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reservoirs of this pathogen. Until now, only little information has been available regarding the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in horses. For example, Slivinska et al. (2016) tested 39 horses from Slovakia by PCR and observed only one positive case
genes have been used to detect S. pneumoniae by a real-time PCR assay including genes encoding the pneumococcal surface protein A ( pspA ), the virulence factors pneumolysin ( ply ), autolysin ( lytA ), the DNA fragment Spn9802 of unknown function and
inspected the parasites under high dry magnification (1000×) (Zeiss; Germany). Considering the elevated likelihood of Leishmania parasite presence in auricle and snout specimens, these samples were cultured in NNN culture medium. DNA extraction and PCR
used. PCR detection of the virulence-associated and capsular genes According to the manufacturer’s instructions, genomic DNA from single bacterial colonies grown on primary culture plates was extracted
reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of the nucA gene and final confirmation [ 14 ]. Determination of susceptibility of S. aureus isolates The Kirby Bauer disk diffusion assay was used to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of the S. aureus
-lactamase genes ( bla TEM , bla SHV , bla CTX-M , and bla OXA-1 ) and class I integron ( intI1 gene) genes using the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For the isolates carrying integron genes, PCR amplification was also performed on variable regions. Primers
: lower branch of the right oculomotor nerve Moderate lymphocytic pleiocytosis was detected by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, as an indirect result of VZV infection, but VZV was not detected in the CSF by PCR (the multiplex-CSF PCR did not confirm
allantoic fluid using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instruction manual. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) A rRT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia CA, USA), with specific
]. Molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) are considered as the gold standard for detection of carbapenemase genes, nevertheless, their high laboratory costs make them unsuitable for many smaller, low
. Molecular characterization of ColR isolates by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DNA was extracted by the boiling method as previously described [ 26 ]. To detect chromosomal mutations in ColR isolates, mgrB , phoP , phoQ , pmrA , and pmrB
