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- Author or Editor: Dong Zhang x
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Abstract
As an important radioisotope in nuclear industry and other fields, 241 Am is one of the most serious contamination concerns due to its high toxicity and long half-life. In order to supply useful reference for disposal of 241Am waste with low-medium radioactivity, the adsorption and migration behavior of 241Am on aerated zone soil were investigated by the static experimental method and column experiments. The results showed that more than 98% of the total 241Am could be adsorbed from 241Am solution of 0.32·10−7−1.1·10−7 mol/l by the soil at pH 4–9. The adsorption of 241Am on the soil was a pH-dependent process at pH<4, but for pH>4, the adsorption rate of 241Am on the soil changed minutely. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 24 hours and no significant effect on adsorption of 241Am was observed at liquid-solid ratios of 50:1–500:1. The relationship between concentration of 241Am and adsorption capacities of 241Am can be described by the Freundlich adsorption equation. Adsorption of 241Am on the soil can be inhibited by humic acid, ferric hydroxide colloid, or some anions, such as citric acid anion, saturated EDTA solution, C2O4 2− and CO3 2−. It was also noted that the adsorption rate of 241Am drops in solutions containing Eu3+ or Nd3+, even 0.5 times above the 241Am concentration. A migration distance of 8 mm for 241Am(III) is observed only in the aerated zone soil containing ferric colloid, while a migration distance of less than 2 mm is noted in other soil samples after more than 250 days. All these results indicate that the aerated zone soil is an efficient sorbent for 241Am and can inhibit the migration of 241Am.
Abstract
Background
Although internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been included in the DSM-5 for approximately 10 years, debate remains regarding its existence and classification.
Methods
The current research incorporated three approaches. First, implicit association tests were used to examine for potential dissociation between wanting and liking in IGD. Second, brain features in wanting and liking circuits were tested and compared with tobacco use disorder (TUD) when performing a cue-craving task to explore the neural features of wanting and liking. Third, dopaminergic systems were investigated in IGD and TUD using neuromelanin-sensitive MRI.
Results
The implicit association test results supported a wanting-liking dissociation in IGD participants. Functional MRI data suggested neural correlates underlying wanting-liking dissociation in IGD and TUD participants, with positive correlations suggesting greater dissociation with increasing addiction severity. Neuromelanin results suggest dopaminergic differences in IGD and TUD relative to healthy control participants.
Conclusions
A wanting-liking dissociation in IGD participants suggests gaming motivations in IGD relating to incentive sensitization rather than hedonic responses. The neuromelanin-sensitive MRI results suggest dopaminergic involvement in IGD and TUD. The findings suggest similar brain-behaviour mechanisms for IGD and TUD based on an incentive-sensitization model for addiction, having implications for potential therapeutic strategies and policy-based interventions.
Abstract
Objective
This study sought to investigate brain responses to positive and negative events in individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) during real gaming as a direct assessment of the neural features of IGD. This investigation reflects the neural deficits in individuals with IGD while playing games, providing direct and effective targets for prevention and treatment of IGD.
Methods
Thirty subjects with IGD and fifty-two matched recreational game use (RGU) subjects were scanned while playing an online game. Abnormal brain activities during positive and negative events were detected using a general linear model. Functional connectivity (FC) and correlation analyses between neural features and addiction severity were conducted to provide additional support for the underlying neural features.
Results
Compared to the RGU subjects, the IGD subjects exhibited decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during positive events and decreased activation in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus during negative events. Decreased FC between the DLPFC and putamen during positive events and between the MFG and amygdala during negative events were observed among the IGD subjects. Neural features and addiction severity were significantly correlated.
Conclusions
Individuals with IGD exhibited deficits in regulating game craving, maladaptive habitual gaming behaviors and negative emotions when experiencing positive and negative events during real game-playing compared to RGU gamers. These abnormalities in neural substrates during real gaming provide direct evidence for explaining why individuals with IGD uncontrollably and continuously engage in game playing, despite negative consequences.
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cucumber is rich in nutrients with low sugar content and is safe for consumption. The aim of this study was to construct a therapeutic cucumber that can express NK, which can prevent and alleviate cardiovascular diseases by consumption. Because the Bitter fruit (Bt) gene contributes to bitter taste but has no obvious effect on the growth and development of cucumber, so the NK-producing cucumber was constructed by replacing the Bt gene with NK by using CRISPR/Cas9. The pZHY988-Cas9-sgRNA and pX6-LHA-U6-NK-T-RHA vectors were constructed and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105, which was transformed into cucumber by floral dip method. The crude extract of NK-producing cucumber had significant thrombolytic activity in vitro. In addition, treatment with the crude extract significantly delayed thrombus tail appearance, and the thrombin time of mice was much longer than that of normal mice. The degrees of coagulation and blood viscosity as well as hemorheological properties improved significantly after crude extract treatment. These findings show that NK-producing cucumber can effectively alleviate thrombosis and improve blood biochemical parameters, providing a new direction for diet therapy against cardiovascular diseases.
