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Abstract
On irradiation with neutrons, some of the interesting trace elements in coal, coal ash and fly ash produce short-lived nuclides which may be determined—together with some of the matrix elements—by activation analysis. This enables the characterization of samples. To find out the distribution of elements in the gaseous or aerosol exhaust of fossil-fired power plants, we simulated the combustion in a quartz apparatus containing a cold trap, using the combustion temperature (780 °C) employed for the standard ash determination. High Se values were found in the cold trap deposits from black coal from Poland. Halogens were also found in the deposits.
Abstract
Forty elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis in a wide range of Australian coals and fly ash to update and extend earlier measurements. The natural radioactivity content of selected samples were analysed by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry and low level radiochemistry. The results indicated a marked disequilibrium of the232Th decay series in some samples while a general enrichment of210Pb in most fly ash samples disrupted the238U equilibrium.
Abstract
DTA method was used to follow the hydration process of cement admixtures containing fluidized bed combustion by-product, formed on joined combustion and desulphurisation in some installations with fluidized bed. Based on endothermic peaks attributed to the dehydration of phases formed on hydration, the conditions leading to the formation of so-called ‘delayed’ ettringite were found. This calcium alumino-sulphate hydrate is responsible for lower durability of fluidized bed ash containing material. DTA method is also beneficial in the studies of fluidized bed combustion by-product itself, giving information about the un-burnt carbon content and pozzolanic properties.
Abstract
In this work, the pozzolanic and hydraulic properties of ashes originating from various sources were studied in model systems such as ash and ash-lime pastes. The sources of studied ashes were: fluidized combustion of brown coal, pulverized combustion of brown coal and pulverized combustion of hard coal. This article is a continuation of our previously published studies on cement pastes with mentioned ashes. The following experimental techniques were applied: calorimetry, thermal analysis (TG, DTG) and infrared absorption (IR). Previously drawn conclusions relating to the reactivity of ashes in an environment containing Ca2+ ions were confirmed. According to these conclusions, an ash originating from fluidized combustion of coal exhibited higher reactivity compared to other ashes from pulverized combustion. Pozzolanic and hydraulic properties of this ash were also confirmed. Differences in the behaviour of ashes originating from pulverized combustion of various types of coal in the presence of water and Ca2+ rich environment were demonstrated.
Abstract
Radon emanation from surface water and groundwater samples has been studied by using CR-39 and LR-115 solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD). A calibration method for determining the thoron and radon concentrations of the water samples studied has been developed. The effect of pollution due to coal fly ashes, cement and granite dusts on the radon emanation from water samples has been investigated. The influence of the radon source on the radon emanation rates from water samples has been studied.
Abstract
The monthly variation of selenium concentration in atmospheric particulate material of Ankara was investigated. The selenium concentrations in possible pollution source materials like coal, fuel oil and their bottom and fly ashes were determined to obtain the percent transference of selenium into the atmosphere. Instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy were applied for the analysis of selenium in the samples. Selenium enrichment factors with respect to the fuels, soil of Ankara and crustal material were also calculated. Atmospheric selenium concentration is found to increase during winter months and the main cause of this increase is the emission of selenium into the atmosphere due to fuel combustion.
Abstract
We have examined the leachability of the toxic elements cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and selenium from solid wastes. The solid wastes studied are municipal incinerator ash, coal fly ash, hospital incinerator ash, raw sewage sludge, sewage incinerator bottom ash, and sewage incinerator lagoon ash (which is a combination of bottom and fly ashes). Cadmium displayed the greatest leachability in all waste types, with 76% leached from the municipal refuse incinerator ash. Although the sources of elements in the wastes are diverse, the leachability and hence the bioavailability in the incinerator ash appears mainly determined by the volatility of the element.
Abstract
In this study a calorimeter was applied to investigate the hydration of cements with fly ash (pulverised fuel ash – PFA) admixture. Four cements were used to produce the binders containing from 5 to 60% fly ash. The process of hydration in cementitious systems with fly ashes is slower than in reference pastes without admixtures. However, the calorimetric calculations and the shape of heat evolution curves seem to indicate a complex interaction between the components of cement and ash resulting in the increasing total heat evolved values per unit of cement. At higher fly ash content the accelerating effect of alkalis and alumina should be taken into account and discussed in terms of the composition of initial cement. The modifications of hydration kinetics and mechanism in this case is very well visualised by means of calorimetry.
Abstract
The Ree contents in lichens and plants determined by k0-standardized NAA with LEPD and HPGe are compared. We obtain similar values for Sm, Eu, Tb and Yb and better values for Ce and Nd by using LEPD Besides, LEPD allows the determination of Gd, Tm and Lu. The study of REE concentrations in the neighbourhood of two coal power stations show that: i) in the station under construction (C. T. Pego), the index of accumulation of each REE by the lichens and olive tree leaves is identical in two sampling loci where the soils have different REE concentration; and ii) in the station in operation (C. T. Sines), the REE contents in the soils is identical and the differences observed in the lichens and wild terrestrial plants are most probably due to the fly-ashes emmission from the station.
different fly ashes on the hydration of Portland cements, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry , Vol. 78, No. 1, 2004, pp. 191–205. Talero R. Influence of two different fly ashes
