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mental health conditions, including: ayahuasca for addiction (e.g., Fábregas, González, Fondevila, & et al, 2010 ; Loizaga-Velder & Verres, 2014 ); MDMA for PTSD (e.g., Chabrol, 2013 ; Feduccia et al., 2018 ; Gorman et al., 2020 ; Mithoefer et
-classic” (e.g., 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Classic psychedelics act at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT 2A R) as agonists or partial agonists ( Johnson, Hendricks, Barrett, & Griffiths, 2019 ), and the psychological mechanisms for non
their mental health. When asked about their use of other psychoactive substances, 64% had used psilocybin, 45% had used MDMA, and 32% had used LSD at least once. Participants who reported using these drugs commonly stated that they used them to support
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies (PATs). The most empirically substantiated PAT for trauma incorporates an 18-session protocol that uses MDMA as the active agent in up to three separate sessions ( Mitchell et al., 2023 ). In addition, preliminary studies offer
decriminalization, groundbreaking legalization of therapeutic psilocybin, pending approval of MDMA for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (2003), and bills in progress legalizing personal possession and use, the expansion of psychotherapeutic approaches and applications
(broadly inclusive of psilocybin, lysergic-acid diethylamide [LSD], ketamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) with psychotherapy could enhance intrinsic aspects related to recovery capital such as motivation, connectedness, self-efficacy and
, methamphetamines, heroin, prescription opioids, benzodiazepines, cocaine/crack, LSD, mescaline, mushrooms, DMT, salvia PCP, and MDMA (ecstasy). Perceived risk Participants were asked whether they had ever heard of
treatment assignment can significantly influence both placebo and nocebo effects in psychedelic therapy. In a similar vein, Flameling, Aday, and Van Elk (2023) point out the potential for both placebo and nocebo effects in MDMA trials. It is described that
., 2007 ). Researchers once praised MDMA, which increases activity in both systems, as a potential antidepressant ( Riedlinger & Riedlinger, 1994 ). MDMA-assisted treatment for other disorders appear to help depressive symptoms , though those in the
, Wiegand, Taitano, & Delgado, 2006 ), end-of-life anxiety ( Griffiths et al., 2016 ), and substance use disorders ( Johnson, Garcia-Romeu, Cosimano, & Griffiths, 2014 ; Sessa et al., 2021 ). Most notably, the FDA designated MDMA-assisted psychotherapy a
