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Abstract
This work discusses thermal behavior of Ni/MH battery with experimental methods. The present work not only provides a new way to get more exactly parameters and thermal model, but also concentrates on thermal behavior in discharging period. With heat generation rate gained by experiments with microcalorimeter, heat transport equations are set up and solved. The solutions are compared with experiment results and used to understand the reactions inside the battery. Experiments with microcalorimeter provide more reliable data to create precise thermal model.
Abstract
Synthesis, characterization and thermal analysis of polyaniline (PANI)/ZrO2 composite and PANI was reported in our early work. In this present, the kinetic analysis of decomposition process for these two materials was performed under non-isothermal conditions. The activation energies were calculated through Friedman and Ozawa-Flynn-Wall methods, and the possible kinetic model functions have been estimated through the multiple linear regression method. The results show that the kinetic models for the decomposition process of PANI/ZrO2 composite and PANI are all D3, and the corresponding function is ƒ(α)=1.5(1−α)2/3[1−(1-α)1/3]−1. The correlated kinetic parameters are E a=112.7±9.2 kJ mol−1, lnA=13.9 and E a=81.8±5.6 kJ mol−1, lnA=8.8 for PANI/ZrO2 composite and PANI, respectively.
Abstract
A novel AB2-type monomer diethyl 5-(4-hydroxyethoxyphenylazo)isophthalate for preparing hyperbranched azo polymers (HBPAZO) was synthesized. The monomer obtained was characterized by IR spectra, UV–Vis spectra, 1H NMR spectrum and C NMR spectrum. The TG-DTG/DTA curves show that the decomposition of the monomer proceeds in four steps. During the second-step decomposition, the mass loss occurs between 480.5 K and 579.0 K and the phenomena of condensing to HBPAZO for the melted monomer was found. So it is inferred that this temperature range is the best for polycondensation of the melted monomer, which is very important for synthesizing of HBPAZO.
Abstract
The migration of 237Np in an undisturbed Chinese loess column was investigated by direct γ-ray method. The column was taken from a field test site and installed in a laboratory simulation hall. Radionuclide 237Np in the form of neptunium nitrate, mixed with quartz, was introduced into the column and covered with loess. Artificial rainfall was applied to the column for about 3 years and, the counting rates of 237Np in the column from 56 to 616 days at different vertical positions were detected with a γ-ray detection system. Based on the counting rates of 237Np in the simulation column at different vertical positions and the distance from the source layer, the relationship of the mass center of 237Np in the column at different experimental periods to the experimental time was established, C m = 0.36 log(t)-2.75. Here C m is the mass center of 237Np in the column, cm, and t is the experimental time in days. Based on this relationship, the mass center of 237Np for the 1,073-day experiment was predicted and compared to that obtained with the final destructive method. The good agreement between the prediction and the experimental values indicates that the direct γ-ray method could be used to predict the migration of strongly adsorbed radionuclides such as 237Np in environmental media with the help of laboratory simulation columns.
Abiotic stresses like salinity and abnormally cold environments cause significant yield losses in many crops including wheat. Therefore, concerted efforts are being made by breeders to develop new varieties with salt and cold tolerance to ensure stable yields over varied environments. This study was undertaken to screen six hundred and seventy-seven accessions of international wheat genetic resources to identify lines with high level of tolerance to salinity and cold environments. Based on the results of two years study in different agroecological locations, 51 accessions were classified as salt tolerant and 115 accessions were classified as cold tolerant. Of these, 35 accessions had good agronomic characteristics. Also, there were 39 genotypes with combined tolerance to cold as well as salinity. Thus, there were good lines which can be used directly or as parents for breeding wheat varieties for wide adaptation and high yield. Further analysis of the data showed that early genotypes had good cold tolerance but a poor salt tolerance. It was also observed that small number of both test spikelet and spikelet, short spike length and good seed-plump were positively associated with cold tolerance. Therefore, maturity and spike traits should be taken into considered when selecting wheat lines for wide adaptation breeding.
