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immune deficiency is detected. The small arteries and capillary channel of microcirculatory bed are characterized by swelling of the endothelium till the appearance of vacuoles. The basement membrane is thickened, friable with foci of granular
transfers the monocytes to the vascular endothelium; therefore, the atherosclerosis will increase [ 3 , 23 , 25 ]. Baptista et al. [ 18 ] claimed that the rats’ endurance exercises, such as swimming and treadmill-running leads to a significant increase in
, Dzau VJ : Endothelium-targeted gene and cell-based therapies for cardiovascular disease . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 , 1761 – 1774 ( 2004 ) 10.1161/01.ATV.0000142363
, Marques F : Skeletal muscle ultrastructural and plasma biochemical signs of endothelium dysfunction induced by a high-altitude expedition . Basic Appl Myol 15 , 29 – 35 ( 2005 ) 13
, Tumor; Antigens, CD 19 Neoplastic Stem Cells; Cell Line, Tumor; Antigens, CD; Mice, SCID; Glycoproteins; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents; Endothelium
of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis . Nat. Med. 16 , 909 – 914 ( 2010 ) 10.1038/nm.2186 2. Aronson D
, Cunningham PN : TNF-mediated damage to glomerular endothelium is an important determinant of acute kidney injury in sepsis . Kidney Int. 85 , 72 – 81 ( 2014 ) 23903370 38
Introduction Atherosclerosis is a disease related to the alteration of the endothelium (intima), with the accumulation of white blood cells. Furthermore, smooth muscle cells migrate to the intima facilitating the formation of
appearance of detectable viral proteins in the endothelial cells. Furthermore, the endothelium remains uninfected in vivo. These conflicting results confirm that a better understanding warrants complex, multicellular models; 3D models mimicking the in vivo
]. It is important to highlight the pathogenic role of endothelitis associated with diffuse infection and inflammation of the endothelium, which can lead to activation of the coagulation system and the complement cascade, resulting in vascular injury and
