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A családi halmozódást mutató petefészek- és emlőrákok többségéért a BRCA1/2 gének mutációi felelősek. A rosszindulatú petefészek-daganatok hozzávetőleg 10%-a alakul ki a BRCA1/2 gének csíravonalbeli mutációja következtében. A daganatok többsége serosus és endometrioid szövettani típusú és rosszul differenciált. A mutációkat hordozó nők esetében a 40 éves életkor elérésekor vagy a családterv lezárásakor kockázatcsökkentő salpingo-oophorectomia javasolt. Napjainkban nincsen különbség a sporadikus és a herediter petefészekrákok kezelése között, bár a BRCA1/2 mutációk jelenlétekor a célzott terápia nagyobb hatékonyságát észlelték. A retrospektív tanulmányokban a mutációk fennállásakor a platinaszármazékokkal szemben érzékenyebbek voltak a daganatok, és a korai vizsgálatok szerint a mutációt hordozó, előrehaladott petefészekrákban szenvedők esetében hatékonyabb volt a poli-ADP-ribóz polimeráz gátlóival történő kezelés is. Ezeknek a szereknek a kemoprevencióban is szerepe lehet. Közleményünkben a családi halmozódású petefészekrák ellátásának elveit foglaljuk össze. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1596–1608.
Urban areas have been growing radically worldwide, causing considerable changes in biodiversity of natural habitats. In floodplain forests, we studied the effects of urbanization on ground-dwelling spider assemblages along a rural–suburban–urban gradient in Hungary. We tested three traditional hypotheses (intermediate disturbance hypothesis, habitat specialist hypothesis and hygrophilous species hypothesis) and two novel expectations (shade-preferring species hypothesis, and disturbance sensitive species hypothesis) on spiders. We found that the total number of species was higher in the suburban habitat than in rural and urban ones, supporting the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. We found a decrease in the species richness of forest specialist and shade-preferring species along the urbanization gradient. We found that the number of hygrophilous and disturbance sensitive species was the lowest in the urban habitat. The spider assemblages of the rural and suburban habitats were clearly separated from the assemblages of urban habitats. Based on our findings we emphasize that low and moderate intensity of forest management contributes to the preservation of the local species richness in floodplain forests.
The mediodorsal prefrontal cortex (mdPFC) is a key structure of the central glucose-monitoring (GM) neural network. Previous studies indicate that intracerebral streptozotocin (STZ) microinjection-induced destruction of local chemosensory neurons results in feeding and metabolic alterations. The present experiments aimed to examine whether STZ microinjection into the mdPFC causes metabolic deficits. To do so, glucose tolerance test (GTT) and measurements of plasma metabolites were performed in STZ-treated or control rats. Intraperitoneal D-glucose load was delivered 20 min or 4 weeks following the intracerebral microinjection of STZ or saline (acute or subacute GTT, respectively). The STZ-treated rats displayed acute glucose intolerance: at the 120th min of the test, blood glucose level of these rats was significantly higher than that of the ones in the control group. When determining the plasma level of various metabolites, 30 min following the intracerebral STZ or saline microinjection, the triglyceride concentration of the STZ-treated rats was found to be reduced compared with that of the control rats. The GM neurons of the mdPFC are suggested to be involved in the organization of complex metabolic processes by which these chemosensory cells contribute to adaptive control mechanisms of the maintenance of homeostasis.
Thermobifidas are thermophilic, aerobic, lignocellulose decomposing actinomycetes. The Thermobifida genus includes four species: T. fusca, T. alba, T. cellulosilytica, and T. halotolerans. T. fusca YX is the far best characterized strain of this taxon and several cellulases and hemicellulases have been cloned from it for industrial purposes targeting paper industry, biofuel, and feed applications. Unfortunately, sequence data of such enzymes are almost exclusively restricted to this single species; however, we demonstrated earlier by zymography that other T. alba and T. cellulosilytica strains encode the same enzyme sets. Recently, the advances in whole genome sequencing by the use of next generation genomics platforms accelerated the selection process of valuable hydrolases from uncharacterized bacterial species for cloning purposes. For this purpose T. cellulosilytica TB100T type strain was chosen for de novo genome sequencing. We have assembled the genome of T. cellulosilytica strain TB100T into 168 contigs and 19 scaffolds, with reference length of 4 327 869 bps, 3 589 putative coding sequences, 53 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs. The analysis of the annotated genome revealed the existence of 27 putative hydrolases belonging to 14 different glycoside hydrolase (GH) families. The investigation of identified, cloned, and heterologously multiple cellulases, mannanases, xylanases, and amylases may result in industrial applications beside gaining useful basic research related information.
