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Abstract
Purpose
This paper provides a detailed presentation of the estimated number of people in Hungary with eye disease and refractive errors by both sex and age.
Materials/methods
In the past 12 years, 168,522 people (54.1% women and 45.9% men) have been screened under Hungary's Comprehensive Health Protection Screening Programme (MÁESZ).
Results
The total number of people with eye disease in the adult Hungarian population (about 8 million people) is estimated to be 1,684,818, with women (1,078,026) outnumbering men (606,792). Eye diseases were found to be more common in older age groups, and more common in women than men in each age group. The estimated number of people with refractive errors in the Hungarian adult population is 5,005,095. The overall number of people with myopia in the adult Hungarian population is estimated to be 3,058,536, with roughly equal numbers of men and women. The majority of people with myopia (63.3%) are between 18 and 45 years of age.
Conclusions
The huge number of people in the Hungarian population affected by eye disease or refractive errors underscores the need to develop and implement an effective national strategy and specific programmes to prevent visual impairments.
Abstract
Purpose
The present study compares the efficacy of refractive surgery using third-generation and sixth-generation laser vision correction procedures in terms of postoperative visual acuity. The goal of the authors was to determine whether advances in laser technology had improved patients' uncorrected visual acuity, as measured at six-month follow-ups.
Materials/Methods
Results were reported from one of Europe's leading laser eye clinics, which has performed an outstandingly high number of treatments (over 100,000). The results of the clinic's first 10,000 treatments and most recent 10,000 treatments were evaluated.
Results
The analysis was performed by treated dioptric range and age group. The raw six-month visual acuity results show a statistically significant improvement over the last 10,000 interventions. The treatments resulted in significant improvements in all groups compared to the previous technology. With the new devices, visual acuity increased to above 1.0 in young myopes. The best results were seen in patients between 18 and 45 years of age, in the dioptric range between −1.0 D and −6.0 D.
Conclusions
It can be concluded that advances in technology improved refractive outcomes in all patient groups. This conclusion has excellent reliability and predictability due to the particularly high number of cases.
Long-term effects of the elevated atmospheric CO 2 on biosphere have been in focus of research since the last few decades. In this experiment undisturbed soil monoliths of loess grassland were exposed to an elevated CO 2 environment (two-times the ambient CO 2 level) for a period of six years with the aid of the open top chamber method. Control without a chamber and CO 2 elevation was applied as well. Elevated CO 2 level had very little impact on soil food web. It did not influence either root and microbial biomass or microbial and nematode community structure. The only significant response was that density of the bacterial feeder genus Heterocephalobus increased in the chamber with elevated CO 2 concentration. Application of the open top chambers initiated more changes on nematodes than the elevated CO 2 level. Open top chamber (OTC) method decreased nematode density (total and plant feeder as well) to less than half of the original level. Negative effect was found on the genus level in the case of fungal feeder Aphelenchoides , plant feeder Helicotylenchus and Paratylenchus . It is very likely that the significantly lower belowground root biomass and partly its decreased quality reflected by the increased C/N ratio are the main responsible factors for the lower density of the plant feeder nematodes in the plots of chambers. According to diversity profiles, MI and MI(2–5) parameters, nematode communities in the open top chambers (both on ambient and elevated CO 2 level) seem to be more structured than those under normal circumstances six years after start of the experiment.
The chemical composition of maize makes it suitable for a wide range of nonconventional uses, including utilisation as a new source of energy for the 21st century as a raw material for biofuel. The aim of the experiments was to amalgamate the application of genetic markers with conventional breeding methods to produce maize hybrids whose starch content and ecostability satisfied the demands of industrial use, while having yield potential and agronomic traits on a par with those of hybrids currently cultivated. The chemical quality of 220 lines was evaluated using the NIR spectrometric technique, and the five maize inbred lines with the lowest and highest starch contents were selected for genetic marker studies. The variety identification of the lines was carried out using the isoenzymes stipulated by UPOV. The following SSR (simple sequences repeat) markers were tested: phi 095, umc 1057, nc 004, phi 096, nc 007, umc 1564, phi 85, y1 SSR, umc 1178, nc 009, phi 070, umc 1066, umc 1741, umc 1069, phi 033, phi 061, wx, phi 032, phi 084 and phi 062. The analysis of the fragment patterns revealed three SSR markers that appeared to be correlated with the starch content of the maize lines. These were the primer pairs y1 SSR, umc 1069 and phi 062 . These results are only of a preliminary nature, however, as the incorporation of starch is probably regulated by several genes, and the studies suggest it is also influenced by several environmental factors. It also appears likely that the bioethanol yield is determined not only by the starch content, but also by other parameters. Further research should thus be expanded to include investigations into the structural and fermentability traits of starch molecules, including the characterisation of these traits using genetic markers.
A total of 123 isolates of Phytophthora infestans were recovered from 43 commercial fields and allotments of potato and tomato in Hungary. Isolates were characterised for mating type, response to metalaxyl, isozyme genotype at glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) and peptidase A (Pep) loci, nuclear DNA fingerprint with probe RG57 and mitochondrial haplotype. Both mating types were detected in 8 potato and 3 tomato fields. The frequency of A1 and A2 were 47.5% and 52.5% on potato and 60.5% and 39.5% on tomato. More than sixty per cent of the whole population were resistant (31.1%) or responded intermediately (30.2%) to the fungicide metalaxyl in vitro. All isolates were monomorphic at the Gpi locus (100/100), but four allele combinations 100/100 (33%), 96/100 (28%), 96/96 (31%) and 83/96 (8%) were found at the Pep locus. Genotype Pep 83/96 is rare in Europe and all isolates with this allele combination were of A1 mating type and Ia mitochondrial haplotype. As in other European populations, only two of the four mitochondrial haplotypes (Ia, 32.5% and IIa, 67.5%) were detected. Diversity of RG57 fingerprints was high. Of the 79 different fingerprints found 67 were not detected previously.
