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- Author or Editor: T. Erdős x
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In the present article the author examines how to develop economic and monetary policy in order to efficiently apply inflation targeting. In Hungary, an inflation targeting system has been applied since 2001. As a result of the current monetary policy, consumer price level must regularly be kept stable at least in a mid-term approach in the middle but possibly also in the long run, or else it should be rising slowly, two per cent per year, at the most. Should the monetary authority have to deal with an already existing fast inflation rate, a considerable reduction of the rate of inflation must be aimed at year by year. Once monetary policy succeeds in bringing down inflation, the low rate achieved must permanently be secured. However, it is not sure that monetary policy has to prefer inflation targeting under any circumstances whatsoever.This policy has a favourable effect only if two substantial preconditions are given: public finances are near the equilibrium and nominal wages are regularly adjusted to the growth rate of GDP. Otherwise, inflation targeting may also have harmful effects such as excessive overvaluation of the national currency, excess of domestic use over GNP, increase of domestic and external debt, decreasing trend of the savings and investment rate, lower economic growth potential.
A new closed rock sward association ( Festuco rupicolae-Arrhenatheretum Erdős et Morschhauser, ass. nova.) has been found and described in the Villány Mts (SW Hungary). This community lives in northern expositions, near the ridge or the plateau. Bedrock is limestone and dolomite. In the association dominated by the grasses Festuca rupicola and Arrhenatherum elatius , an unusual mixing of species can be encountered: species of the mesophilous forests, of the karst shrub-forests and of the xerophilous grasslands and rock swards occur together in this community. Description of the new community as a distinct association is supported by the PCoA ordination and the differential species. Ecological properties of the community were characterised by using ecological indicator values. This analysis also shows the dual character of the association. We analysed the new association by computing the spectra of the social behaviour types. The extraordinarily great amount of the disturbance tolerants is probably a consequence of the former grazing pressure or some other disturbance.
The paper revises and re-discusses the literature dealing with the phytosociology of the Spiraea rock heath communities based on relevés collected in North Hungary (Northern Hungarian Mountain Range) and South Hungary (Mecsek and Villány Mts). The comparative analyses confirmed the separation of the formerly described two associations and added one new subassociation to each. These are Waldsteinio-Spiraeetum mediae filipenduletosum and Helleboro odori-Spiraeetum scilletosum. Differences between stands along the three possible ecological gradients (southwest-northeast, north-facing vs. south-facing and vertical) were also analysed. An obvious continentality trend is identified along a southwest-northeast gradient and obvious ecological differences are detected between the south-facing and north-facing Spiraea stands. In contrast, no ecological trend is recognisable along a vertical gradient.
Bees are the most important pollinators in Europe. We studied bee assemblages on 7 pairs of extensively and intensively grazed sites in three lowland grassland types in Hungary. No chemicals were applied on the grasslands. The bees were collected using sweep net surveys and 1 m wide transect surveys in 2003. We mapped land-use types (grasslands; arable fields; forests; built-up areas; marshy habitat and open water) based on aerial photographs within a 500 m radius of each study site. We captured 483 individuals of 124 Apoidea species in total. This shows very diverse and species rich bee assemblages in these semi-natural grassland areas. Both diversity and percentage of rare species were the highest on the Kiskunság alkali area. The dominance of honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) was very low at each site. Neither species richness nor abundances differed between extensively and intensively grazed sampling sites, among regions, and between edge and interior of sites. However, both species richness and abundance of bees correlated positively with species richness and cover of flowering plants, indicating the important role of food sources. From the landscape parameters wet areas were preferred by small species, while large species tended to avoid build-up areas.
