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Abstract

In this paper we present and analyse the 6th–7th-century Byzantine coins found at Orosháza and its surroundings. The first Byzantine coin – a follis of Justinian I – was found in Szentetornya in 1877. Using metal detectors during archaeological survey eight Byzantine coins had come to light: a follis of Justinian I, five folles, a half-follis of Justin II, and two folles of Heraclius. A greater part of them was accurately identified. Here we'll analyse their role outside the Byzantine Empire, as compared to the coin circulation in the Avar Age Carpathian Basin. We try to answer the question why Byzantine coins relatively frequently occurred at Orosháza and its surroundings.

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Theophanes Confessor, Byzantine author of the early 9th century, when referring to the Khazars in his work entitled Chronographia, used the term “Eastern Turks”. It is widely accepted that Byzantine authors used such terms in pairs, so the pendant of “Eastern Turks” was “Western Turks”, the latter being used to denote the early Hungarians. This conclusion is based on the fact that Byzantine chroniclers called the Hungarians Turks at the end of the 9th century. Theophanes mentioned the Khazars as Eastern Turks, as if he had information on a people also called Turks living west of the Khazars. However, not all historians shared this view, and some of them supposed that Theophanes applied the term Eastern Turks in a geographical sense, since the Khazars had lived east of the Byzantine Empire. The solution to this problem has far-reaching consequences. If Theophanes referred to the Hungarians, that would mark their first appearance in written sources at the beginning of the 9th century. But the pendant of the “Eastern Turks” in the chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, is not the “Western Turks”, but the “Western Huns”.

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Summary

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the imperial ritual was preserved and systematized in the East, in the ‘Byzantine’ Empire, by intensifying and Christianizing. The Book of Ceremonies by Constantine Porphyrogennetos, written in Greek in Constantinople in the 10th century, by compiling protocols of the previous centuries, gathers a rich collection of court rituals to be observed during the great religious and civil ceremonies which accompanied the important events of the reigns of the sovereigns, and the sportive events at the Hippodrome. We investigate about the permanence and the future of the Latin language in the ceremonial of the Byzantine Court: the survival of formulaic expressions of order and acclamation in Latin (rhômaïzein), Latin phrases underlaying the Greek text, and a great lot of Latinisms (rhômaï(k)a lexis) in the institutional and technical lexicon, sometimes unknown in Latin, which attest integrational processes, lexical creation, and phenomens of ‘aller-retour’ (round trip) between the West and the East, and between the Greek and the Latin languages.

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The aim of this study, based on an in-depth study of coeval references, is the analysis of the crossing of the Crusade legions, in 1096, through the Hungarian Reign to the borders of the Byzantine Empire. The Hungarian Reign, when the crossing studied occurred, was governed by Coloman I, who had recently gained power a few months before. Taking into account the following events of the Crusade, we focus on the Lorraine Legion, headed by the duke of Lower Lorraine, Godefroy de Bouillon and the diplomatic relations that developed between the French-Flemish noble élite and the Hungarian Court. The “Call” for the Crusade by Pope Urban II at Clermont in 1095, created great enthusiasm all over Christian Europe. This caused not only unorganized masses to react positively, but also many feudal armies to move towards Palestine. The scope of the Crusade movement, besides supporting Byzantium against the Turks, was mainly the setting-free of the Holy Sepulchre of Christ and of the Holy City of Jerusalem, under Islamic domination from the 7th century. Among the many possible paths to travel, many Crusaders made use of the overland path, across the Balkans. This path, which used the Route of the Roman Danubian Limes, had been abandoned centuries before due to the many invasions which had occurred on the peninsula between the end of the 4th century and the 10th century. The entrance in the orbit of Christianity of the Reign of Hungary and the conquest of the Bulgarian Reign achieved by Emperor Basilius II at the beginning of the 11th century had reopened the doors of this important route to Western Countries.

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This article is devoted to the coinage of Western Turkic Qaghanate (568–740) in the Chach (Tashkent) region and the influence of Byzantine monetary traditions on their formation. Bearing on the newly discovered numismatic material the authors tried to throw light on the stages of coinage of the Western Turkic Qaghanate and elucidate the brief history of their relations with the Byzantine Empire. The Western Turkic rulers minted their own coins (with the titles of żpγw ‘Yabghu’, cpγw x′γ′n ‘Yabghu-qaghan’, the ethnopolitical name of twrk x′γ′n ‘Türk-Qaghan’ and with the rulers’ names of trδw x′γ′n ‘Tardu qaghan’, twn cpγw x′γ′n ‘Tun Yabghu-qaghan’, all in the Sogdian script) in the Chach region and these coins were symbols of the independence of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. On the coins the following three variants of an original tamga can be seen: . The difference in the shape of the tamgas, in our opinion, is connected with the three stages of the formation of the Western Turkic Qaghanate. Stage 1: the Western Qaghanate is a wing or peripheral state within the Turkic Qaghanate under the rule of a Yabghu (the title Yabghu appears on the coins as ); stage 2: during the period when it was related nominally to the Turkic Qaghanate, in the period of the Yabghu-Qaghanate (the title Yabghu-qaghan on the coins is ); stage 3: from 630 onward, after the defeat of the Eastern Turkic Qaghanate by Tang China, the Western Turkic Qaghanate existed for a certain time as an independent state (the title Qaghan on the coins is ).

