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Leaf senescence is a notably important trait that limits the yield and biomass accumulation of agronomic crops. Therefore, determining the chromosomal position of the expression sequence tags (ESTs) that are associated with leaf senescence is notably interesting in the manipulation of leaf senescence for crop improvement. A total of 32 ESTs that were previously identified during the delaying leaf senescence stage in the stay-green wheat cultivar CN17 were mapped to 42 chromosomes, a chloroplast, a mitochondrion, and a ribosome using in silico mapping. Then, we developed 19 pairs of primers based on these sequences and used them to determine the polymorphisms between the stay-green cultivars (CN12, CN17, and CN18) and the control cultivar MY11. Among the 19 pairs of primers, 5 pairs produced polymorphisms between the stay-green cultivar and the non-stay-green control. Further studies of Chinese Spring nullisomic-tetrasomics show that JK738991 is mapped to 3B, JK738983 is mapped to 5D, and JK738989 is mapped to 2A, 4A, and 3D. The other two ESTs, JK738994 and JK739003, were not assigned to a chromosome using the Chinese Spring nullisomic-tetrasomics, which indicates that these ESTs may be derived from rye DNA in the wide cross. In particular, the ESTs that produce polymorphisms are notably useful in identifying the stay-green cultivar using molecular marker-assisted selection. The results also suggest that the in silico mapping data, even from a comparison genomic analysis based on the homogeneous comparison, are useful at some points, but the data were not always reliable, which requires further investigation using experimental methods.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can reveal minor structural differences of chromosomes. The karyotype of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on FISH pattern is seldom reported. In this study, non-denaturing FISH (ND-FISH) using Oligo-pSc119.2-1, Oligo-pTa535-1 and (AAG)6 as probes was used to investigate the chromosomal structure of 85 common wheat including 83 wheat-rye 1RS.1BL translocation cultivars/lines, a wheatrye 1RS.1AL translocation cultivar Amigo and Chinese Spring (CS). Two, three, two, three, six, three and four structural types respectively for 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A and 7A chromosomes were observed. Two, eight, two, two, four and six types of chromosome for 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B and 7B were respectively detected. The structure of 1B chromosomes in Amigo and CS is different. Five, two, two and two types of chromosomal structure respectively for 1D, 2D, 3D and 5D were distinguished. Polymorphisms of 1RS.1BL, 4D, 6D and 7D chromosomes were not detected. Chromosomes 1AI, 2AI, 3AI, 4AI, 5AIII, 6AI, 7AIII, 2BI, 3BV, 4BI, 5BII, 6BIII, 7BI, 1DIV, 2DI, 3DI and 5DII appeared in these 85 wheat cultivars/lines at high frequency. Each of the 85 wheat cultivars/lines has a unique karyotype. Amigo is a complex translocation cultivar. The FISH karyotype of wheat chromosomes built in this study provide a reference for the future analyzing wheat genetic stocks and help to learn structural variations of wheat chromosomes. In addition, the results in this study indicate that oligonucleotide probes and ND-FISH technology can be used to identify individual wheat cultivar.
The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county in North-Eastern Hungary and to elaborate an environmentally sound agricultural strategy. 50% of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county is arable land (303,950 ha). After the change of regime there was no significant decrease in the size of the arable land. Cultivation is still practised on soils of poorer quality. Under the changed production conditions, crop cultivation in its present form does not come up to the economic expectations. The sowing structure is not suited to the regional climate and soil conditions; 75% of the arable land is occupied by only 5 species of plant. A change in the cultivation profile (afforestation) can be expected on connected marginal areas where economic calculations indicate that economical cultivation is not possible. A typical feature of the region's cereal production is that it takes up significantly more arable land than is justified: in recent years the average ratio of cereals was 60–65%. In certain microregions the production of protein fodders is recommended for the economical production of better quality meat. There has been an increase in the area sown to triticale, peas, beans and cucumber for seed production. The production of flowers, vegetables, spices and herbs should be promoted; these plants require manual work, so they could play a significant role in solving employment problems. On more unfavourable areas, suitable for the cultivation of agricultural products, the production of low-input plants (e.g. rye, triticale, sorghum) suitable for extensive cultivation should be considered. In small regions with favourable ecological and infrastructural situations the area sown to crops with greater production value and greater labour requirements can be expected to increase.
Márton L.: 2006. Effects of rainfall and fertilization on the yield of a winter rye monoculture in a long-term experiment. Agrokémia és Talajtan. 55:165–174. Márton L. Effects of
-chemical characteristics of dietary fibre fractions in the grains of tetraploid and hexaploid triticales: A comparison with wheat and rye. Plant Breed. Seed Sci. 54 :77–84. Lapinski B. Physico
415 428 Márton, L. 2004: Effect of mineral fertilization, liming and rainfall on the yield of Rye, Potato, Winter Wheat and Triticale. (In Hungarian). Agrokémia
221 227 Folower, D. B., Gusta, L. V. 1977: Influence of fall growth and development on cold tolerance of rye and wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. , 57 , 751
Savanyú homokos, kovárványos barna erdőtalajon, a nyírlugosi műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet öt évében (1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1972) vizsgáltam a csapadékmennyiség és a N-, P-, K-, Mg-műtrágyázás hatását a rozs termésére. A főbb eredményeket az alábbiakban ismertetem:
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Az „általános” (HARNOS, 1993) és a rozsra specifikus csapadékhiány határértékek alapján átlagos (1965–1966), aszályos (1963–1964, 1967–1968, 1971–1972) és csapadékbő (1969–1970) évjáratokat különítettünk el.
