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Abstract
Present study aimed to optimise stabiliser concentration and swelling time of oat in the production of oat milk using response surface methodology. The effects of independent variables (stabiliser concentration, swelling time) on dependent variables (rheological and sensory properties) were studied using a central composite rotatable design of experiments. Physico-chemical properties and colour values of samples were not significantly (P > 0.05) correlated to stabiliser concentration and swelling time. While stabiliser concentration affected the consistency index (P < 0.05), swelling time had no effect on the rheological properties. The stabiliser ratio affected the sensory texture of samples (P < 0.05). The sensory scores did not increase with increasing K value, on the contrary, the samples with the highest K value had lower sensory scores (P < 0.05). Considering the K value and sensory scores, the optimum stabiliser concentration and swelling time were determined as 0.102%, and 51.2 min, respectively.
A process comprising a continuous-flow hydrogenation reaction integrated with selective water-organic solvent biphasic extraction using CO2 as molecular switch to control partitioning was devised for the synthesis of arylpiperidines from arylpyridines. The selective hydrogenation of 4-phenylpyridine using heterogeneous carbon-supported metal catalysts was chosen as model reaction. A design-of-experiment approach was used for the identification of suitable reaction conditions under continuous-flow operation. A maximum selectivity for 4-phenylpiperidine of 96% was achieved at 87% conversion suppressing the deep hydrogenation to 4-cyclohexylpiperidine almost completely (≤5%). The higher basicity of piperidines over pyridines was exploited for selective and reversible protonation of the product upon pressurization with CO2 separating it quantitatively from the remaining starting material in a water—EtOAc biphasic system. This concept enabled a fully integrated and a salt-free synthetic process using a standard Pd/C catalyst for the hydrogenation coupled with the CO2-triggered isolation of the desired product 4-phenylpiperidine in 81% yield and 98% purity.
Abstract
Considering a stiffened panel made from an elastic homogeneous and isotropic material which suffers a single localized initial geometric imperfection, assessment of the buckling limit state under in-plane uniform axial compression in the direction of stiffeners was performed. Giving a topological configuration of the stiffened plate, focus was aimed at the combined effect resulting from geometrical dimensions and localized defect characteristics. The perfect stiffened plate taken as reference and diverse imperfect stiffened plates suffering a single localized initial geometric defect of the form of a square depression were analyzed in this work. Extensive parametric finite element simulations were performed according to full factorial design of experiment tables that were built on key intervening factors. It was found that the main parameters controlling the buckling stress for the perfect plate are the plate width, then the web height and width, then finally the interaction between plate width and web height. In case of imperfect plates, the most adverse situation was obtained with the defect placed on the intermediate segments of the stiffened plate. A reduction of the buckling stress as low as 56% was reached in this situation. The main factors influencing the buckling load for the imperfect plate differ according to the defect configuration.
There are several experimental models for the in vivo investigation of myocardial infarction (MI) in small (mouse, rat) and large animals (dog, pig, sheep and baboons). The application of large animal models raises ethical concerns, the design of experiments needs longer follow-up times, requiring proper breeding and housing conditions, therefore resulting in higher cost, than in vitro or small animal studies. On the other hand, the relevance of large animal models is very important, since they mostly resemble to human physiological and pathophysiological processes. The first main difference among MI models is the method of induction (open or closed chest, e.g. surgical or catheter based); the second main difference is the presence or absence of reperfusion. The former (i.e. reperfused MI) allows the investigation of reperfusion injury and new catheter based techniques during percutaneous coronary interventions, while the latter (i.e. nonreperfused MI) serves as a traditional coronary occlusion model, to test the effects of new pharmacological agents and biological therapies, as cell therapy. The reperfused and nonreperfused myocardial infarction has different outcomes, regarding left ventricular function, remodelling, subsequent heart failure, aneurysm formation and mortality. Our aim was to review the literature and report our findings regarding experimental MI models, regarding the differences among species, methods, reproducibility and interpretation.
. O.K. Robert 2000 Design of Experiments: Statistical Principles of Research Design and Analysis. 2nd ed Duxbury Press Pacific Grove .
using the design of experiment to have an optimized formulation. Also, the intratracheal administration of gadolinium-based NPs in bleomycin-induced mouse model along with the application of magnetic resonance imaging have shown a great deal in
Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RSM is a design of experiment (DOE) technique which is used for prediction or optimization. It is a statistical approach employed for analyzing and developing the effect of different independent variables (named the
varying the process and design parameters within a range that enables the development of safe processes [ 14 ]. High-level with multiple variables of Design Of Experiment (DOE) matrix has been simulated using Systematic Process Improvement (SPI). SPI
be the application of the design of experiment approach (DoE) followed by the evolution strategies (ES) [ 15 ]. Evolution strategies belong to the evolutionary algorithms, which are based on the ideas of evolution and adaptation. The main goal