Abstract
The stability of β-cyclodextrinethyl benzoate6H2O(β-CDC6H5COOC2H56H2O) was investigated by TG and DSC. The mass loss takes place in three stages: the dehydration occurs at 50-120C; the dissociation of β-CDC6H5COOC2H5occurs at 200-260C; the decomposition of β-CD begins at 280C. The kinetics of the dissociation of β-CDC6H5COOC2H5in a dry nitrogen flow was studied by means of thermogravimetry both at constant temperature and linearly increasing temperature. The results show that the dissociation of β-CDC6H5COOC2H5is dominated by a three-dimensional diffusion process (D3). The activation energy E is 116.19 kJ mol-1and the pre-exponential factor A 6.5358109min-1. Cyclodextrin is able to form inclusion complexes with a great variety of guest molecules, and the studies focus on the energy of binding between cyclodextrin and the guest molecule. In this paper, the β-cyclodextrinethyl benzoate inclusion complex was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy, and the results show that the stable energy of inclusion complexes of β-CD with weakly polar guest molecules consists mainly of van der Waals interaction.
Abstract
A dual cell system was used to study the electrogenerative leaching sphalerite-MnO2 under the conditions of presence and absence of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans). The polarization of anode and cathode, and the relationship between the electric quantity (Q) and some factors, such as the dissolved Zn2+, Fe2+, the time in the bio-electro-generating simultaneous leaching (BEGSL) and electro-generating simultaneous leaching (EGSL), were studied. The results show that the dissolved Zn2+ in the presence of A. ferrooxidans is nearly 60% higher than that in the absence of A. ferrooxidans; the electrogenerative quantity in the former is about 134% more than that in the latter. A three-electrode system was applied to study anodic and cathodic self-corrosion current, which was inappreciable compared with the galvanic current between sphalerite and MnO2. The accumulated sulfur on the surface of sulfides produced in the electrogenerative leaching process could be oxidized in the presence of A. ferrooxidans, and the ratio of biological electric quantity reached to 31.72% in 72 h.
Background and aims
Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is common in university students. A number of studies have examined the prevalence of IAD in Chinese university students, but the results have been inconsistent. This is a meta-analysis of the prevalence of IAD and its associated factors in Chinese university students.
Methods
Both English (PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase) and Chinese (Wan Fang Database and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases were systematically and independently searched from their inception until January 16, 2017.
Results
Altogether 70 studies covering 122,454 university students were included in the meta-analysis. Using the random-effects model, the pooled overall prevalence of IAD was 11.3% (95% CI: 10.1%–12.5%). When using the 8-item Young Diagnostic Questionnaire, the 10-item modified Young Diagnostic Questionnaire, the 20-item Internet Addiction Test, and the 26-item Chen Internet Addiction Scale, the pooled prevalence of IAD was 8.4% (95% CI: 6.7%–10.4%), 9.3% (95% CI: 7.6%–11.4%), 11.2% (95% CI: 8.8%–14.3%), and 14.0% (95% CI: 10.6%–18.4%), respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that the pooled prevalence of IAD was significantly associated with the measurement instrument (Q = 9.41, p = .024). Male gender, higher grade, and urban abode were also significantly associated with IAD. The prevalence of IAD was also higher in eastern and central of China than in its northern and western regions (10.7% vs. 8.1%, Q = 4.90, p = .027).
Conclusions
IAD is common among Chinese university students. Appropriate strategies for the prevention and treatment of IAD in this population need greater attention.
Thermodynamic investigation of several natural polyols (II)
Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of sorbitol
Abstract
The low-temperature heat capacity C p,m of sorbitol was precisely measured in the temperature range from 80 to 390 K by means of a small sample automated adiabatic calorimeter. A solid-liquid phase transition was found at T=369.157 K from the experimental C p-T curve. The dependence of heat capacity on the temperature was fitted to the following polynomial equations with least square method. In the temperature range of 80 to 355 K, C p,m/J K−1 mol−1=170.17+157.75x+128.03x 2-146.44x 3-335.66x 4+177.71x 5+306.15x 6, x= [(T/K)−217.5]/137.5. In the temperature range of 375 to 390 K, C p,m/J K−1 mol−1=518.13+3.2819x, x=[(T/K)-382.5]/7.5. The molar enthalpy and entropy of this transition were determined to be 30.35±0.15 kJ mol−1 and 82.22±0.41 J K−1 mol−1 respectively. The thermodynamic functions [H T-H 298.15] and [S T-S 298.15], were derived from the heat capacity data in the temperature range of 80 to 390 K with an interval of 5 K. DSC and TG measurements were performed to study the thermostability of the compound. The results were in agreement with those obtained from heat capacity measurements.
