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], which is a way to produce combustible volatile materials and char residue from natural products. In this study, biomass samples were measured under inert and oxidative atmospheres by thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry. Thermal behaviours of woody, non
earlier stage. However, a char residue is formed due to the reaction between MFAPP and EP. With the increase of the temperature, HRR value of EM is decreased and lower than that of EP. For EMC7/1 composite, its curve shows the similar shape with
demonstrated a desirable performance of flame-retardancy. It is a reasonable addition in aggregate. This seems due to their collaboration to promote the formation of non-volatile char residues and less flammable gases, when the treated polymer is subjected to
and VC ( Fig. 4 a, b), between 270 and 398 °C, we observe a mass loss due to degradation processes of cellulose, such as depolymerization, dehydration, and decomposition of glycosyl units followed by the formation of a charred residue [ 18 ]. The same
higher char yield. Fig. 5 shows the mass of the char residues and the samples with nano-ZrO 2 have the higher char yields after combustion. Table 1 The formulations, cone calorimeter, and Raman spectra
charred residue of these compounds. PCA and CA showed that there is a relation between thermal decomposition of the compounds and chemical structure of their molecules. With PCA, this relation is best illustrated by a two-dimensional plot of PC1
[ 15 ]. Initial mass loss (6.29%) at temperature around 100 °C was attributed to the evaporation of adsorbed water. The subsequence thermal degradations were due to oxidation of the volatile products and followed by the oxidation of charred residue [ 21
, leaving a higher char residue. – the initial decomposition temperatures of our compounds in both studied environments, are higher [ 32 ] or, in some cases, of the same magnitude than similar compounds [ 33 – 35
from 280 to 500 °C without formation of any remarkable residue. The thermal degradation behavior of lignin is completely different. It begins to degrade at lower temperature (about 200 °C) and produces remarkable char residue
Thermal degradation of lignin–phenol–formaldehyde and phenol–formaldehyde resol resins
Structural changes, thermal stability, and kinetics
the resol resin samples. During this step, the PF and LPF resins were degraded, with mass losses of 21.3 and 31.2 wt%, respectively. The mass percentage lost was due to the loss of methylene and water fragments, which left a char residue [ 28 ]. In the