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Jelen tanulmány a bizánci állam fennállása idején a Bizánci Birodalom fennhatósága alatt álló területeken folytatott régészeti feltárások történetét, illetve a kutatás jelen állását kívánja röviden bemutatni. Tekintettel arra, hogy bár sok, főként ősrégészek és klasszika-archaeológusok által hosszú ideje vallatott lelőhelyen váltak ismertté bizánci rétegek, „bizánci régészet” megfelelően körülhatárolt formában mégsem létezik, első lépésként az összetételnek mind a bizánci (kronológiai és földrajzi értelemben egyaránt), mind a régészet tagját érdemes körülhatárolni. E rövid áttekintés második fele az eddigi kutatások főbb vonulatait tekinti át, különös figyelmet fordítva az 1970-es évektől kezdve felmerült új kutatási irányokra és metódusokra. Mindemellett az alábbi tanulmány egyik fő szempontja annak bemutatása, mivel járulhat hozzá a régészet a bizánci mindennapok megértéséhez.

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architecture: The Middle Ages 1975 Tompos E. Christian architecture of the late Roman and Byzantine empire , (in Hungarian

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Magyarország helye Európa transzplantációs térképén

The place of Hungary on Europe’s transplantation map

Orvosi Hetilap
Author:
Róbert Langer

Háttér: A szervátültetések incidenciájának Kelet- és Nyugat-Európa közötti különbsége szembetűnő. Ennek számos oka van, a legfőbb talán a skizma, a nagy egyházszakadás Kr. u. 1054-ben, amikor Bizánc vallási szempontból is elvált Rómától. Azóta jelentősen különbözik a történelmi fejlődés. Aztán az elmúlt 150 évben négy nagy birodalom szétesése számos kisebb országra, valamint a 20. század második felében Európa közepén a kontinenst szétválasztó vasfüggöny vezetett a mai napig érezhető eltérő szocioökonómiai és infrastrukturális fejlődéshez. Az ezredfordulót követően már mind az öt, rutinszerűen végzett szervátültetés elérhető volt magyar betegek számára, az igazi korszakváltás azonban a 2012/2013-as Eurotransplant-csatlakozással következett be. Célkitűzés: A COVID-pandémia előtti utolsó év (2019) statisztikai adatai képezik elemzésünket. Eredmények: A fenti különbségeket a szervátültetés számai egyértelműen tükrözik: 28 nyugat- és közép-európai ország per millió populáció 22,2 cadaver donorával szemben 3,8 a mutatója 10 kelet-európai országnak, további 7-ben nincs is cadaver donor. Ugyanezek a mutatók az átültetett szervek vonatkozásában: vese: 39,5 vs. 12,0; máj: 14,8 vs. 5,5; szív: 5,4 vs. 0,8; tüdő 4,6 vs. 0,2. Megbeszélés: Van azonban egy igen pozitív üzenete is a statisztikáknak, mert a vasfüggöny leomlása óta 10 közép-európai ország érte el a nyugati színvonalat a transzplantáció terén. Az ő példájuk jó hír a többi kelet-európai országnak is. Következtetés: Magyarország szintén az egyik nyertese ezeknek a politikai folyamatoknak, mert az Eurotransplanthoz való csatlakozás óta a transzplantáció minőségi és mennyiségi mutatói szignifikánsan emelkedtek: ettől kezdve 40%-kal több átültetés történt hazánkban. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(30): 1181–1188.

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– New York – Toronto : Oxford University Press . Cahen , Claude 1971 . ‘Ibn al-Djawzī.’ In: Encyclopaedia of Islam , 2nd ed . Vol. 3 , 751 – 753 . Charanis , Peter 1963 . The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire , Lisbon : Livraria Bertland

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Medieval History. IV. The Byzantine Empire , I, Ed. Hussey, J. M. 309. 10. A History of the Crusades, II , ed. Lee Wolff , R. – Harry W. Hazard , Madison – Milwaukee – London

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