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To investigate the effect of Zn fertilization on soil Zn fractions and grain Zn concentration in wheat grown on potentially Zn-deficient soil, a field experiment was carried out. The experimental design was split plot consisted of two varieties of wheat (Zhengmai 9023 and Xinong 889) with five Zn levels (0, 7.5, 15, 30 and 45 kg Zn/ha). Results showed that Zn fertilization had no significant effect on wheat yield and grain Zn concentration, and the recovery of Zn fertilizer was only 0.06% to 0.29%. However, the amount of soil DTPA-Zn was increased by 2.3-9.8-folds as Zn supplementation increases during the whole wheat growth stage as compared to the control (Zn0 treatment). Besides, DTPA-Zn was positively correlated with both Loose organic matter bound Zn (LOM-Zn) and Exchange Zn (Ex-Zn), and their partial correlation coefficients were 0.558 and 0.119, respectively. Moreover, these two fractions also showed positive correlation with grain Zn concentration. The amount of LOM-Zn was firstly increased with increasing Zn fertilizer levels then gradually decreased as it get converted to mineral bound Zn (Min-Zn). Zn fertilization in this potentially Zn deficient soil increased the amount of DTPA-Zn in the whole wheat growth stage; however, grain Zn concentration cannot be significantly increased as Zn levels increase, thus suggesting that there are inhibitory factors for Zn absorption and translocation. Furthermore, the amount of soil DTPA-Zn perhaps cannot exactly reflect the capability of soil to supply Zn.
Abstract
A new method of thermal desorption chromatography, in which hydrogen is used as carrier instead of helium, and a water bath instead of an air bath, is presented for determining the specific surface area of uranium compounds. The method proposed has a higher accuracy and a better applicability.
Study of the immobilization of226Ra
I. Cement solidification of226Ra waste
Abstract
A study of the immobilization for226Ra waste has been carried out. Cement-based concrete was used as a matrix for the solidification of radium waste. The experimental results show that the cement mixture with water/cement between 0.46–0.54 has higher strengh (above 20 MPa), and the compressive strength was not reduced by addition of 1% barite or the radium waste (RaSO4) into the concrete solid.
Study of the immobilization of226Ra
II. Predictive model of radionuclide leaching behavior in a cement-based solid
Abstract
A three-dimensional leaching model was developed to describe the leaching of radionuclide from a cement-based concrete solid. The film mass transfer and interparticle diffusion were considered simultaneously. On the basis of the derived model the long-term behavior of radium-226 leaching from the waste solid has been quantitatively investigated.
A reborn interest has occurred during the last decade toward wheat landraces for broadening genetic basis of modern wheat cultivars. The investigation of molecular traits within and between existing landraces of wheat can help scientists to develop appropriate strategies for their efficient maintenance and exploitation. The present study dealt with the gliadin characterization of forty-seven wheat landraces collected from wheat mainly planted areas of China, each of which was represented by a sample of at least 43 individuals. Twelve accessions selected on the basis of gliadin analysis were investigated further using 21 SSR markers. The results proved that landraces of wheat are a mixture of variable individuals genetically distinguishable from each other. Twelve of the analyzed 47 accessions were observed to be homogeneous, while 35 (74.5%) of them were heterogeneous in their gliadin composition. In total, 122 gliadin pattern were observed. On average, 10.1% (Gst) of the total variation arose from differentiation among regions, and 89.9% was attributed to within-region variation. Furthermore, nineteen of the 21 SSR markers were polymorphic across all the populations. The total number of the amplified DNA products was 110, with a mean of 6.11 alleles per locus. The values of genetic diversity within each landrace population varied from 0.006 to 0.351. Implications for the management of this valuable genetic resource are discussed.
Youzimai is a widespread wheat landrace and has been used extensively in breeding programs in China. In order to assess the genetic variation between and within Youzimai accessions, samples of 31 landrace accessions of wheat, all called ‘Youzimai’, were collected from 6 geographic regions in China and evaluated using morphological traits, seedling resistance to powdery mildew, gliadin and microsatellite markers. Typical differences among accessions were observed in morphological characteristics. Forty-five (58.4%) of 77 assayed SSR markers showed polymorphism over the entire collection and total 226 alleles were identified with an average of 5.02 alleles per locus. SSR data indicated that the accessions from Hebei province were the most diverse, as evidenced by greatest number of region-specific alleles and highest diversity index. These accessions, therefore, probably experienced the most substantial morphological and molecular evolution as a result of various natural and anthropomorphic influences. On the other hand, differentiation in gliadin phenotypes was found among seeds within 80.6% of total accessions and average 61.5% of entire collections showed heterogeneous and comprised resistant plants in reaction to powdery mildew, suggesting the presence of a wide diversity within the wheat landrace. By developing an intimate knowledge of the available wheat genotypes, appropriate selections can be made for commercial application in order to conserve and exploit the diversity of the wheat landraces.
