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Sydney Chapman (1888–1970), the English geophysicist had close connections with German scientists both before and after World War II. The most important result of this co-operation is the monumental Chapman-Bartels monography on geomagnetism. The paper includes data on celebrations with Chapman and dedicated to Him.
The data of increased airglow during the night June 30–July 1, 1908 as the Tunguska event has been noted, are analyized in detail. During the nights June 30–July 1, and July 2, 1908 noctilucent clouds has been observed. Furthermore some increased airglow has been noted.
The empirical studies in the area of Open Innovation (OI) reveal that there is a significant bias in favour of countries on the technological frontier. The present study aims to bridge this gap by examining firms in Portugal, a country at an intermediate stage of technological development. Based on 70 innovative firms, we found that whatever perspective of the OI model is considered, firms tend, on average, to share a relatively closed innovation model when compared with firms located in countries where technological development is advanced. About a quarter of the surveyed firms implemented the OI model in their innovation strategy/business, this being much more widely disseminated regarding the absorption of external knowledge/technology, with almost 40% of firms surveyed acknowledging its use in comparison with the perspective of transfer of knowledge/technology to other organisations — less than 10% provide their “surplus technology” to other organisations. This result may indicate a lack of awareness of the economic potential of making internally created technologies available to third parties, albeit this potential might also depend on other circumstances such as technology architecture (the system and interdependence of technologies).
Abstract
Although there is considerable consensus that Finance, Management and Marketing are ‘science’, some debate remains with regard to whether these three areas comprise autonomous, organized and settled scientific fields of research. In this paper we aim to explore this issue by analyzing the occurrence of citations in the top-ranked journals in the areas of Finance, Management, and Marketing. We put forward a modified version of the model of science as a network, proposed by Klamer and Van Dalen (J Econ Methodol 9(2):289–315, <cite>2002</cite>), and conclude that Finance is a ‘Relatively autonomous, organized and settled field of research’, whereas Management and (to a larger extent) Marketing are relatively non-autonomous and hybrid fields of research’. Complementary analysis based on sub-discipline rankings using the recursive methodology of Liebowitz and Palmer (J Econ Lit 22:77–88, <cite>1984</cite>) confirms the results. In conclusions we briefly discuss the pertinence of Whitley’s (The intellectual and social organization of the sciences, <cite>1984</cite>) theory for explaining cultural differences across these sub-disciplines based on its dimensions of scholarly practices, ‘mutual dependency’ and ‘task uncertainty’.
Abstract
The study of university–industry (U–I) relations has been the focus of growing interest in the literature. However, to date, a quantitative overview of the existing literature in this field has yet to be accomplished. This study intends to fill this gap through the use of bibliometric techniques. By using three different yet interrelated databases—a database containing the articles published on U–I links, which encompass 534 articles published between 1986 and 2011; a ‘roots’ database, which encompasses over 20,000 references to the articles published on U–I relations; and a ‘influences’ database which includes more than 15,000 studies that cited the articles published on U–I relations—we obtained the following results: (1) ‘Academic spin offs’, ‘Scientific and technological policies’ and (to a greater extent) ‘Knowledge Transfer Channels’ are topics in decline; (2) ‘Characteristics of universities, firms and scientists’, along with ‘Regional spillovers’, show remarkable growth, and ‘Measures and indicators’ can be considered an emergent topic; (3) clear tendency towards ‘empirical’ works, although ‘appreciative and empirical’ papers constitute the bulk of this literature; (4) the multidisciplinary nature of the intellectual roots of the U–I literature—an interesting blending of neoclassical economics (focused on licensing, knowledge transfer and high-tech entrepreneurship) and heterodox approaches (mainly related to systems of innovation) is observed in terms of intellectual roots; (5) the influence of the U–I literature is largely concentrated on the industrialized world and on the research area of innovation and technology (i.e., some ‘scientific endogamy’ is observed).
