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the night prior to a ceremony in hut in the ritual arena, the generally sacred environment, the formal opening and closure of rituals, the singing and chanting of set sequences of mantras, and the prescribed ritual space overseen by trained and
Aims
Labyrinthectomized rats are suitable models to test consequences of vestibular lesion and are widely used to study neural plasticity. We describe a combined microsurgical–chemical technique that can be routinely performed with minimum damage.
Methods
Caudal leaflet of the parotis is elevated. The tendinous fascia covering the bulla is opened frontally from the sternomastoid muscle’s tendon while sparing facial nerve branches. A 4 mm diameter hole is drilled into the bulla’s hind lower lateral wall to open the common (in rodents) mastoid-tympanic cavity. The cochlear crista (promontory) at the lower posterior part of its medial wall is identified as a bony prominence. A 1 mm diameter hole is drilled into its lower part. The perilymphatic/endolymphatic fluids with tissue debris of the Corti organ are suctioned. Ethanol is injected into the hole. Finally, 10 µL of sodium arsenite solution (50 µM/mL) is pumped into the labyrinth and left in place for 15 min. Simple closure in two layers (fascia and skin) is sufficient.
Results and conclusion
All rats had neurological symptoms specific for labyrinthectomy (muscle tone, body position, rotatory movements, nystagmus, central deafness). Otherwise, their behavior was unaffected, drinking and eating normally. After a few days, they learned to balance relying on visual and somatic stimuli (neuroplasticity).
Stepping back to advance: Why IGD needs an intensified debate instead of a consensus
Commentary on: Chaos and confusion in DSM-5 diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder: Issues, concerns, and recommendations for clarity in the field (Kuss et al.)
research by proclaiming a normative “consensus” is necessary. Such a premature closure of crucial definitional processes and accompanying empirical research may lead to the “invention” of a disorder. As psychology has a certain inglorious past of defining
When, as sensitivity analysis, all the calculations were repeated with the closure of follow-up at the first event instead of multiple failure time analysis, similar results were found (data are available from authors by request
. , & Shaffer , H. ( 2009 ). How do gamblers end gambling: Longitudinal analysis of Internet gambling behaviours prior to account closure due to gambling related problems . Journal of Gambling Studies, 25, 239 – 252 . doi: 10.1007/s10899
