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where translation is possible. Typically, these would be activities focussing on language teaching, speaking to students or clients of social organizations with an interpreter (possibly a local student), helping with manual activities. Regarding the
of investigation is linked to Portes (1998) , where the argument is that social capital is a feature of social organizations, such as networks, norms and trust that facilitate cooperation. The paper is organised as follows. After the introductory
their actions. He developed the implications of this idea in the realm of practical politics, social organizations and the economy. Shortly before his death in 1920, as a professor at the University of Munich, he was actively developing what he called
laws modulating the publishing strategies of different individuals on the basis of targeted specific reward structures. This supports the role of authorship as a mode of social organisation of the scientific community (Pontille 2004 ). As
(Scharnhorst and Ebeling 2005 ), as it presents the advantage of combining two types of social organisation (Lambiotte and Panzarasa 2009 ): close networks which foster trust and facilitate the transfer of complex and tacit knowledge, and open networks
language is the most important channel of social organization embedded in the culture of the community where it is used. Moreover, Williams (1994) argues that learning a foreign language involves an alteration in self-image and the adoption
intellectual and social organization of the sciences 2 Oxford University press Oxford .
10.1007/s11192-011-0408-8 10.1007/s11192-011-0408-8 . Ben-David , J 1991 Scientific growth: Essays on the social organization and ethos of science University of
social organization of artistic production was based in guild workshops, following communal lines with much cooperation with pupils and assistants ( Wolff, 1981 ). It was more in line with tribal practices where artistic activities are an integral feature
—and the US’—patterns of social organization, institutional framework, economic development, and moral and racial standards ( López-Alves, 2011 ; Quijano, 1989 ). The elites' prospects on “modernization” included features as incentives for the migration of