Abstract
The kinetics of protein thermal transition is of a significant interest from the standpoint of medical treatment. The effect of sucrose (0–15 mass%) on bovine serum albumin denatured aggregation kinetics at high concentration was studied by the iso-conversional method and the master plots method using differential scanning calorimetry. The observed aggregation was irreversible and conformed to the simple order reaction. The denaturation temperature (T m), the kinetic triplets all increased as the sucrose concentration increased, which indicated the remarkable stabilization effect of sucrose. The study purpose is to provide new opportunities in exploring aggregation kinetics mechanisms in the presence of additive.
The effect of glucose on bovine serum albumin denatured aggregation kinetics at high concentration
The master plots method study by DSC
Abstract
The effect of glucose (0–15 mass%) on the kinetics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denatured aggregation at high concentration in aqueous solution has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The observed denatured aggregation process was irreversible and could be characterized by a denaturation temperature (T m), apparent activation energy (E a), the approximate order of reaction, and pre-exponential factor (A). As the glucose concentration increased from 0 to 15 mass%, T m increased, E a also increased from 514.59409±6.61489 to 548.48611±7.81302 kJ mol−1, and A/s−1 increased from 1.24239E79 to 5.59975E83. The stabilization increased with an increasing concentration of glucose, which was attributed to its ability to alter protein denatured aggregation kinetics. The kinetic analysis was carried out using a composite procedure involving the iso-conversional method and the master plots method. The iso-conversional method indicated that denatured aggregation of BSA in the presence and absence of glucose should conform to single reaction model. The master plots method suggested that the simple order reaction model best describe the process. This study shows the combination of iso-conversional method and the master plots method can be used to quantitatively model the denatured aggregation mechanism of the BSA in the presence and absence of glucose.
A two-year field experiment with a split-split plot design was conducted to investigate the effects of soil N(0, 120 and 240 kg N·ha−1) and foliar Zn applications at different growth stages (jointing, flowering, early grain filling, and late grain filling) on Zn translocation and utilization efficiency in winter wheat grown on potentially Zn-deficient soil. Our results showed that foliar Zn application at the early grain filling stage significantly increased the Zn concentration in the grain (by 82.9% compared to control) and the Zn utilization efficiency (by 49% compared to jointing). The Zn concentration in the straw consistently increased with the timing of the foliar Zn application and was highest at late grain filling. However, the timing of the Zn application had little effect on Zn uptake in the grain and straw. A high N supply significantly increased the Zn concentration in and uptake by grain and straw, but it had little effect on the efficiency of Zn utilization. Consequently, a foliar Zn application at early grain filling causes Zn to re-translocate into grain from vegetative tissues, resulting in highly nutritional wheat grain. Finally, these practices improved the efficiency of Zn utilization in winter wheat and led to Zn-enriched straw, which may contribute to Zn recycling if it is returned to the field. The results also indicated that N nutrition is a critical factor in both the concentration and translocation of Zn in wheat.
Three field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soil Zn, foliar Zn, and soil N application on Zn and phytic acid concentrations in wheat grain grown on potentially Zn-deficient soil. Results showed significant genotypic variation in grain Zn concentrations among fifteen wheat cultivars commonly grown in northwest China. Soil Zn application had mixed effects, increasing grain Zn concentrations of some cultivars by as much as 21%, but reducing grain Zn concentrations of other cultivars by as much as 14%. In comparison, foliar Zn application increased grain Zn concentrations by 26 to 115%. Grain Zn concentrations were 14% larger in the combined (foliar Zn + soil Zn) treatment compared to the foliar Zn treatment, but the added cost of soil Zn application may not be economically justifiable. Wheat grain phytic acid concentrations and phytic acid: Zn molar ratios were less in the foliar Zn and (foliar Zn + soil Zn) treatments compared to the soil Zn and the unfertilized treatments. This indicated that foliar Zn increased Zn bioavailability. Best results were obtained when foliar Zn was applied at early grain filling. Overall, these findings indicate that foliar Zn application to Zn-efficient cultivars could reduce human Zn deficiency in regions with potentially Zn-deficient soil.
