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pesticide active ingredient over a long period can very quickly cause a loss of sensitivity or resistance in the targeted pathogens. Resistance is one of the biggest threats posed by the widespread use of pesticides today, making pest management even more
Silicon (Si) is reported to improve plant resistance to a range of biotic and abiotic stresses, with consequent yield increases. Silicon plays an important role in providing defense for crops of great economic importance against insect pests attack. In this study, the interaction between plants treated with silicon and reduced insect damage was reviewed. The current review presents the agronomic importance of silicon in plants, the control of insect pests in different major crop plants by silicon treatment, the different mechanisms of silicon- enhanced resistance, and the absence of silicon effects on insect pests. By integrating the data presented in this paper, a good knowledge of the association between silicon treatment, increasing plant resistance, and decreasing insect pest damage could be attainted.
In field screening tests conducted on selected pest scarabaeids in Hungary, Epicometis (Tropinota) hirta (subfamily Cetoniinae) was attracted to traps baited with either cinnamyl alcohol or trans-anethol. In some tests attraction was also detected to phenethyl alcohol or cinnamyl acetate. In other tests, adults of Cetonia aurata aurata and Oxythyrea funesta (subfamily Cetoniinae) also were attracted to trans-anethol, while the ternary mixture of phenethyl propionate, eugenol and geraniol attracted Potosia cuprea (subfamily Cetoniinae). Some attraction of Valgus hemipterus (subfamily Valginae) to cinnamyl alcohol also was observed. All of the above species are pests of more or less economic importance in Hungary. The attractant chemicals discovered in the present study will form a starting point for the development of effective attractants for the respective pest scarab species.
The dynamics, geographical and social characteristics of the settlement of Jews in Pest in the mid-19th century . The author examines the life and internal social problems of the Jews settled in Pest towards the end of the 18th century. Even before that time Jewish society was not homogeneous, and this was also the case in Pest. The social differences can be seen in the dynamics and geography of the settlement. The first to arrive in Pest were entrepreneurs from Óbuda who had considerable influence in the region, followed by wholesale merchants from Pozsony. The more prosperous entrepreneurs and wholesalers attracted the poorer Jewish strata who did not have the permanent Pest residence permits required for independent business activity (the so-called Toleranz). Although the great majority of the Jews lived in Terézváros (Theresa Town), where individual families lived depended on their financial situation. The more prosperous the new settlers were, the further they lived from the old centre of Terézváros, the core of which was formed by the area around Dob and Király streets. However, it was here that the first synagogues were opened. The denominational records of births and deaths that formed part of the research material show that in the new Pest Jewish society there were also family forms differing from the religious norm. The question arises of how the Jewish community accepted the unmarried mothers and children born out of wedlock. There is proof that the single mothers also had their sons circumcised and all deceased Jewish children were probably buried in the Israelite cemetery. These facts point to acceptance, but the way the entries were made in the records of births and deaths indicates that the community acknowledged only reluctantly the structure of births outside wedlock.
We investigated alfalfa and stinging nettle from the point of view of their potential to supply natural enemies of pests for protecting greenhouse cultures. We carried out a three year long study based on sweepnetting. The most frequent predatory insect was Orius niger (Wolff) in alfalfa and nettle. This species among others has an important potential in the biological control of thrips. Among ladybugs, the most important species in alfalfa and nettle were Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus), Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), which consume significant amounts of aphids. The most frequent spider family in alfalfa and nettle was Thomisidae and Philodromidae. The dynamics of their prey composition suggests that these taxa present a significant suppressive force on pests. The predator thrips Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall that feeds on phytophagous thrips, mites and other soft-bodied arthropods was also significant in the arthropod assemblage of alfalfa. Our three-year investigation showed that the abundance and the species richness of the natural enemies of greenhouse crops are suitably high in both alfalfa and nettle stands. The number of generalist predators, natural enemies of pests, the most versatile tools of pest management reached its peak between mid-May to late June in nettle whereas due to mowing, the highest values for alfalfa were recorded from June to mid-August.
A new species of Diadiplosis, D. abacaxii sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is described and illustrated based on specimens collected in association with the pineapple scale insect pest Dysmicoccus brevipes (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) on Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. comosus (Bromeliaceae) in Espírito Santo, Brazil.
