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Az Akadémia épülete a városban
A Széchenyi tér és az Akadémia épülete
The building of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in the town
The Széchényi square and the building of the Academy
tervei Pest-Buda felemelésére és szépítésére . Budapesti Negyed 1 ( 1993 ) 2. 5 – 13 . http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00003/00002/bacskai.htm (Utolsó megtekintés: 2015. 06. 19.) Csányi
In Hungary increasing problems are caused by hemp found in cultivated fields and waste areas. Results of nation-wide weed surveys demonstrate that area covered by and importance of the plant show a growing trend. The taxonomic status of weed hemp is not unambiguously cleared up in Hungary. Certain authors argue that weed hemp is the crop escaped and naturalized while others opinion is that in Hungary wild hemp is present spontaneously, too. Based on her ten years observations and surveys, the author gives the morphological characters of uncultivated hemp and attempts to clarify its taxonomic status accordingly.
Grub density of Lepidiota mansueta beetle was assessed in five ecologically different habitats viz., open grassland; open cultivated land; cultivated field near tree; grassland near stream and cultivated land near stream on the basis of soil sampling carried out in five selected villages of the Majuli river island of Assam. Highest mean density of grub (8.0 and 6.5/m3) was recovered from grasslands near stream, followed by open grassland (4.6 and 4.7/m3), cultivated field near stream (1.8 and 1.4/m3), open cultivated field (1.1 and 1.2/ m3) and cultivated field near tree (1.0 and 1.2/m3) during 2011 and 2012, respectively. Fortnightly soil sampling conducted in grassland and cultivated land revealed that grubs of L. mansueta were confined in the upper most layer of soil (0–20 cm depth) during summer season (April–September) and moved to deeper soil layers during winter season (October–March). Majority of the grubs (81.83 per cent in grassland and 72.73 per cent in cultivated land) were recorded within the top 20 cm of soil. However, no grubs were noticed beyond 40 cm of soil depth.
The developmental time, survival, fecundity and life table parameters of the predacious mite, Typhlodromus negevi Swirski and Amitai were determined on four different food types, eggs of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, Insulaspis pallidula (Green) and Phoenicoccus marlatti Cockerell as well as castor bean pollen Ricinus communis L. at 28±1 °C, 75±5% RH under laboratory conditions. Total developmental time of T. negevi females was 6.0, 7.7, 7.8 and 6.3 days on B. tabaci, I. pallidula, P. marlatti eggs and pollen grains, respectively. The total egg production rates were the highest on pollen and eggs of B. tabaci (32.9 and 21.2 eggs, respectively). A diet of pollen grains showed a higher values of the net reproductive rate (R O =29.04), intrinsic rate of increase (r m =0.271) and finite rate of increase (λ=1.3124) per day than eggs of B. tabaci, I. pallidula and P. marlatti . A diet of P. marlatti eggs resulted the lowest total fecundity which resulted in the lowest the net reproductive rate (R O =3.609), intrinsic rate of increase (r m =0.094) and finite rate of increase (λ=1.098) per day for T. negevi . The sex ratio of the progeny was strongly female biased (female/total=0.88, 0.85 and 0.80) when pollen grains, eggs of B. tabaci and I. pallidula were provided for T. negevi .
Juvenile survival and development in Typhlodromus negevi Swirski andAmitai, Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias Henriot) and Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga feeding on con- and heterospecific phytoseiid immatures were studied in the laboratory at 28±1 °C and 70±5% RH and 16 h photoperiod. Larvae of all phytoseiids studied do not feed at all to reach the subsequent life stage. The majority (approximately 90%) of P. finitimus protonymphs cannibalizing larvae died before reaching the deutonymphal stage. Only two individuals completed juvenile development.All P. finitimus protonymphs failed to reach the subsequent stage and reach the adulthood when offered interspecificaly prey. Cannibalizing immature individuals of T. negevi and T. swirskii were able to reach adulthood. The mean developmental times of cannibalizing T. swirskii and when feeding on T. negevi larvae were similar and significantly shorter than that the former fed on larvae of P. finitimus . Cannibalizing T. negevi led to a significantly longer developmental period than the former fed interspecifically. Protonymphs and deutonymphs of T. negevi and T. swirskii ate nearly twice more of P. finitimus larvae than when fed con- or heterospecifically prey. The present study indicates that P. finitimus showed from a very low tendency to feed on conspecific prey to nontendency to feed heterospecific prey. Results show also that phytoseiid immatures are suitable prey for developing stages of some polyphagous phytoseiids. Since all 3 phytoseiids inhabiting fig trees, their immatures can be regarded as potential prey for competitive phytoseiids ( T. negevi and T. swirskii ) in time of food scarcity (eriophyid mites).
