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The Carpathian Basin was until the middle of the 20th century an important territory for locust outbreaks. This paper combines the earlier data and our own research related to the present status of three most important locust species of the period mentioned. It appeared that during the 19th and 20th centuries populations of Calliptamus italicus and Dociostaurus maroccanus generally decreased, and even Locusta migratoria lost its earlier economic importance in the Carpathian Basin/Hungary. In any case, the extensive and deleterious outbreaks known especially from the 14th to 19th centuries seem to stop in the Carpathian Basin. Beside the large waterway-regulations (= drying up the Pannonian Plain), the rapidly intensified agriculture might be the main reason for stopping of the earlier deleterious outbreaks and damages caused by L. migratoria, however, the desiccation of the Pannonian Plain temporarily created favourable habitats for extensive outbreaks of D. maroccanus and other xerothermous (e.g. C. italicus) species. Environmental changes evoked by a new trend in the agricultural land-use, in making extended surfaces of uncultivated (set-aside) lands/fallows, seem to provide suitable habitats for scattered local outbreaks in the future too, as was the case in 1993 with the Moroccan locust in Central Hungary.
OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. 13th and 14th editions (2004 and 2005) from the World Organization for Animal Health, Paris, France. 14th edition, 2005. ISBN 92-9044-635-8. Ref.: A 135; Jacques Euzéby, Gilles Bourdoiseau, Claude-Marie Chauve: Dictionnaire de parasitologie médicale et vétérinaire (Dictionary of Medical and Veterinary Parasitology). Éditions Tec & Doc - EM Inter - Lavoisier. Cachan, France, 2005. 492 pages. ISBN 2-7430-0705-2;
The aim of the paper is primarily to evaluate the heating energy demand of an industrial hall. In the study, we have made multidimensional dynamic whole building simulations for describing coupled heat and moisture behaviour and energy consumption of the building with different internal loads and compared to the calculated energy consumption of the building according to the Hungarian and Austrian regulations. The walls and roof structure of the industrial building were made with insulated panel systems, the plinth wall was built with monolithic reinforced concrete with 12 cm of XPS insulation. The floor is made of steel fibre reinforced concrete, where 10 cm XPS perimeter insulation was applied. After the calculations, we insulated the floor on the whole surface with 10 cm XPS and investigated the modified structure’s heating energy demand too. In the paper, we analyse the energy consumption of the original and modified industrial building according to the monthly and seasonal calculations and the whole building dynamic simulations and evaluated the differences. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of internal loads, thermal bridges on the simulations.
The study area is the peaty bed of Navad-patak mire situated in the North-Eastern Alföld, on the Bereg plain, which is slightly investigated area. The purpose of our research was to reconstruct the recent vegetation dynamic processes of the mire from 1950 till 2005. Beside the aerial photos we used the ERDAS Imagination remote sensing program, and made digital photo interpretation. We divided the vegetation history into three parts. In the first period, the nutrient load of the mire was increased, peat decaying and foresting processes started, the open peat-moss dominated associations ( Eriophoro vaginati-Sphagnetum, Carici lasiocarpae-Sphagnetum ) were disappeared. In the second period the expansion of the forest vegetation continued, the species composition transformed, and the characteristic species of the mentioned associations ( Eriophorum vaginatum, E. angustifolium, Carex lasiocarpa, Drosera rotundifolia, Sphagnum magellanicum ) were all disappeared. The third period starts with the artificial flooding in 1994. In the beginning the peat-mosses were all extinct, floating mires appeared immediately and their quick succession started and still runs. The fourth period would be start with the appearance of peat-mosses.
Analysis of flagellin genes was carried out on strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Abortusequi, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum serovars, using a PCR system designed in this study. The purpose of these studies was to explore the flagellin genes of biphasic and monophasic Salmonellae for future targeted genetic interventions. The PCR primers were designed for two different structural genes of flagellin (fliC, fljB), for the repressor of fliC (fljA), for the operator region of fliC, and for the invertase system responsible for phase variation in Salmonella (hin, hixL, hixR). PCR analysis revealed that all of the examined genes (fliC, fliC-operator, fljB, fljA, hin, hixL, hixR) were present in all S. Typhimurium (n = 10)and S. Hadar (n = 10) strains tested. The results obtained on S. Typhimurium and S. Hadar strains confirmed their biphasic character at DNA level. However, the S. Enteritidis (n = 46) and S. Gallinarum (n = 5) strains lacked the invertase system (hin, hixL, hixR) as well as the fljA and fljB genes, while fliC and its operator were detectable. Consequently, the S. Enteritidis strains could only express fliC gene resulting in phase H1 flagellin. The examined S. Gallinarum strains were also demonstrated to have a cryptic flagellin gene (fliC). On the other hand, PCR results on S. Abortusequi (n = 2) indicated that both flagellin genes (fliC, fljB) and the whole phase variation system were present in both strains tested but only the H2 phase gene (fljB) was expressed. The phenotype of these strains could be clarified by motility test and/or by classical flagellar serology. The findings are also substantiated by the results of serovar-specific PCR for S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. In conclusion, the PCR system developed in this study proved to be suitable for characterisation of Salmonella flagellin genes and confirmed serological results regarding all S. Typhimurium, S. Hadar and S. Enteritidis strains. This system could also identify cryptic flagellar genes of S. Abortusequi and S. Gallinarum.
The goal of this study was to improve the diagnostic applicability of genus- and serovar- (S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium) specific PCR systems in screening faecal and caecal samples of poultry, poultry feed and poultrymeat for Salmonella, by keeping the opportunity to obtain Salmonella cultures from positive samples. Peptone broth pre-enrichment cultures of the samples were tested by PCR. In faecal and caecal samples from broiler chicks a strong inhibitory action was frequently observed. This could be reduced markedly by the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) acting as amplification facilitator. The results of testing pre-enrichment cultures from artificially contaminated faecal, poultry feed and poultrymeat samples (using S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Hadar as contaminants) suggest that the sensitivity of the above systems is 101-102 CFU g-1 sample. The testing of 95 caecal samples from slaughtered chicks resulted in 49% culture-positive and 76% PCR-positive samples. The suitability of a generic real-time PCR for testing faecal samples of poultry was also studied. Its detection limit for these samples was found to be lower than that of the diagnostic PCR system. Both methods reduced the time required for Salmonella detection to 24-30 h, and the advantage of the real-time PCR was its increased sensitivity. We have established a diagnostic and a real-time PCR system for rapid and reliable genus- and serovar- (S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium) specific detection of Salmonella for monitoring purposes in the poultry food chain. Sensitivity is equal to, or higher than, that of the standard bacterial culture method, and the method still provides the Salmonella culture if needed.
Az utóbbi években megerősítést nyert a fizikai teljesítmény jelentős mértékű genetikai meghatározottsága. Emellett a sportoláshoz köthető sérülésekre és betegségekre való genetikai hajlamról is egyre nagyobb ismeretanyag áll rendelkezésünkre. A teljesítményt befolyásoló génpolimorfizmusok vizsgálata lehetőséget kínál a sportági kiválasztási rendszer fejlesztésére. A sportoló genetikai profiljának ismerete a jövőben lehetővé teszi a személyre szabott edzésprogram kidolgozását és ezáltal a teljesítmény potenciális növelését. A genetikai tesztek a jövőben fontos szerepet játszhatnak a sérülések és a betegségek genetikai kockázati tényezőinek szűrésében is. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1247–1255.