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Thermal analysis of hexadecyltrimethylammonium-montmorillonites
Part 2. Thermo-XRD-spectroscopy-analysis
dependency of homogeneity of the different tactoids, obtained during the thermal treatments, on the intercalated charcoals requires further study. Help from Nadezhda Bukhanovsky (The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization
Summary
There is an increasing need in industry, arising from both economic and environmental considerations, to reduce costs and improve product quality through the use of automation. The use of on-line analysis instrumentation provides plant operators with a means for continuous measurement and rapid response. This can result in better control of process efficiency, product quality and resource utilization, all of which produce significant economic and environmental benefits. On-line measurement of bulk elemental composition is important in many industrial applications and is best achieved with highly penetrating neutron-gamma techniques. This paper presents recent work by CSIRO Minerals on the development and implementation of such a technique, NITA (neutron inelastic-scattering and thermal-capture analysis). NITA is distinct from the more common PGNAA (prompt neutron gamma activation analysis) technique in its use of fast neutron sources to generate inelastic scattering reactions, and in its consequent ability to excite gamma-rays from industrially important elements such as carbon and oxygen. The paper will compare the features of NITA and PGNAA analysers and will discuss applications of NITA in industry, including the on-line analysis of composition in pyrometallurgical applications and the on-conveyor belt monitoring of cement raw meal and coal.
Abstract
An improved188W-188Re gel generator based on Zr tungstate is described. The influence of synthesis parameters and pre-treatment conditions on188Re elution yields and the188W breakthrough was studied with 0.15M aqueous solution of NaCl at pH 5.3 to 7.3 as well as with some organic solvents. An elution efficiency of 80% was achieved during 3 month of explotation with 0.15M NaCl at pH=6.3. The188W breakthrough was 10–4 to 10–3%. The188W breakthrough may be decreased to 10–6% when converted into tandem generator with an alumina column. However,188Re yields are reduced by 8–12% with a tandem generator.
Abstract
Coal and mineral processing operations can be controlled more economically if information on process variables is obtained continuously. Much of this information can be provided by nuclear techniques. Recent Australian developments in on-line nuclear gauges are reviewed. Techniques have been developed, field tested and commercialised for the on-line analysis of ash and moisture in coal and for the in-stream determination of solids weight fraction and ash in coal slurries. Techniques are being developed for the on-line analysis of moisture in coke and sulphur in lead sinter feed. As well, techniques are being developed for the bulk analysis of silver, lead and zinc in drill cores.
Abstract
The silica gel adsorption behaviour of zirconium, niobium, ruthenium and cerium in hydrochloric acid has been investigated by batch and column techniques. A satisfactory radiochemical separation of zirconium and niobium from each other and from other fission products has been achieved by a two column technique. The recommended procedure consists of sorption of all the nuclides on a primary silica gel column. Fifteen per cent of95Nb, all of the zirconium and all of the other fission products are eluted first by washing with 5.5 M HCl. A second elution with concentrated hydrochloric acid then recovers the95Nb (free from other products). The solution from the first elution after evaporation to 1 ml is then passed through another silica gel column and successively washed with 0.5M HCl, 5.5M HCl and concentrated HCl to obtain three fractions—other fission products—95Zr free from other products—95Nb free from other products, respectively.
Abstract
The concentration of 18 elements in the Naragh meteorite that fell in Iran on August 18, 1974, has been measured by neutron activation analysis employing a high resolution Ge(Li) detector.
Abstract
The intake of some “newer” trace elements via the daily diet by Iranian population groups was determined. The total mixed diets were prepared on the basis of dietary recording. Aluminium and nickel have been measured via atomic absorption spectrometry, vanadium and tin via radiochemical neutron activation analysis, and scandium via instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results for the Iranian diets are discussed and compared with corresponding data from other countries. The project has been performed in the frame of a co-ordinated research project of the International Atomic Energy Agency with participants from various countries.
Abstract
The intake of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury via the daily diet by Iranian population groups was determined. The relevant daily diets were prepared through dietary recording and duplicate portion, and the trace elements were measured using analytical methods based on NAA, ICP and AAS. The results for the Iranian diets are discussed and compared with corresponding ones from other countries. The project has been performed in the frame of a co-ordinated research project of the International Atomic Energy Agency with participants from various countries.
Abstract
Neutron-induced gamma activation is an important method for on-line multi-elemental analysis. It has a long history of use in industrial applications, in particular the minerals and energy sectors, although it has also been applied in other areas, including medicine and security. This paper reviews significant developments and trends of the last decade in technology, in particular in the areas of sources, detectors and analytical methods. Changes in implementation such as the increasing use of neutron inelastic scattering reactions and the development of on-belt designs are also discussed.
Abstract
Since the publication ofRadiochemistry of Germanium (NAS-NS-3043) in 1961, there have been significant developments on the subject. During the period from 1970 to 1980, the diagnostic utilization of the68Ge
68Ga generator system in nuclear medicine stimulated research in the field. In addition, over the past 30 years there have been many advances in the analytical chemistry of germanium (Ge), owing to the rapid increase in application of Ge in the electronics industry and, most recently, as an important component in infrared spectrometers.This fatest review has been completely rewritten. A literature search has been completed through December of 1990. Literature for selected topics has been surveyed through September 1993. The first section contains general information about germanium and its radioisotopes, and relevant nuclear data in tabulated form. In the second section, a general review of the inorganic and analytical chemistry of Ge is presented. Following these two introductory sections, subsequent sections deal with the production and preparation of germanium radioisotopes, separation and determination of Ge, of particular interest to the radiochemist, and selected procedures for its determination in or separation from various media. The section on separation chemistry has been greatly expanded.The review includes sections on hot-atom chemistry and the chemical behavior of carrier-free68Ge. A section entitled 
Applied Radiochemistry of Germanium
deals specifically with68Ge
68Ga generator systems, the role of71Ge in the detection of solar netrinos, and the preparation of68Ge positron sources for studying dislocations in metallic lattices and calibration of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) cameras.Two other noteworthy points follow. Throughout the text, the oxidation state of a metal ion having only one stable state, such as germanium, is not explicitly indicated. Therefore, Ge typically represents Ge4+. Other ions such as arsenic and tin, however, are indicated with their appropriate oxidation states. The term carrier-free applies to radioactive preparations to which no isotopic carrier (stable isotopes) is intentionally added.