Abstract
Purpose
Our aims were to evaluate the primary and clinical evisceration indications and to analyse orbital implant related complications.
Materials/methods
We included in our retrospective review all eviscerations between 2006 and 2016 at the Department of Ophthalmology of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. Primary evisceration indications were classified into six groups: trauma, surgical diseases, infections or inflammations, systemic diseases, tumours and unclassifiable diseases. Clinical immediate evisceration indications were also classified into six groups: painful blind eye due to glaucoma, atrophia/phthisis bulbi, endophthalmitis, cosmetic reasons, acute trauma and expulsive bleeding.
Results
Evisceration was performed in 46 eyes of 46 patients (54.3% males, age 43.0 ± 18.6 years). The most common primary evisceration indications were trauma (37%), surgical diseases (34.8%), infection or inflammation (10.9%), systemic diseases (6.5%), tumours (8.7%) and unclassifiable diseases (2.2%). Painful blind eye due to glaucoma (34.8%) was the most common clinical indication for evisceration, followed by atrophia/phthisis bulbi (26.1%), endophthalmitis (17.4%), cosmetic reasons (13.0%), acute trauma (6.5%) and expulsive bleeding (2.2%). After evisceration, 91.3% of the patients received orbital implant and during 26.8±28.9 months follow-up implant related complications were found in 14.3% of the cases, including implant extrusion (4.8%), partial wound dehiscence (4.8%), implant exposure (2.4%) and orbital inflammation (2.4%).
Conclusion
Painful blind eye and atrophia/phthisis bulbi due to ocular trauma and surgical diseases represent the most common indications for ocular evisceration. If malignant intraocular tumours can be excluded, evisceration surgery combined with a silicon-based orbital implant is a safe and effective procedure.
We determined microhabitat associations for 39 land snail species based on multimodel inference and generalized linear mixed models using a comprehensive and micro-scale data set from the Aggtelek Karst Area, Hungary. Patterns of microhabitat associations were highly nested among microhabitat types (litter, live trees, dead wood, rock) with high number of specialist species in dead wood and in rock microhabitats. Species composition was highly predictable in these microhabitats as opposed to live tree and litter faunas. Species richness was affected by microhabitat, topographic factors and local moisture conditions. Species richness in dead wood and rock microhabitats remained high irrespective of the topographic effects as opposed to litter and live tree microhabitats, where richness decreased with drier microhabitat conditions due to topography. Our results imply that consideration of topographic factors and microhabitat quality as part of coarse filter conservation measures could be beneficial to local land snail populations in the face of changing climate and disturbance regimes.
Grassland ecosystems in the Carpathian Basin may be particularly vulnerable to current and predicted changes in precipitation, and ecosystem responses to potential effects of water are not well understood. To examine how water addition can affect the species composition and structure, and CO 2 -flux of a Central European natural steppe plant community, grassland monoliths were irrigated for three consecutive years at Gödöllő, from 2002 through 2004. The loess grassland studied by ex situ is a characteristic plant association of Hungary and similar vegetation can be found in other temperate regions. The treatment consisted of spray irrigation during night-time only in the growing season as well as aboveground biomass removal twice per year. Interannual and intraannual dynamics of species richness, Shannon Diversity, percentage cover, and different functional groups (monocots/dicots; plant life forms; social behaviour types; C 4 /C 3 plants), and Net Ecosystem CO 2 Exchange in treated and untreated permanent plots, were studied simultaneously. To measure NEE and water vapour at stand level a self-developed, portable, non-destructive open chamber system (d=60cm) was used. The majority of the examined parameters varied considerably among years at both irrigated and control, but concerning carbon fluxes water addition effects were evident in dry periods only. At the treated plots, in general species richness, Shannon Diversity, the number of plant life forms and social behaviour types, the ratio of dicots and C 4 plants declined with addition of water. Our study proved that decline in species richness and Shannon diversity is not necessarily followed by the reduction of stand physiological (synphysiological) processes.
Abstract
Aims: We investigated the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the prevalence of responder status in chronic heart failure patients after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
Methods: Data on 169 patients with resynchronization therapy were analyzed. Patients were categorized on the basis of the BMI measured at device implantation according to the WHO classification, as normal (BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2) or obese (BMI:≥30 kg/m2). Patients were considered responders if left ventricular ejection fraction was increased by at least 5% at 6-month follow-up.
Results: The mean age in the study population was 60.9±10.86 years (females 29%). The BMI subgroups did not exhibit any significant differences in baseline characteristics (age, gender, left ventricular ejection fraction or NYHA class). Elevated BMIs were associated with higher prevalence of responder status (overweight: 71.4%, obese: 63.0%) relative to subjects with a normal BMI (44.7%) (p=0.015).
Conclusions: In this CRT population, overweight status was associated with a more favorable response to CRT, indicating that the response may possibly be influenced by factors other than those directly related to the heart status or the technical details of the CRT.
Abstract
A measuring technique based on the alpha particles being released from the10B(n, α) nuclear reaction and using the time-of-flight technique at a periodically pulsing reactor was developed. Non-destructive determination for the range distribution of boron impurities in ion-implanted silicon have been performed. Projected ranges obtained in the energy region 20–80 keV are compared to calculated results and to other experiments. Examples are shown for some typical boron distributions before and after annealing the sample.
