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variants and spread of the disease. Germany reported its first case of COVID-19 in January 2020, which led to the introduction of restrictions in March 2020, including mandated school closures and the closure of borders to neighboring countries
–5 consecutive cardiac cycles: peak flow velocity of early filling (E), peak flow velocity at atrial contraction (A), their ratio (E/A), and DT of early filling. The isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), defined as the time from aortic valve closure to mitral
-19 crisis, it was unclear whether these reports reflected real increases in the use of both substances and how these behaviours would evolve in the long run. Border and bar closures combined with an economic downturn may have reduced the availability
. Strategies of social closure in class formation . In: Parkin F , ed. The Social Analysis of Class Structure . London : Tavistock Publications ; 1974 . p. 1 – 18 . 11. Blau
took proactive measures to reduce its spread. One of these measures included school closures from January to May 2020. Students were urged to avoid social gatherings and to study online at home. During the stay-at-home period, there was a rise in gaming
. Addictive Behaviors , 118 ( February ). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106876 . Xuereb , S. , Kim , H. S. , Clark , L. , & Wohl , M. J. A. ( 2021 ). Substitution behaviors among people who gamble during COVID-19 precipitated casino closures
global ischemia and 120 min reperfusion (I/R). Global ischemia was achieved via the complete closure of perfusion fluid toward the heart, therefore, the same degree of stress (i.e. ischemia) was applied to the entire myocardium. During reperfusion
]. The vagal area was rinsed with sterile saline to remove capsaicin, and the incision was closed. In the sham group, vehicle (Tween 80 in saline and ethanol) was applied onto the vagus nerve for 30 min before the closure of the incision. The rats were
shows that more than 1.5 billion students worldwide were influenced by the closure of schools due to the pandemic ( UNESCO, 2023 ). For example, in March 2022, after multiple cases of COVID-19 were detected in Harbin, China, some secondary schools there
patterns, as our analysis was based on data collected before December 31, 2019. Given the significant disruptions related to the pandemic, including school closures, increased social isolation, and elevated stress levels, it is possible that the dynamics