Abstract
Despite the vitality and dynamism that the field of entrepreneurship has experienced in the last decade, the issue of whether it comprises an effective network of (in)formal communication linkages among the most influential scholars within the area has yet to be examined in depth. This study follows a formal selection procedure to delimit the ‘relational environment’ of the field of entrepreneurship and to analyze the existence and characterization of (in)visible college(s) based on a theoretically well-grounded framework, thus offering a comprehensive and up-to-date empirical analysis of entrepreneurship research. Based on more than a 1,000 papers published between 2005 and 2010 in seven core entrepreneurship journals and the corresponding (85,000) citations, we found that entrepreneurship is an (increasingly) autonomous, legitimate and cohesive (in)visible college, fine tuned through the increasing visibility of certain subject specialties (e.g., family business, innovation, technology and policy). Moreover, the rather dense formal links that characterize the entrepreneurship (in)visible college are accompanied by a reasonably solid network of informal relations maintained and sustained by the mobility of ‘stars’ and highly influential scholars. The limited internationalization of the entrepreneurship community, reflected in the almost total absence of non-English-speaking authors/studies/outlets, stands as a major quest for the field.
Abstract
This study aims to revisit the creation of opera, symphonic versions of opera and ballet (yangbanxi) during the period of the Cultural Revolution of Mao's China. Beginning with the Kwok Collection (Fundação Oriente, Portugal), I aim to establish a new vision of the yangbanxi (production and reception) by means of an analysis of sources with musical iconography. The focus of the study is on questions of gender and the way in which the feminine was an indispensable tool for the construction and dissemination of the idea of a new nation-state. This study thus aims to make a new contribution to the area, showing how the construction of new opera heroines, communist and of the proletariat, is built on the image of the first “heroine-villain” constructed by the regime, Jiang Qing, the fourth wife of Mao Zedong. The title chosen demonstrates the paradox of the importance of woman in opera and in politics at a time when the only image to be left to posterity was that of a dominant male hero, Mao Zedong.
The basic of all proteins is constituted by approximately 20 common amino acids that differ only in the structure of their side chain. The purpose of our work was to use the overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC) technique for the separation and identification of the essential and non-essential amino acids from some most common proteins, like hen egg yolk protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and Type I Collagen from bovine achilles tendon. In this order, the target proteins were acid-hydrolyzed and derivatized. For the separation of essential amino acids from egg yolk, two successive OPLC developments (normal and overrunning) were performed, followed by direct derivatization with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ninhydrin on the chromatoplate for identification. In the hydrolyzed egg yolk, nine essential amino acids were identified. Between lysine and histidine, a poor separation was obtained. The amino acids from BSA and Type I Collagen were separated and identified as phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) derivatives by OPLC. The supposed identity of the amino acids as PTH derivatives was confirmed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Seven essential amino acids (arginine, histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine) were found in bovine serum albumin (BSA), and six (histidine, threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, and lysine) in Type I Collagen. The same eight non-essential amino acids (cysteine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, serine, tyrosine, and proline) were identified in these two proteins. By RP-HPLC, other two non-essential amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) were found both BSA and Type I Collagen. Cysteic acid was also found in BSA. In our samples, tryptophan was missing due to its destruction during hydrolysis.
Abstract
This paper extends past computer solutions for confidence intervals in paired counting. The net count is transformed to an integer; the resultant probability distribution is identical with that for detection limits when the blank is counted an integer number of times greater than the sample. Summation of the left tail of this distribution is used to determine left-hand and right-hand confidence limits with specified confidence levels for a given observed net count and known expected blank count in the sample count time. Poisson statistics are used throughout this paper and the Gaussian distribution is reserved for approximate results.
Influence of the novel arthritis drug-substance MCS-18 on the antibody (Ab) production against tetanus toxoid (TT) and diphtheria toxoid (DT) antigens was tested in vivo . Possible involvement of MCS-18 in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway was further considered.Materials and methods: Immunization of male CD1 mice was done with subcutaneous injection of TT emulsified in Freund’s Complete (FCA) or Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) and mixed diversly with MCS-18 and different test substances. To investigate the influence of TLR activation Pam3Cys and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) emulsified in FIA were tested in combinations with MCS-18. Antibody production was analysed in vivo by tetanus-or diphtheria-toxin neutralization test.Results: Immunogenicity of TT was significantly enhanced if administered together with FCA or TLR agonists Pam3Cys or LPS emulsified in FIA. It was shown that MCS-18 attenuated strongly the production of anti-TT Ab if administered together with the Ab elicitor FCA or TLR agonists in various combinations. MCS-18 was also active via oral administration.Discussion: These findings suggest that MCS-18 could be a potent, non-toxic antagonist or a down-regulator of TLR signalling pathway. Investigations on further models are needed to establish if MCS-18 may influence particularly the production of RA-specific auto-antibodies, too.
