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and gambling problems. In his general theory of additions, Jacobs (1986) stated that a gambling disorder may be linked to adverse childhood experiences, and gambling may be a way of scaping and dissociating from emotional pain. In a study conducted
, and chronic feelings of emptiness. Etiology The diagnosis of BPD is associated with child abuse and neglect more than any other personality disorders, with a range between 30% and 90% in BPD patients ( Cattane et al., 2017 ). Adverse childhood
. Poole , J. C. , Kim , H. S. , Dobson , K. S. , & Hodgins , D. C. ( 2017 ). Adverse childhood
.1007/s10802-018-0422-x . Wong , A. E. , Dirghangi , S. R. , & Hart , S. R. ( 2019 ). Self-concept clarity mediates the effects of adverse childhood experiences on adult suicide behavior, depression, loneliness, perceived stress, and life distress
. , Hao , J. , & Tao , F. ( 2019 ). Associations of adverse childhood experiences and social support with self-injurious behaviour and suicidality in adolescents . The British Journal of Psychiatry , 214 ( 3 ), 146 – 152 . https://doi.org/10
. , & Rutter , M. ( 2004 ). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 45 ( 2 ), 260 – 273 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469
