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- Author or Editor: X. Wang x
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Abstract
Thermal analysis of sulfurization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with elemental sulfur was investigated by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis of the mixture of polyacrylonitrile and elemental sulfur up to 600°C. Due to the volatilization of sulfur, the different heating rate (10 and 20 K min−1) and different mixture proportion of polyacrylonitrile and elemental sulfur were adopted to run the analysis. The different heating rates make the DSC curves of sulfur different, but make the DSC curves of PAN similar. In the DSC curve of sulfur for the heating rate of 20 K min−1 around 400°C, a small exothermic peak occurs at 400°C in the wide endothermic peak around 380∼420°C, indicative of that there is an exothermic reaction around 400°C. In the DSC curves of the mixture, the peaks around 320°C are exothermic as the content of sulfur is below 3.5:1 and endothermic as the content of sulfur is over 4:1, indicating that one of the reactions between PAN and sulfur takes place around 320°C. In the TG curves of the mixture, the mass losses begin at 220°C, and sharply drop down from 280°C. The curves for the low sulfur content obviously show two steps of mass loss, and curves for the high sulfur content show only one step of mass loss, indicative of more sulfur is benefit for the complete sulfurization of PAN. This study demonstrates that the TG/DSC analysis can give the parameter for the sulfurization, even if the starting mixture contains the volatile sulfur.
Abstract
Sorption of Th(IV) on Na-rectorite as a function of pH, ionic strength, soil humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) are studied under ambient conditions by using a batch technique. The results indicate that the sorption of Th(IV) on Na-rectorite is not only dependent on medium pH values, but also dependent on medium ionic strength and humic substances. Surface complexation and cation competition exchange account for Th(IV) sorption on Na-rectorite. The sorption of Th(IV) on Na-rectorite decreases with the increase on the concentration of NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2 and Ca(NO3)2, and increases with the increasing amount of HA/FA in the suspension/adsorbed on rectorite. Soil HA/FA enhances the sorption of Th(IV) on rectorite at medium pH<4 drastically, but the presence of FA reduces the sorption of Th(IV) at medium pH>6, and HA has no effect on Th(IV) sorption at medium pH>6. An interpretation for the results is attempted, considering the occurrence of different sorption mechanisms.
Abstract
The effects of two Chinese prescriptions, Zhugu and Shengu capsules were studied on calcium absorption. The absorption ratios of Zhugu and Shengu was 30.4% and 21.5%, respectively.
Abstract
Yaozhou Kiln at Lidipo and Shangdian are two independent porcelain kiln groups of Yaozhou kiln series in Shanxi Province. Both of them were consisted of some individual porcelain kilns. The samples of 20 pieces of porcelain sherds produced in Shangdian and 43 pieces of porcelain sherds made in Lidipo sites which produced in Kin Dynasty (1115–1234 A.D.) have been collected. The main chemical compositions in body were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The contents of trace elements were measured using neutron activation analysis (NAA). Principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise discriminant analysis were used to study the provenance characteristic of these samples. The results indicated that the main components and trace elements in the specimen can be used to reveal the provenance characteristic.
Abstract
Research on extracted 90Y with di(2-ethylhexyl) orthophosphoric acid (P204) in lipiodol for liver cancer was made to evaluate the stability of extracted 90Y with P204 in lipiodol (90Y-P204-lipiodol) in serum of newly-born cattle and human’s blood. At first, P204 (extractant) was dissolved in lipiodol (organic phase). Secondly, 90Y was extracted to organic phase after adding 90Y solution into test tube with P204 and lipiodol in it. The extracting efficiency with 0.01 mol/l P204 could reach 99.4%. The stability of 90Y-P204-lipiodol has been experimented in physiological saline solution as preparation for further stability experiment. The result indicated that the extracted 90Y lost 0.02%–0.36% in physiological saline solution. The results of further stability experiment showed that loss efficiencies of extracted 90Y after adding newly-born cattle serum 1 hour, 1 day, 3 and 7 days are 3.38%, 3.12%, 4.29% and 6.62%, respectively, and loss efficiencies of extracted 90Y after adding human’s blood 1 hour, 1 day, 3 and 7 days are 2.55%, 5.91%, 7.88% and 5.63%, respectively. Our data also indicated that 90Y is the most possible radioisotope for being extracted with P204 in lipiodol to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly in cases of unresectable liver tumors, since 90Y is available from several commercial sources in clinical quality. We conclude that the stability of 90Y-P204-lipiodol tested with newly-born cattle serum and human’s blood attained great results. 90Y-P204-lipiodol is a kind of potential and exciting pharmaceutical in inerventional therapy for liver cancer and we can carry on the further animal test and clinical trial.