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A kísérletek évhatását elsősorban a nyári félévek, a vegetációs időszakok és a vetést megelőző hónapok csapadékviszonyai határozták meg döntően.
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Trágyázás nélkül az időjárási anomáliák (aszály, csapadékbőség) ellenére sem adódtak szignifikáns terméskülönbségek (átlagos év: 1,66 t ha−1, aszályos év: 1,51 t ha−1, csapadékbő év: 1,47 t ha−1).
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Gyenge (N: 30 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) tápanyagellátásnál a termések 2,01–3,04 ha−1 között változtak. A nagy (0,5-1,0 t ha-1) szórások miatt a műtrágyázási hatások instabililak voltak. Az átlagos évjárat hozama több mint 1,0 t ha−1-ral múlta felül a kontrollparcellákét. A csapadékbő és aszályos években 10 és 14 %-kal csökkent a termés.
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Közepes (N: 60 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) trágyázáskor az átlagos évhatás esetén a maximális termés meghaladta a 3,5 t ha-1-t. Kimutatható volt a NP-, NPK- és a NPKMg-kezelések szignifikáns termésnövelő hatása az önálló N-trágyázással szemben. A termések instabilitása kifejezetten növekvő tendenciát (0,7–1,3 t ha−1) mutatott. A csapadékbő évjáratban az aszálykárt háromszoros mértékben meghaladóan, 20 %-kal csökkent a hozam.
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Jó (N: 90 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) tápelem-ellátottságnál átlagos évben a termések meghaladták a 3,5 t ha-1-t. A N-kezelések és P-, K-, Mg-kombinációik hatását a kedvezőtlen években (aszály, csapadékbő) stagnálás és terméscsökkenés jellemezte. A termések instabilitása tovább fokozódott (1,0–1,8 t ha−1). Aszályos évben 17, a csapadékbőben 52 %-kal csökkent a termés. A N-, NP-, NK- és NPK-kezelésekkel szemben a NPKMg-táplálás mindkét időjárási anomália károsító hatásának jelentős mértékű csökkenését eredményezte. A NPK-kezelések -21 %-os és -39 %-os aszályos és csapadékbő évjáratú kárértékei a kiegészítő Mg-trágyázás hatására -4 és -11 %-ra mérséklődött.
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A vegetációs periódusbani csapadékmennyiség és a termés között a nitrogén adagjaitól, ill. a NP-, NK-, NPK- és NPKMg-kombinációktól függő szoros másodfokú összefüggéseket kaptunk. A legkedvezőbb, 4,0 t ha-1 körüli termések a 400–500 mm csapadékmennyiségek között jelentkeztek. Az 500 mm felettiek erőteljesen terméscsökkentő hatásúak voltak.
The Westsik’s long-term crop rotation experiment was set up in 1929 at the Nyíregyháza Experimental Station (NE Hungary) on a slightly acidic Arenosol. Besides fallow crop rotation (CR), effects of different organic amendments (lupine as green manure, lupine as main crop, straw manure, and farmyard manure (FYM) were studied with or without N or NPK-fertilizers. The crop rotation consisted of rye, potato, lupine, and oat with common vetch. The soil of potato plots was analysed in 2019 at the 90th anniversary of Westsik’s crop rotation experiment.
The following chemical and microbiological soil parameters were determined: soil pH, available nutrient contents, organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (ON) contents, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), soil respiration, net nitrification, and activity of some soil enzymes.
In the CRs, the soil pHH2O varied from acidic to weakly alkaline and it largely differed from pHKCl. The results showed a significant increase in the content of nitrate, available phosphorus and potassium in most of the fertilized plots. Applying straw, green manure, or FYM significantly increased the OC and ON contents. The total count of cultivable bacteria increased upon the application of the organic manures. Combined application of straw manure and N-fertilization heavily improved the abundance of the microscopic fungi.
While all the applied organic manures significantly enhanced the MBC, the MBN increased only by the green manure amendment. Our results revealed higher soil respiration rate in the plots receiving straw or FYM than in the control. Both green manure and FYM elevated the net nitrification rate. Phosphatase, saccharase, urease, and dehydrogenase enzymes showed a hesitating response to the manure application in the different CRs.
The soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity correlated to most of the measured chemical parameters. Among microbiological properties, the MBC and MBN, as well as dehydrogenase and other enzyme activities displayed a positive correlation. Results proved the need for the exogenous application of organic matter in the form of organic manures to enhance the nutritional status and health of the soil.
. II, pp. 6–12. Carrillo J.M., Vazquez, J.F., Orellana, J. 1992. Identification and mapping of the Gli-R3 locus on chromosome 1R of rye ( Secale cereale L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 84 :237
