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-negative, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients using an RT-PCR based prognostic expression signature BMC Cancer 8 339 . 83 Ueda , T , Aozasa , K , Tsujimoto , M et al. 1989
, Germany) and blood agar (Merck, Germany) for 48 h at 37 °C. A. baumannii isolates were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the rpoB and bla OXA-51 genes and sequencing [ 1 ]. Antimicrobial
's instructions (Qiagen, USA). OXA-48, KPC, NDM-1, IMP, and VIM-1 carbapenemases were identified by PCR amplification and sequencing as described previously [ 14 ]. The colistin resistant isolates were screened by simplex PCRs for the presence of mcr-1, mcr-2
13883 was used. 2.3 Molecular analysis of β -lactamase genes by PCR Genomic DNA was extracted by the Gentra Puregene kit (Qiagen, Germany). The frequency of ESBL ( bla CTX-M , bla TEM , and bla SHV ), AmpC ( bla FOX , bla MOX , bla DHA , bla CIT
was once again vortexed in 300 ml of apyrogenic water and boiled for 10 min. Then it was centrifuged once more at 13,000 rpm for 10 min. Supernatants were used as templates in PCR. Detection of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes (ESBLs
identification of the isolates Species identification was done using the VITEK 2 automated system (bioMérieux, Marcy-l’Ėtoile, France) and confirmed by a highly-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting a 278-bp fragment of the 23S rRNA gene. Bacterial
determined by Multiplex- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method [ 16 ]. Penicillin G, gentamicin, linezolid, chloramphenicol, telithromycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin susceptibilities were investigated by the Kirby-Bauer disk
]. Тhe genetic mechanisms of β-lactam resistance were studied in representative isolates resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone and/or ceftazidime) using standard group-specific PCR protocols for detection of the most common genes
colonies were used as the template DNA. The identification of major β-lactamase classes was performed by four multiplex and one simplex PCR. Multiplex PCR-I: bla TEM /bla SHV /bla OXA-1-like ; Multiplex PCR-II: bla CTX-M groups 1, 2 and 9 ; Multiplex PCR
/ml were defined as TMP/SMX susceptible while resistant isolates had MIC >4/76 μg/mL. Detection of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant genes by PCR Bacterial DNA was extracted from S. maltophilia