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Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) causes great qualitative and quantitative damage to cabbage crops. The present research was conducted to assess the synergistic/antagonistic interactions of Satureja hortensis, Trachyspermum ammi, Ziziphora tenuior, Cuminum cyminum, and Foeniculum vulgare methanolic extracts with Metarhizium anisopliae and Proteus® against P. brassicae pupae under laboratory conditions. The tested methanolic extracts when combined with M. anisopliae and Proteus® possessed synergistic efficacy (except for M. anisopliae + ammi). Probit analysis of extracts revealed S. hortensis as the most effective extract with LC50 value equivalent to 43.49 ppm. Proteus® also exhibited a high efficacy (LC50=48.88). The results support the potential of cumin, fennel, savory and ziziphora methanolic extracts to improve the efficacy of M. anisopliae. Results demonstrated that all tested extracts integrated with Proteus® provide more effective control of P. brassicae than Proteus® alone.
Phthorimaea operculella is a significant insect pest of cultivated potatoes in tropical and subtropical regions such as Iran. Since the potato is one of the most valuable sources of human food, non-chemical control of potato pests is essential. Application of medicinal plant extracts is a low-risk alternative method to synthetic chemical insecticides. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate a potential strategy to improve the insecticidal activity of plant extracts for efficient management of P. operculella. The insecticidal efficacy of pure methanolic extract (PME) and Fe3O4@methanolic extract (FME) of Cuminum cyminum were evaluated against the potato tuber moth under laboratory conditions. The morphological characteristics of Fe3O4@Cumin were investigated by scanning electron microscope. Magnetic properties of the samples were determined using a vibration sample magnetometer. XRD was used to prove the crystalline structure of Fe3O4@Cumin. SEM, FTIR, XRD, and VSM analyses confirmed that the methanolic extract was loaded on Fe3O4. The toxicity of PME and Fe3O4@Cumin were evaluated on one-day-old eggs and penetration the first instar larvae of P. operculella into potato tubers and leaves. The LC50 values of Cumin extract and Fe3O4@ Cumin were 961.07 and 601.48 and 496.84 and 268.82 ppm for penetrating neonate larvae to tubers and leaves, and 874.90 and 595.16 ppm for eggs, respectively. Bioassays revealed that Fe3O4@Cumin was more toxic than non-formulated Cumin methanolic extract against eggs and neonate larvae of P. operculella. The formulated methanolic extract was significantly more repellent against the pest. Our results suggested that the prepared nanocomposite could be used as a new effective tool for P. operculella management strategies to protect potatoes.
