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The high degree of climate variability is one of the greatest risk factors for agricultural production, which needs to be taken into consideration at all times, even within the framework of modern agriculture.One of the most important ways of adapting to changing climatic conditions is to analyse varieties and genotypes with relatively good climatic adaptation in terms of yield potential and growing requirements.The effect of year on the yield of maize was examined using a twenty-four year yield sequence. The weather was extremely variable in the examined period, so the effect of fertilisation also differed greatly. There was a clear correlation between the quantity of precipitation in the winter period and in the growing season and the yield of unfertilised treatments. The quantitative relationship between the two variables was moderate, because not only the total quantity of precipitation, but also the distribution over time has a significant influence on the yield. Very low yields were not always associated with the lowest precipitation sums (1994, 1995). Larger yields, however, were only achieved with higher precipitation (1980, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2008). It can be clearly seen that similar precipitation quantities resulted in different yield levels, due to the distribution of precipitation over time. The available water in the soil profile in spring is decisively influenced by precipitation during the winter period. An analysis of the results revealed a close correlation between the years and the fertilisation rate. In dry years a lower rate of fertilisation was more favourable, while in years with average or above-average precipitation, higher rates led to better yields. Under droughty conditions, and especially in consecutive dry years, the application of not more than 60 kg N ha −1 fertiliser is recommended, as higher fertiliser rates (1995) increase the risk level of maize production, thus reducing the efficiency. In the case of favourable water supplies, experimental results suggest that the application of 120 kg N ha −1 is justified. The results of analysis of variance indicated that the fertiliser effect was significant when averaged over the twenty-four years, but when the years were evaluated separately, the effect was found to differ, depending on the water supplies.The yield of the maize hybrids was 10 t ha −1 in years with favourable water supplies, but only 2–4 t ha −1 in droughty years. Yield fluctuations can be reduced through appropriate soil cultivation, water and nutrient supplies.
The fertilizer response of oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera f. biennis L.) was investigated on the chernozem soil in Eastern Hungary in a three-year experiment with two sowing times. The results proved that oilseed rape had high fertilizer (N+PK) demand. In the experiments, N = 210 kg ha−1 +PK proved to be the optimal fertilizer dose. The yield-increasing effect of fertilization was 800 to 1300 kg ha−1, depending on the year. The maximum yield (5000 kg ha−1) was obtained in the year with least infection. The excellent natural nutrient-providing ability of chernozem soil was confirmed by the high yield level (3000–4200 kg ha−1) of the control treatment (N = 0 kg ha−1 +PK). The results showed that the specific fertilizer utilization efficiency of oilseed rape decreased if the dose of N+PK fertilizer was increased (being 19–27 kg/1 kg NPK in the control treatment and 11–12 kg/1 kg NPK in the N = 210 kg ha−1 +PK treatment). On the other hand, fertilization improved the water utilization from 4–8 kg/1 mm precipitation + irrigation water to 11–14 kg/1 mm precipitation + irrigation water. The results of these studies confirmed that hybrid rape had excellent adaptability to the sowing time. The results of Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a strong correlation (0.6*–0.9**) between the spring precipitation and temperature and the most important diseases (Sclerotinia, Alternaria, Peronospora, Phoma) attacking oilseed rape.
Összefoglalás
A gyümölcstermesztésben a megfelelő termésbiztonság elérésében és fenntartásában kulcsszerepe van a rendszeres és szakszerű tápanyag-utánpótlásnak. Munkánk során nitrogén, foszfor, kálium és magnézium műtrágyakészítmények (Kontrol, NP, NPK, NPKMg) hatását vizsgáltuk a fák vegetatív és generatív teljesítményére intenzív almaültetvényben ’Golden Reinders’ fajtán hároméves kísérletben (2016-2018). Eredményeink alapján a vizsgált időszakban a legnagyobb mértékű (80%) törzsgyarapodást a NPKMg kezelésben rögzítettük. 2016-ban és 2018-ban a fák optimális termésmennyiséget produkáltak (0,83-1,25 kg cm−2, valamint 0,78-1,15 kg cm−2) míg 2017-ben a kisugárzási fagyok miatt alacsonyabb hozamokat kaptunk (0,21-0,60 kg cm−2). Valamennyi évben és kezelésben a gyümölcsök mérete elérte az étkezési piac által támasztott követelményeket (75 mm átmérő), de azok alakulásában tendenciózus kezeléshatást nem tapasztaltunk. A levelek méretében ugyanakkor 6-10% körüli gyarapodás jelentkezett és azok relatív klorofill-tartalma, azaz a SPAD értéke, 2-5% körüli mértékben növekedett a vizsgálatok 2. és 3. évében az alkalmazott műtrágya kezelésekben.
the favourable years and help the utilization of water ( LENTE & PEPÓ, 2011 ). Several studies have investigated the effect of nutrient supply and seed number on the development of sweet corn ear yield ( KAR et al., 2006 ; JAT et al., 2009 ; KUMAR
nutrient supply took place in the control plots for 30 years. In terms of tillage, winter plowing is applied at a depth of 30 cm. The date of sowing was 20.04.2019 when a soil disinfectant containing Teflutrin applied at a dose of 15 kg*ha −1 also. 73
. & Németh, T., 2003. Evaluation of the nutrient supply of Hungarian soils. In: Proc. 12th World Fertilizer Congress. (Eds.: Chen, L. J. I. G. et al.) I. 305–310. CIEC-CAS. Beijing, China. Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture
termés tömegére. (Optimizing water and nutrient supply of maize and its effects on yield weight.) Növénytermelés 30 :539–549. Nagy J. A kukorica víz-és tápanyagellátásának
