Összefoglaló. A COVID–19 pandémia az információbiztonság területén új kihívásokat jelentett. A távolról végzett munka különböző formái jelentős mértékben növelték az online tér biztonsági kockázatát. Nőtt a hálózatok nagysága, az adatforgalom, és azon felhasználók száma, akiknek nem volt érdemi tapasztalatuk az online térben. A járvány ideje alatt a kibertérből érkező támadások szektoronként és időszakonként eltérő intenzitásúak voltak, a támadások típusa a phishingtől a malwareken keresztül az információs zavarkeltésig széles spektrumban változott. Számos jelenségnek nemzetbiztonsági vonatkozásai is voltak. Összefoglaló cikkünkben a fenti jelenségek nemzetközi és hazai tapasztalatait összegezzük, különös figyelmet szentelve az egészségügyi rendszernek, illetve a vakcinafejlesztés kibertérből érkező fenyegetéseinek.

Summary. During the COVID-19 pandemic, new challenges emerged in the field of information security and cyber security. Home office, home schooling and distance learning, or even telemedicine hit some organizations unprepared. Security risks in online space have increased significantly: the number of network endpoints and the number of computers, laptops and mobile devices have increased with network data traffic as well as the number of users who had no significant experience in online space. They appeared as a significant risk factor. This has been exacerbated, especially in healthcare, by the extremely high workload, which has made systems highly vulnerable. During the epidemic, attacks from cyberspace varied in intensity from sector to sector and period to period. Statistics from international and national organizations have shown that from the end of the first quarter of 2020, the number of cyber security incidents jumped sharply and then remained high even after a small decline. The types of attacks had an extremely wide range: from phishing through malware to misinformation, almost all types of attacks occurred. Many phenomena also had national security implications. Ransomware virus attacks on health have affected almost all health systems and reached high levels by the end of 2020 in particular. It was during the first period that, in an emergency case, there is thought to be an association between a ransomware virus attack and the death of a patient who was not admitted because of the attack.

In addition to distance measures and the associated increase in cyber threats, the emerging threats related to vaccination, which is central to the fight against the epidemic, should also be highlighted. This period has shed light on how many vulnerabilities there are, from vaccine development through drug trials to delivery to vaccines and the organization of vaccines, that cybercriminals are able to attack. In order to prevent and combat these threats and attacks, and to respond appropriately, complex, multidisciplinary collaborations are needed in which security science has a privileged place. In our review article, we summarize the international and national experiences of the above phenomena, paying special attention to the health care system and the threats coming from cyberspace in vaccine development.

Összefoglaló. A COVID-19 járvány rámutatott arra, hogy az egészségügy kiemelt nemzetbiztonsági terület. Az egészségbiztonsági kockázati tényezőkkel szemben ellenálló egészségügyi rendszerek adattudományi innováció nélkül nem képzelhetők el. A közlemény két esettanulmányon keresztül mutatja be, hogy a nagy, működés során generálódó adatbázisok elemzése hogyan segítheti a járványokkal szembeni védekezést. A mobilcella információk elemzése a leghatékonyabb eszköz a tömeges népességmozgások nyomon követésére, így a vesztegzár intézkedések hatásának döntéstámogatási célú vizsgálatára, az oltásellenes közösségimédia-aktivitás hálózatelemzése pedig segíti az immunizációs kampányok tervezését és megvalósítását. Tanulmányunkban amellett érvelünk, hogy az egészségügy információ- és kommunikációtechnológia fejlődésére építő digitalizációja a kulcsa egy környezeti változásokkal megbirkózni képes egészségügy kialakításának.

Summary. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that health and health care should be considered a top priority area of national security. Health security risks can only be addressed with resilient health systems, which are not possible to be established without innovation in health data science. This publication introduces two examples to illustrate this point, both in the field of the management of epidemics. The first case provides a summary of our previous publication about how mobile phone Call Detail Records can be used to trace population movement to evaluate the effectiveness of movement restriction measures, such as the lock down, which was implemented in Hungary during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis shows that the collation and processing of Call Detail Records is an effective and inexpensive method to monitor mass population movement, and complements well the GPS-based smartphone method, which is more suitable for contact tracing and controlling of home quarantine of individuals. Our CDR-based method could be used by other countries, as well as to monitor movement between countries at the European level or internationally, with minimal adaptation effort. The second case introduces a study to gain insight into and better understanding of the potential impact of antivaccination social media activism on the Human Papilloma Virus vaccination campaign in Hungary in 2014. The network analysis of Facebook antivaccination posts and comments showed that during this period, the activists in this network were unable to reach a wider population and were not able to disturb the implementation of the expansion of the well functioning Hungarian public vaccination programme. Unfortunately, this is not the case regarding the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in progress, which suggests that the antivaccination activism is a real and serious security threat to be dealt with. In conclusion, we argue in this paper that the digital transformation of health care, based on the explosive development of information and communication technologies, is of key importance to the establishment of resilient health systems, which are able to cope efficiently with the challenges posed by the rapid environmental changes generated by societal transformation of the 21st century.