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether co-administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) and butyrate regulates vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) and substance P (SP) levels in cultures of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. DRG was dissected out from embryonic 15-day-old Wistar rat and cultured as dissociated cells for 2 days then exposed to NGF (10 ng/ml), butyrate (1 mmol/L), NGF (10 ng/ml) plus butyrate (1 mmol/L) for another 4 days. The neurons cultured continuously in media served as normal control. After that, the cultures were processed for detecting expression of mRNA for VR1 and SP in DRG neurons by RT-PCR, and expression of VR1 protein by Western blot. SP basal release levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Capsaicin-evoked SP release was measured by RIA after stimulation with capsaicin (100 nmol/L) for 10 minutes. The neurons exposed to vehicle solution served as vehicle control. Either NGF (10 ng/ml) or butyrate (1 mmol/L) promoted expression of SP mRNA, VR1 mRNA, and VR1 protein in DRG neurons and capsaicin-evoked SP release from DRG neurons. Co-administration of NGF and butyrate showed a synergistic effect on expression of VR1 mRNA, and VR1 protein in DRG neurons and capsaicin-evoked SP release from DRG neurons and a ceiling effect on SP mRNA expression. The elevation of SP mRNA, VR1 mRNA, and VR1 protein promoted by NGF and/or butyrate may be associated with increases of SP release evoked by capsaicin. The mechanisms of the effects of co-administration of NGF and butyrate should be clarified by further study.
The geographical patterns of tree species richness in forest communities have been studied widely, but little is known about the geographical variation of the estimated species richness and minimum areas using species-area curves. A differential technique based on the species-area relationships (SAR) was developed for estimating the minimum area (Amin) capturing 60- 80% of the species in each plot, which is an important characteristic of a forest community. The relationship between estimated species richness (ESR) from the SAR and the corresponding minimum area is described by the linear model ESR = 0.0051×Amin (R2 = 0.98, p < 0.0001). Both the ESR and the minimum area exhibit similar geographical variations with a significant increase along altitudinal and a decrease along latitudinal gradients. The spatial variations of the ESR were partitioned into three geographical components and their combined effects. Altitude accounted for 40% and 45% of the total variation in the ESR and the minimum area, respectively. While latitude accounted for 69% and 61% of the total variation in the ESR and the minimum area, respectively. Thus, latitude is the main determinant which influences the geographical variation of the ESR. As far as we know, this study presents the first report of the geographical patterns of the minimum area in temperate forests.
Abstract
To develop thermal stable flavor, two glycosidic bound flavor precursors, geranyl-tetraacetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (GLY-A) and geranyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (GLY-B) were synthesized by the modified Koenigs–Knorr reaction. The thermal decomposition process and pyrolysis products of the two glycosides were extensively investigated by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and on-line pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (Py-GC-MS). TG showed the T p of GLY-A and GLY-B were 254.6 and 275.7°C. The T peak of GLY-A and GLY-B measured by DSC were 254.8 and 262.1°C respectively.
Py-GC-MS was used for the simply qualitative analysis of the pyrolysis products at 300 and 400°C. The results indicated that: 1) A large amount of geraniol and few by-products were produced at 300°C, the by-products were significantly increased at 400°C; 2) The characteristic pyrolysis product was geraniol; 3) The primary decomposition reaction was the cleavage of O-glycosidic bound of the two glycosides flavor precursors. The study on the thermal behavior and pyrolysis products of the two glycosides showed that this kind of flavor precursors could be used for providing the foodstuff with specific flavor during heating process.
Abstract
The effects of fullerenes, including fellerene soot (FS), extracted fullerene soot (EFS) and pure C60 on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) compared with traditional carbon black (CB) catalyst has been studied by employing thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and ignition temperature experiments. The results showed that the addition of CB and FS to AP reduced the activation energy as well as the temperature at maximum decomposition rate, but that of EFS and pure C60 had little effect on the thermal decomposition of AP, and among all catalysts, FS was the best one.
Abstract
Heat capacities of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different sizes have been measured by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and reported for the first time. The results indicated the values of C p increased with shortening length of CNTs when the diameters of CNTs were between 60 and 100 nm. However, the values of C p of CNTs were not affected by their diameter when the lengths of CNTs were 1–2 um, or not affected by the length of CNTs when their diameters were below 10 nm. The thermal stabilities of the CNTs have been studied by TG-DTG-DSC. The results of TG-DTG showed that thermal stabilities of CNTs were enhanced with their diameters increase. With lengths increase, the thermal stabilities of CNTs increased when their diameters were between 60 and 100 nm, but there is a slight decrease when their diameters were less than 60 nm. The further DSC analyses showed both released heat and T onset increased with the increase of CNTs diameters, which confirms the consistency of the results from both TG-DTG and DSC on CNTs thermal stability.