The direct toxicity of three essential oils to females of the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was tested in the laboratory. Wheat germ oil (Triticum vulgare Vill) was the most toxic essential oil to females of T. urticae, while clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata Thumberg) was the least toxic one (LC50=0.995 and 2.82%, LC90=3.08 and 16.66%), respectively. Leaf discs treated with increasing concentrations of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus glabulus Labill.) and wheat germ oils showed a high percentage of repellency (90–100%), respectively. The oviposition deterrent indices (ODI) of eucalyptus and wheat germ oils were ranged (22–100) for T. urticae at concentration (1–4%), while this value was between (5–35%) in case of clove oil at the same above concentrations. Females of T. urticae suffered a significantly depression in reproduction when fed on painted kidney bean leaves with (1–4%) concentrations of each oil used in our studies. In contrast, at 0.25 and 0.5% concentrations, no significant differences was recorded between the total number of eggs deposited on treated leaves and control ones. Also, a high percentage of T. urticae mortality was recorded for wheat germ and clove oils during 10 days.
The relationships between the predatory mites, Typhlodromus negevi Swirski and Amitai and Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (both Acari: Phytoseiidae), and their prey, tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were investigated to determine the effects of predation on intra-guild or extra-guild prey and predator preference. Life cycle characteristics of both predatory mites were measured when fed eggs and larvae of the other predator species and compared to data obtained when the predators were fed whitefly eggs. In addition, choice tests were conducted to determine if the predators had a preference for different prey/stage or not.Typhlodromips swirskii appears to be an important intra-guild predator on T. negevi juveniles because of a high predation rate and a preference for T. negevi eggs (intra-guild prey) over whitefly eggs (extra-guild prey) when offer a choice test. Typhlodromus negevi is also an intra-guild predator of T. swirskii juveniles; it has a lower predation rate than T. swirskii. Typhlodromips swirskii had a higher predation rate on B. tabaci eggs (extra-guild prey) than on T. negevi juveniles (intra-guild prey).Extra-guild prey was an equally good or better food source than intra-guild prey/stages for both predators, based on high oviposition rates and fast development times.The results of this study indicate a potential for mutual interactions between T. swirskii and T. negevi when used together in biological control of whitefly.
Cannibalism and intraguild predation of immature stages and adult females of the stigmaeid mite, Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez were studied under laboratory conditions. Agistemus exsertus successfully developed and reproduced on con- and heterospecific eggs. Feeding on the natural prey Tetranychus urticae Koch eggs enhanced the development of A. exsertus, resulted in the shortest mean generation time and was the most commensurate food for the oviposition of the predator, as exhibited by the highest predation rate, fecundity and net reproductive rate. Preying interspecifically on eggs of Typhlodromus negevi Swirski and Amitai and the natural prey T. urticae produced higher intrinsic rates of increase and finite rates of increase for the predator in comparison to feed on conspecific eggs. Preying intraspecifically gave the lowest predation rate, fecundity, net reproductive rate and negative value of intrinsic rates of increase.When the predator confined without prey, no eggs was laid by the predator.This difference in the predator response to feed intra and interspecific predation should be considered to enhance the role of the predator in biological control programs.
The biology of Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias-Henriot), Typhlodromus negevi Swirski et Amitai and Amblyseius denmarki Zaher et El-Borolossy was studied using Aculus fockeui (Nalepa and Trouessart) active stages as food source. For T. swirskii , development was faster than in A. denmarki and T. negevi . In A. denmarki , the oviposition period was longer and reproduction was higher than in both predacious mites. A total of 49.4, 43.0 and 32.3 eggs per female, respectively, were obtained when A. denmarki, T. swirskii and T. negevi were fed on active stages of the peach silver mite. A diet of A. fockeui provided the highest female longevity and mean total fecundity, which resulted in the highest net reproductive rate (Ro = 35.568) for A. denmarki . The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r m = 0.244), finite rate of increase (λ = 1.2766) and shortest generation time (T = 13.784) were recorded for T. swirskii . The sex ratio of the progeny was strongly female biased (female/total = 0.72, 0.68) when active stages of A. fockeui were provided for A. denmarki and T. swirskii .
Under experimental conditions, the fecundity of Typhlodromus athiasae increased with greater availability of prey (Tetranychus urticae) , but declined after reaching a level of 16 prey per day. The number of prey killed per egg produced and the number of prey killed per day during the reproductive period increased with prey availability. The total number of reproductive days increased initially, but leveled off at higher levels of prey density. As the prey density was increased, there was a shift in sex ratio towards an increased proportion of females. Age of mated females has an influence also on fecundity and sex ratio; old females produced fewer eggs compared with young females under constant condition of abundant prey.