To grow up with Crohn’s disease
(81 gyermek követése 18 éves korig)
Célkitűzés: A gyermekkori Crohn-betegség magyarországi jellegzetességeinek és lefolyásának vizsgálata. Módszer: 1984 és 2006 között diagnosztizált és 18 éves korig legalább egy éven át kezelt 81 beteg adatainak retrospektív értékelése. Eredmények: 62%-os fiúdominancia, 12,5% familiaritás észlelhető. A diagnosztikus késedelem 11,36 (1–96) hónap volt. A diagnóziskor az átlagéletkor 13,6 (4–17) év, az aktivitási index 37,88 (5–80), ilealis érintettség 87%-ban, stricturaképző és penetráló forma 27%-ban, perianalis manifesztáció 26%-ban, óriássejt-, illetve granulomaképződés 47%-ban, malnutritio 23,5%-ban, hyposomia 11%-ban volt jelen. Szteroidkezelést a betegek 84%-a, azathioprinterápiát 62%-a kapott. Biológiai terápia a vizsgált időszakban nem volt lehetséges. A műtéti arány 31% (bélműtétek: 20%, perianalis műtétek: 11%). 18 éves korra az átlagos aktivitási index 6,63-ra (0–35), a malnutritiós betegek aránya 9,9%-ra, a hyposomiásoké 2,5%-ra csökkent. A változások mértéke statisztikailag szignifikáns. Következtetések: A gyermekkori Crohn-betegség magyarországi jellegzetességei hasonlóak az európai adatokhoz. A hosszú diagnosztikus késedelem, a magas kezdeti aktivitási index, a granulomák, valamint a stricturaképző és penetráló formák jelenléte későbbi szövődményeket, illetve műtéti igényt jelezhetnek, ezért erőteljes iniciális terápiát indokolnak. Az immunmoduláns terápia korai bevezetése a lefolyást kedvezően befolyásolja. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 546–554.
Abstract
While the key initiating processes that trigger human autoimmune diseases remain enigmatic, increasing evidences support the concept that microbial stimuli are among major environmental factors eliciting autoimmune diseases in genetically susceptible individuals.
Here, we present an overview of evidences obtained through various experimental models of autoimmunity for the role of microbial stimuli in disease development. Disease onset and severity have been compared in numerous models under conventional, specific-pathogen-free and germ-free conditions. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no uniform scheme that could describe the role played by infectious agents in the experimental models of autoimmunity. While some models are dependent, others prove to be completely independent of microbial stimuli. In line with the threshold hypothesis of autoimmune diseases, highly relevant genetic factors or microbial stimuli induce autoimmunity on their own, without requiring further factors. Importantly, recent evidences show that colonization of germ-free animals with certain members of the commensal flora [such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB)] may lead to autoimmunity. These data drive attention to the importance of the complex composition of gut flora in maintaining immune homeostasis. The intriguing observation obtained in autoimmune animal models that parasites often confer protection against autoimmune disease development may suggest new therapeutic perspectives of infectious agents in autoimmunity.
The main function of the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System is to retain nutrients and total suspended solids, thus protecting the water quality of Lake Balaton. In this paper, the toxic nature of the sediment in the 2nd reservoir of the KBWPS has been characterised, using a battery of tests: Vibrio fischeri acute bioassay on whole sediment samples, and V. fischeri bioassay on pore water and elutriate samples. The latest version of the V. fischeri bioluminescence inhibition was applied, the Flash assay which uses a kinetic mode and is able to detect the toxicity of solid, turbid/coloured samples. Whole sediment toxicity showed a clear spatial distribution of toxicity, in parallel with elutriate toxicity. However, no pore water toxicity was detected, leading to the conclusion that contaminants are not water soluble.
Expression of antibodies or antibody fragments in plants is a useful tool for producing active antibody derivatives for diagnostic or pharmaceutical purposes as well as for immunomodulation. We investigated the effect of cellular expression site on the stability and yield of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-specific single-chain Fv-fragments (scFv) in transgenic tobacco. Two antibodies (J2 and P6) belonging to the V23(J558) heavy chain variable gene family but differing in the light chain variable domain were used. scFvs were targeted to the cytoplasm - with or without anchoring them in the plasma membrane -, into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and to the apoplast. Although high mRNA concentrations were detected in all cases, scFv proteins accumulated only when scFvs were made ER-resident by appropriate signal sequences. When the ER retention signal was removed to allow scFv-secretion to the apoplast, no scFv-proteins were detected. Despite the strong homology of the VH-sequences of J2 and P6 antibodies, only P6 provided a stable scFv scaffold for intracytoplasmic expression. J2-scFv could not be stabilised either by adding a C-terminal stabilisation signal or by anchoring the protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane (PM). It was found that dsRNA-specific J2-scFvs are active in vivo and enhance Potato Virus Y induced symptoms in infected tobacco. This is the first report describing the expression and biological effect of RNA-specific antibodies in plants.
