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A világunkon végigvonuló koronavírus-járvány számos kihívással szembesíti az egészségügyben dolgozókat. A vírus cseppfertőzéssel terjed, és magas a virulenciája, ezért minden olyan beavatkozás, mely légúti aeroszolképződést generál, potenciálisan veszélyezteti az ellátásban részt vevők egészségét. A koronavírus-fertőzés súlyos formája progresszív légzési elégtelenséggel jár, melynek ellátásában a korai endotrachealis intubáció és invazív gépi lélegeztetés elengedhetetlen. Az intubáció során fokozott a légúti aeroszolképződés veszélye, így magas az ellátó személyzet fertőződésének veszélye. Az előzőeken túl ezen betegeknél relatíve gyakori a nehéz légútbiztosítás is. Cikkünk célja, hogy gyakorlatorientált áttekintést adjon a koronavírussal fertőzött betegek légútbiztosításának specialitásairól, különös tekintettel az infekciókontroll és a betegbiztonság szempontjaira. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(17): 696–703.
Pathogenicity and virulence are multifactorial traits, depending on interaction of viruses with susceptible cells and organisms. The ion channels coded by viruses, viroporins, represent only one factor taking part in the cascade of interactions between virus and cell, leading to the entry of virus, replication and to profound changes in membrane permeability. The M2 protein from influenza A virus forms proton-selective, pH-regulated channel involved in regulating vesicular pH, a function important for the correct maturation of HA glycoprotein. The NB glycoprotein of influenza B viruses is an integral membrane protein with an ion channel activity. The CM2 protein of influenza C virus is an integral membrane glycoprotein structurally analogous to influenza A virus M2 and influenza B virus NB proteins. The picornavirus 3A protein is involved in cell lysis and shows homology with other lytic proteins. Vpu is an oligomeric integral membrane protein encoded by HIV-1, which forms ion channels. The togavirus 6K protein shows structural similarities with other viroporins.
Infectious bursal disease virus is an important poultry pathogen. It is distributed worldwide and causes significant economic losses. In this study, a system was adopted for the simultaneous monitoring of vaccine and virulent strains using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After the decay of maternal antibodies, chickens were vaccinated at the age of 37 days with a virus of intermediate virulence and challenged at 5, 10 and 14 days post vaccination (dpv). The challenge was done with IBDV strain CH/99. Sequencing of the hypervariable region of VP2 has shown that CH/99 belongs to the very virulent group of viruses. The vaccine virus could be found in the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and bone marrow until 24 dpv. The CH/99 challenge virus was found in the bursa and lymphoid organs when chickens were challenged at 5 and 10 dpv. When challenge was performed at 14 dpv, the pathogenic virus could not be found in the bursa and other lymphoid organs.
In this study, Staphylococcus aureus strains (n = 110) isolated from seven ewe flocks in Sanliurfa, Turkey were screened for antibiotic resistance and biofilmforming ability as well as for genes associated with antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability. All isolates were found to be susceptible to oxacillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, vancomycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The percent proportions of strains resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin and erythromycin were 27.2% (n = 30), 25.4% (n = 28) and 6.3% (n = 7), respectively. Regarding the antibiotic resistance genes, 32 (29%) isolates carried the blaZ and 8 (7.2%) the ermC gene. Other resistance genes were not detected in the isolates. All isolates showed biofilm-forming ability on Congo red agar (CRA), while 108 (98.18%) and 101 (91.81%) of them were identified as biofilm producers by the use of standard tube (ST) and microplate (MP) methods, respectively. All isolates carried the icaA and icaD genes but none of them harboured the bap gene. The results demonstrated that S. aureus isolates from gangrenous mastitis were mainly resistant to penicillins (which are susceptible to the staphylococcal beta-lactamase enzyme), and less frequently to erythromycin. Furthermore, all of the S. aureus isolates produced biofilm which was considered a potential virulence factor in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal mastitis.
Iron is an essential nutrient for most organisms because it serves as a catalytic cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions. Iron is rather unavailable because it occurs in its insoluble ferric form in oxides and hydroxides, while in serum of mammalian hosts is highly bound to carrier proteins such as transferrin, so the free iron concentration is extremely low insufficient for microbial growth. Therefore, many organisms have developed different iron-scavenging systems for solubilizing ferric iron and transporting it into cells across the fungal membrane. There are three major mechanisms by which fungi can obtain iron from the host: (a) utilization of a high affinity iron permease to transport iron intracellularly, (b) production and secretion of low molecular weight iron-specific chelators (siderophores), (c) utilization of a hem oxygenase to acquire iron from hemin. Patients with elevated levels of available serum iron treated with iron chelator, deferoxamine to remedy iron overload conditions have an increased susceptibility of invasive zygomycosis. Presumably deferoxamine predisposes patients to Zygomycetes infections by acting as a siderophore. The frequency of zygomycosis is increasing in recent years and these infections respond very poorly to currently available antifungal agents, so new approaches to develop strategies to prevent and treat zygomycosis are urgently needed. Siderophores and iron-transport proteins have been suggested to function as virulence factors because the acquisition of iron is a crucial pathogenetic event. Biosynthesis and uptake of siderophores represent possible targets for antifungal therapy.