In field trapping tests conducted in Hungary large numbers of Pyralis costalis F. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a secondary pest, were attracted to traps baited with iso-amyl alcohol (3-methyl-1-butanol) and acetic acid. The same bait attracted lower numbers of P. farinalis L., a well-known stored product pest. In both spp. the capture of the two-component blend was significantly higher than the catch in traps with the single components. In tests conducted in a country mill, the blend of the above two compounds proved to be attractive towards Anagasta kuehniella Zell. and Plodia interpunctella Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae), both important pests of stored products worldwide. The majority of captured insects were females. The optimal ratio for attracting A. kuehniella was 1:1 to 1:10 iso-amyl alcohol:acetic acid. The related iso-amyl acetate was inactive. The addition of iso-butyl alcohol (2-methyl-1-propanol) did not influence activity of the iso-amyl alcohol / acetic acid blend. Polyethylene dispensers with 0.2 ml of the blend started to loose activity only after 3 weeks of field exposure. Application possibilities of the newly discovered attractant are discussed.
Artemisia herba-alba (Asso) and Artemisia monosperma (Delile) essential oils were tested against three sucking insect pests under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. These pests included Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Aphis gossypii (Glover) and Thrips tabaci (Lindman). Laboratory results showed that the LC50 of A. herba-alba and A. monosperma were 0.042, 0.075% for eggs and 0.074, 0.186% for immature stages of B. tabaci. Also, both oils gave a high toxicity on A. gossypii with LC50 0.023 and 0.085%. Artemisia herba-alba and A. monosperma were more toxic on T. tabaci and A. gossypii than B. tabaci in the laboratory test. In contrast T. tabaci was sensitive for both oils (LC50 0.038 and 0.011%). These oils were efficient for controlling tested insects on cucumber plants at greenhouses. This treatment caused 85.97, 82.17% reduction in the population of B. tabaci, 90.44, 87.99% for Aphis gossypii and 87.26, 84.99% for T. tabaci. Chemical analysis of A. herba-alba and A. monosperma oils detected the presence of hydrocarbon terpenes, oxygenated terpenes, hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes represented about 16.38%, 58.91%, 21.61%, 2.74% and 21.53%, 57.17%, 19.32%, 1.70%, of the oil content, respectively.
The topic of this study is social mobility, namely the analysis of marital mobility in a multinational village, mostly inhabited by Swabians and Hungarians: Dunabogdány. The article is based on empirical fieldwork and the analysis of historical sources. Social structure, social stratification and mobility represent a voluminous field of research in social sciences embracing multiple dimensions. The relating theories and researches also treat the issue of marital mobility; some superficially, some in more detail. Nonetheless, marital mobility as such is researched only by a few. This study aims to show that marital mobility can only be properly interpreted through the overall consideration of social mobility; however, certain case studies on marital mobility might allow us to get a better and deeper understanding of social mobility. In my research I examine the factors that affect marriage-related social mobility, trying to identify new, hidden components to this phenomenon. I discovered such “new”, prominent factors influencing social mobility in a Swabian village in Pest County called Dunabogdány. In my analysis I will discuss ethnicity, religion and financial status, as well as the forced relocations (1947) significantly marking the lives of the villagers, and their collective and complex effect on partner selection, marriage and social mobility. I will relate these aspects to three generations by comparing their memories and experiences.
Field investigations with CSALOMON® floral-chemical baited color traps for scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidoidaea) were organized in eight sites in different regions in Bulgaria during 2009–2010. As a result data about distribution and seasonal flight were obtained for the target species Cetonia aurata L. and Protaetia cuprea (Fabricius) and two other non-target species, Valgus hemipterus L. and Blitopertha lineolata (Fischer von Waldheim). Catches of C. aurata were recorded in all of the sites where observations were organized but the number of the beetles caught was relatively low. The earliest catches of this pest were registered in the middle-end of April and the latest ones in early August. Single catches of P. cuprea, not allowing doing conclusions about seasonal flight for this species, were recorded only in Dryanovo, Knezha, Plovdiv and Troyan. Catches of V. hemipterus, were registered in all of the sites with the exception of Petrich. The flight period of this species, as established by catches in the traps, was middle-end of April — early June. Significant number of B. lineolata was caught in Dryanovo in 2009 and single catches in Plovdiv in 2009 and Kyustendil in 2009 and 2010. The earliest catches for the two years in Dryanovo were registered in the middle-end of May and the latest ones in the middle of June. This is the first report about floral-chemical attractant for this species. For all four species the relative catches in traps for C. aurata/P. cuprea, Tropinota (Epicometis) hirta (Poda) and Oxythyrea funesta (Poda), operating simultaneously in the investigated sites, were presented and analyzed.
