country (Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia or Slovenia), regardless of its area size. The definition of endemity is based on the work of Bartha (2019). e. Origin of hybrid taxa: Ntl = natural (spontaneous) hybrid is a taxon whose development human has no direct, at most only indirect role, Art = artificial (anthropogenic) hybrid is a taxon whose development human has direct role. The origin of hybrid taxa was determined based on the literature reported for nothotaxa.
Literature: The literature on the genera discusses the current interpretation and division of the genus, the literature on the lower taxa of the genera deals with taxonomic and nomenclatural problems, its occurrence in Hungary, and the status of the taxon. For the most part, only the relevant literature of the last quarter of a century has been considered.

RESULTS
The current list of dendroflora in Hungary, the indicators assigned to the taxa and the literature are given in Appendix 1. A total of 437 dendrotaxa (species and subspecies, nothospecies and nothosubspecies) were included and evaluated in this list. This means 281 species with no or only one subspecies living in Hungary (including the autonyme subspecies), 4 species (Acer tataricum, Daphne cneorum, Prunus mahaleb, Ulmus minor) with 2-2 subspecies living in Hungary and 4 more species (Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna, Quercus robur, Viscum album) whose 3-3 subspecies live in Hungary. Number of subspecies analysed is 22. For hybrid taxa (nothotaxa), there are 128 nothospecies where there are no nothosubspecies or only one nothosubspecies, for another 1-1 nothospecies (Crataegus ×subsphaerica, C. ×media) 2 and 3 nothosubspecies were listed. Number of nothosubspecies analysed is 6. There is one another species (Vitis vinifera) within which 2 subspecies and 1 nothosubspecies have been added to the list. In addition, 6 species aggregate (Crataegus rhipidophylla agg., Prunus domestica agg., Pyrus communis agg., Quercus petraea agg., Q. pubescens agg., Vaccinium oxycoccos agg.) and 2 nothospecies aggregate (Crataegus ×macrocarpa agg., C. ×subsphaerica agg.) have also been set up for better placement and interpretation of certain critical taxa. The microspecies included here were evaluated by species rank.
Based on the indigenat, 260 native, 92 alien and 9 cryptogenic dendrotaxa live in Hungary, furthermore 54 cultivated dendrotaxa and 22 dendrotaxa with questionable occurrence. Their distribution based on taxonomic ranks (species, subspecies, nothospecies, nothosubspecies) is shown in Table 1. Analysing the invasive status of alien species, 19 invasive or being in the early stages of invasion, 12 naturalised and 61 casual dendrotaxa can be distinguished.

UPDATED CHECKLIST OF THE HUNGARIAN DENDROFLORA
According to residence time status, the number of archaeophytes is 16 and that of neophytes is 76. It should be noted that Terpó et al. (1999) report only two archaeo phytes (Prunus cerasifera, Lycium barbarum) from Hungary, the latter, moreover, erroneously (see Priszter 2004). The differentiation of invasion status and residence time status based on taxonomic ranks is shown in Table 1, the distinction according to lifeform groups is shown in Table 2, and the comparison based on their relationship with each other is shown in Table 3. There are 210 dendrotaxa that are cultivated in Hungary. Of these, 54 taxa occur only in cultivation, the classification of which by taxonomic rank can be studied in Table 1, and their classification by lifeform in Table 2. Of the alien cultivated dendrotaxa, 17 were invasive, 9 naturalised, 41 casual, 9 archaeophytes and 58 neophytes. 7 cryptogenic and 15 native dendrotaxa are also found among the culti-       lundia hazslinszkyana) taxa. It should be noted that the Aria thaiszii (Soó) Sennikov et Kurtto described from Hungary -in contrast to the previous data Mikoláš et al. (2017) -is not found in Hungary, only in Slovakia. The distribution of native and cryptogenic dendrotaxa by endemic categories is shown in Table 4, and the distribution by taxonomic categories is shown in Table 1.
Of the 134 nothotaxa on the list, 14 are artificial and 120 are of natural origin. Nothotaxa where all parents are native are considered native, their number is 89. Non-native are nothotaxa where at least one of the parents is an alien, their number is 40. In 5 cases, the status of the parents could not be clearly determined, and the occurrence of 19 nothotaxa in Hungary has yet to be proven. The indigenat of the parents, and invasive and residence time status in the case of alien parents are shown in Table 5. ?