Absztrakt:
A koronavírus-pandémia számos kihívással szembesíti az egészségügyi ellátószemélyzetet. A vírus cseppfertőzéssel terjed, és magas a virulenciája, ezért minden olyan beavatkozás, mely légúti aeroszolképződéssel jár, potenciálisan veszélyezteti az ellátásban részt vevők egészségét. A koronavírus-fertőzés mortalitása akár 10% feletti lehet, ezért a COVID–19-betegek körében gyakori a reanimáció. A reanimáció során fokozott a légúti aeroszolképződés valószínűsége, így magas az ellátószemélyzet fertőződésének a veszélye. Cikkünk célja, hogy gyakorlatorientált áttekintést adjon a koronavírussal fertőzött betegek újraélesztésének specialitásairól. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(17): 710–712.
. , Nagai , Y. , Iwama , N. , Asano , K. , Naimi , T. , Kuroda , H. , Cui , L. , Yamamoto , K. , Hiramatsu , K. : Genome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA. Lancet 359 , 1819 – 1827 ( 2002
Triticale is derived from a cross between wheat and rye and the leaf rust pathogen of wheat, Puccinia triticina (Pt), and that of rye, P. recondita sensu stricto (Pr), can potentially cause disease in this crop. Recent studies showed that wheat rust fungi could adapt to warmer temperatures. In this paper, we report on the comparative virulence of three Pt races and one Pr isolate (all were collected in South Africa) on triticale as well as their in vitro response to temperature. Seedling infection types (SITs) of 169 triticale entries to Pt races 3SA144 (North American code SDDN), 3SA145 (CCPS) and 3SA248 (CFPS) and Pr isolate UVPr2 revealed that 3SA144 is the most virulent with 106 triticale entries found susceptible to this race. The three Pt races were avirulent to the four rye cultivars included as controls. UVPr2 was avirulent on all the triticale entries and 49 entries were considered resistant to the Pt races tested. Freshly harvested urediniospores of the above isolates were tested at constant temperature regimes of 10 °C, 22.5 °C and 35 °C to study germination characteristics. Mean urediniospore germination percentages as determined for 3SA144 (61.3%) and UVPr2 (62.6%) were significantly lower when compared to 3SA145 (83.7%) and 3SA248 (84.9%). Race 3SA144 was most sensitive to the higher temperature regime of 35 °C (5.2% germination). Among the investigated races, 3SA144 showed significantly lower mean germ tube elongation rates at all three incubation temperatures. This is the first report of differences in temperature adaptation between Pt races from SA.
The proinflammatory cytokines of TNF-α and IL-1β have been reported to be increased in gastric mucosal surfaces in people with Helicobacter pylori infection. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the presence of H. pylori genes and the serum oscillations of these cytokines. In this study, DNA was first extracted from the stool samples of infected individuals and used as DNA template to investigate the presence of glmM and 16S rRNA genes in PCR. The ELISA assay was employed to examine serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines. According to statistical analysis, there was a significant correlation between the presence of glmM and 16S rRNA genes in the stool samples of infected persons and the serum oscillations of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines. At the end of study and analysis of the data in case group with HPSAg+, 47.6% of the glmM gene and 23.6% of the 16S rRNA gene were positive. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between the presence of glmM and 16S rRNA genes in the stool specimens of infected individuals and the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines (p < 0.05). Considering the results, it can be concluded that fluctuations in the amount of HPSA, TNF-α, and IL-1β in H. pylori infection depend on the presence of glmM and 16S rRNA genes. The presence of glmM and 16S rRNA in the stool sample increases by boosting the response level to stool antigen (HPSA), IL-1β, and TNF-α, suggesting the prognosis of the disease with a bacterial virulence form using stool tests.
Panton–Valentine leukocidin (pvl) toxin is an important virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus. The main genes are coa and spa for distinguishing and typing of S. aureus isolates. The aim of this study was to investigate antibiotic resistance, presence of mecA and pvl genes, as well as epidemiological typing of these isolates according to polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in clinical sample isolated from Rasht city, Iran. A total of 250 clinical samples have been isolated from different hospitals. First, isolates of S. aureus were identified through microbiological methods and their antibiotic sensitivity was determined by disk diffusion agar based on a standard method of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. DNA was extracted by boiling and presence of pvl and mecA genes was investigated by PCR using specific primers. To type these isolates, amplification of fragments of coa and spa genes was done and restriction enzyme digestion pattern was determined by PCR-RFLP method. Among the 250 samples, 50 isolates belonged to S. aureus and results of antibiotic sensitivity showed that 68% (34 samples) of isolates were methicillin resistant. Frequency of mecA and pvl genes among S. aureus isolates were 60% (30 samples) and 20% (10 samples). The PCR of coa gene showed three patterns whereas that of spa gene showed two patterns for enzyme digestion. Result of PCR-RFLP using HaeIII enzymes for coa gene and Bsp1431 for spa gene showed three patterns for enzyme digestion. Recent studies indicated increase in the resistance of S. aureus to different antibiotics, which is a serious problem in the treatment of infections resulting from S. aureus in this region. The result of PCR of pvl showed high frequency of this gene in this region, and coa and spa typing by PCR-RFLP was a useful tool for typing of S. aureus isolates.
